The heatwaves in Switzerland in summer 1947

In 1947, Switzerland was affected by a heat period of large spatial and temporal extent and rare occurrence. The heatwaves of 1947 can be compared with the events of 2003 in terms of intensity and duration. The summer of 1947 is studied based on the analysis of MeteoSwiss station data as well as the “Twentieth Century Reanalysis” (20CR) data set. Heatwaves were defined as six consecutive exceedances of the local 90th percentile of temperature. Five different heatwaves were identified which struck Switzerland during the summer of 1947. The most intense heatwave event is analysed in more detail. The meteorological situation was characterized by a high-pressure bridge over Central Europe. Based on a comparison with literature and with observations, the applicability of the 20CR dataset for the meteorological analysis of heatwave events could be demonstrated. The representation of the heat period in summer 1947 in 20CR is satisfactory when compared with station data, albeit with a temperature bias due to differences in topography. Hence, heatwaves cannot be defined using an absolute threshold. We conclude that 20CR is applicable for an overview of the meteorological patterns characterizing a heat wave but may not reproduce local details.

The 1872 Baltic Sea storm surge

On 13 November 1872, the Baltic Sea coast from Denmark to Pomerania was devastated by an extreme storm surge caused by high winds. This is still the strongest surge on record, and understanding its development can contribute to improved risk assessment and protection. In this paper we trace this event in sea-level pressure and wind data from the “Twentieth Century Reanalysis” (20CR) and compare the results with other observation-based data sources. The analysis shows that, in the ensemble mean of 20CR, the general development is qualitatively well depicted, but with much reduced strength compared to other data sets. The same is true when selecting the ensemble member with maximum wind speeds.

Philologie et linguistique romanes. Institutionnalisation des disciplines dans les universités suisses (1872-1945)

La réflexion et la pratique linguistique en Suisse dépassent, de loin et de manière significative, le saussurisme et «l’école genevoise de linguistique»: la présente étude montre, à partir d’un examen détaillé de l’émergence et de l’évolution de la linguistique romane en Suisse, dans ses rapports étroits avec la philologie et la linguistique générale, comment les linguistes suisses ont apporté une contribution fondamentale et durable à la linguistique historico-comparative, à la sémantique et l’onomasiologie, à la dialectologie, à la lexicologie et lexicographie, voire à une sociolinguistique avant la lettre. C’est l’histoire de la linguistique en Suisse pendant les deux derniers siècles qui est retracée ici à travers une analyse minutieuse des programmes universitaires, des enseignements et des publications des linguistes romanistes ayant déployé leur activité dans une des sept universités suisses. L’étude comporte 4 chapitres: «Saussure et les autres»; «Un système universitaire en mutation»; «Deux déesses jalouses? Philologie et linguistique. Le découpage du savoir au XIXe siècle: Enjeux institutionnels et épistémologiques»; «Les chaires de philologie romane en Suisse: émergence, généalogie et constellation». Une importante bibliographie et un index des noms et des concepts clôturent l’ouvrage.