Fecundity, parity, and adult feeding relationships among Nyssorhynchus malaria vectors from Venezuela

Relative to their pre-engorgement weights, nulliparous Anopheles nuneztovari consumed significantly smaller blood meals than A. marajoara, A. triannulatus or A. aquasalis. When females were deprived of sugar before blood feeding, only one-quarter of A. nuneztovari, but more than two-thirds of A. marajoara, A. triannulatus and A. aquasalis matured eggs. Sugar feeding before blood, or two sucessive blood meals by sugar-deprived females, increased the proportion of nulliparous a. nuneztovari which developed eggs, but not significantly so. Nearly all individuals of nulliparous, sugar-fed A. marajoara, A. triannulatus and A. aquasalis matured eggs after one blood feeding. Among A. nuneztovari, A. marajoara and A. aquasalis that matured some eggs in the laboratory, there were no positive correlations between the number of eggs developed and relative vlood mealsize. However, blood meals larger than the mean size significantly increased the chance that A. nuneztovari would develop some eggs. Mean fecundities of gravid A. nuneztovari and A. marajoara reared in the laboratory were significantly lower than those of the same species captured at human bait in nature. Post-engorgement access to sugar by A. nuneztovari (captured at human bait) did not influence fecundity, but significantly enhanced survivorship and the proporticon of individuals which retained eggs. Release-recapture experiments revealed that relatively small blood meals are typical of A. nuneztovari only during the first gonotrophic cycle. We suggest that multiple blood feeding, seemingly necessary for most A. nuneztovari to develop a first clutch of eggs, may increase the probability of infection with Plasmodium vivax where this mosquito species is a primary vector.

La Guerra asimétrica : olvidando la historia

Desde los años noventa del pasado siglo estamos asistiendo a la proliferación de estudios que se centran en el análisis de los conflictos bélicos más recientes y sobre todo desde el 11 de septiembre de 2001, también el fenoméno terrorista. Términos como "guerra asimétrica", "guerra irregular", "guerra sin restricciones", "guerras de cuarta generación" han pasado a formar parte del lenguaje común de políticos, militares y analistas. Igualmente, expresiones como "nuevas guerras", "nuevos conflictos" y otras similares han adquirido casi la categoria de auténticos "comodines" empleados de forma tan recurrente que no utilizarlos empieza a ser síntoma de excentricidad. Cabe aducir dos objeciones relevantes a esta proliferación conceptual. En primer lugar, que los diversos conceptos con que se intentan definir las guerras y conflictos más recientes, tienden a llamar de otra manera a lo que tradicionalmente se ha denominado "guerra irregular". En segundo lugar, la insistencia en el uso de adjetivo "nuevo" releva un a carencia en esta clase de estudios.

Field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing Babesia vaccine in Venezuela

Bovine babesiosis is endemic in Venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. Current immunoprphylatic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. Inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. Vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final evaluation of a culture-derived B. bovis-B. bigemina vaccine. During a 5-year period, approximately 8,000 cattle were vaccinated and 16 clinical trials carried out in. 7 states of Venezuela Clinical, serologic and parasitologic data were collected monthly from 10% of the animals over a 2-year period. Data were also collected from a similar number of nonvaccinated control cattle. Analysis of results from these trials demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of clinical disease among vaccinated animals and complete protection against mortality among vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. Use of this inactivated vaccine offers the best combination od safety, potency and efficacy for thew immunoprophylatic control of bovine babesiosis.

New approaches for the control and eradication of schistosomiasis in Venezuela

Schistosomiasis in Americawith the exception of Brazil, behaves as a chronic mild disease with few clinical manifestations due to low parasite burden. These features restrict the clinical and parasitological diagnosis. The most commonly used stool examination method, Kato-Katz, becomes intensitive when the majority of individuals excrete less than 100 eggs/g of feces. In view that antigen-detecting techniques have not been able to reveal light infections, the antibody detecting assays remain as a very valuable diagnostic tool for epidemiological surveillance. The Venezuelan Schistosomiasis Research group (CECOICE) has designed a mass chemotherapy strategy based on sero-diagnosis. Since blood sampling is one of the important limitating factors for large seroepidemiological trials we developed a simple capillary technique that sucessfully overcomed most of the limitations of blood drawing. In this sense, ELISA seems to be the most adecuate test for epidemiological studies. Soluble egg Schistosoma mansoni antigen (SEA) has been largely used in Venezuela. The sensitivity ELISA-SEA in our hands is 90% moreover its specific reach 92% when populations from non-endemic areas but heavily infected with other intestinal parasites are analyzed. The Schistosomiasis Control Program is currently carrying out the surveillance of endemic areas using ELISA-SEA as the first screening method, followed by the Circumoval Precipitin test for validation assay. The results with these two serological techniques allowed us to defined the criteria of chemotherapy in populations of the endemic areas. On the search of better diagnostic technique, Alkaline Phosphatase Immunoenzyme Assay (APIA) is being evaluated in field surveys.

Blanqueo de capitales en Argentina: historia, legislación, economía, política y ética

En l'actualitat, el desenvolupament permanent de les tecnologies informàtiques, Internet i el diner digital, fan cada cop més evolucionades i sofisticades les operacions financeres des de i cap a qualsevol lloc del món, potenciant la propagació del problema del blanqueig de capitals. Són desmesurats i enormes els recursos financers que es generen i provenen d'activitats il•lícites, la qual cosa genera un gran impacte en l'economia formal. El present treball, explora i analitza aspectes fundamentals del blanqueig de capitals, centrant-se en el cas d'Argentina i comparant-lo amb el d'Espanya. Es desenvolupa en l'evolució històrica i dels processos, com s'ha anat modificant la legislació existent en aquesta matèria i s’avalua el seu impacte en l'economia.

Spatial and temporal distribution of anopheline larvae in two malarious areas in Sucre State, Venezuela

The spatial and temporal distribution of anopheline larvae was studied in two coastal malarious areas of Sucre, State, Venezuela. Seven habitat types were sampled in the village of Guayana and eight species of Anopheles were collected. Anopheles aquasalis was the predominant species collected and was most abundant in the brackish marsh habitat (71 larvae per 100 samples). It was most abundant during the rainy season. At the second location, Santa F e, six habitat types were sampled and four anopheline species were collected. Habitats where An. aquasalis was most abundant were temporary freshwater ponds (34 larvae per 100 samples) and mangroves (10.5 larvae per 100 samples). At this location it was also most abundant in the rainy season. During the dry season it was collected in small numbers in river pools (1.3 larvae per 100 samples) along with large numbers of An. pseudopunctipennis (479 larvae per 100 samples). Larval control could be an important component of the malaria control program because major habitats could be defined and presence and abundance of larvae was limited to specific times of year.

Adult abundance, biting behavior and parity of Anopheles aquasalis, Curry 1932 in two malarious areas of Sucre State, Venezuela

The principal vector of malaria in eastern Venezuela, Anopheles aquasalis, is exophagic and exophilic. Control using indoor insecticide house sprays has failed to lower the number of malaria cases. Therefore, studies were initiated in two villages of the eastern coastal state of Sucre to better understand this vector's biology and develop a more integrated control program. An. aquasalis was found to have a crepuscular biting behavior with a major peak at dusk and a minor peak at dawn. Mosquitos were collected more outdoors than indoors. Forty-seven percent of the biting took place before people went to bed (22:30 hr) and 69% of the mosquitos biting during this time period bite outdoors. Outdoor biting could be the reason why indoor spraying alone did not lower malaria cases. Seasonal abundance was greater in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Seasonal parous rates were high (78.3%-100%) and similar indoors and outdoors and between dry and wet season in Santa F e. In Guayana, the seasonal parity was lower (34.6%-42.2%) than Santa F e with indoor parity slightly higher than outdoors. Malaria cases were higher in Santa F e, but adult mosquito density was much lower than in Guayana. This difference could have been due to higher parity in Santa F e compared to Guayana. The greater distance to the nearest breeding site and presence of alternative hosts in Guayana can not be discounted as factors which contributed to the difference in malaria transmission between locations. We concluded that knowledge on seasonal occurrence, biting activity, resting behavior and breeding site location can be used to design a new control strategy for this vector.

Individualismo y democracia: relaciones entre las estructuras de poder y el sujeto posmoderno

Aquest treball analitza la relació de les estructures del poder democràtic amb la posició existencial adoptada en massa pel subjecte postmodern. L’home d’avui s’ha llençat a una recerca inacabable de la seva pròpia identitat: creu que aquesta deu ser construïda sense atendre a cap factor extern. A més, està immers en una terrible soledat que el converteix en l’objecte perfecte per a una consolidació ideològica del sistema democràtic. Així, l’objectiu del present anàlisi és el d’intentar desvetllar el nexe entre una determinada concepció del poder i el fet de que l’home hagi perdut de vista les qüestions més rellevants de la seva pròpia existència, fins al punt de no saber qui és.

El concepto de sana laicidad de Benedicto XVI en la democracia de Tocqueville

Davant els canvis polítics de la Modernitat, l’Església catòlica ha desenvolupat una extensa doctrina en matèria política, que l’actual papa, Benet XVI, continua actualitzant i ampliant. A partir de les afirmacions del Sant Pare, existiria la possibilitat de preguntar-se fins a quin punt l’Església ha mantingut una única línia en el seu magisteri polític al llarg dels segles, i, en concret, entre la doctrina anterior i la posterior al Concili Vaticà II. Aquest treball té per objectiu, en primer lloc, aclarir la continuïtat o discontinuïtat de la doctrina de l’Església postconciliar respecte de l’anterior e il•lustrar les principals línies del magisteri político-social de Benet XVI. Així mateix, hom es podria preguntar en quina mesura la proposta de Benet XVI és realitzable en el context polític actual. Per donar resposta a aquesta segona qüestió, es recorrerà al anàlisis que Alexis de Tocqueville va fer de la democràcia americana i que és extrapolable a la resta de democràcies d’Occident. Mitjançant la contraposició de la doctrina política de Benet XVI i l’anàlisi que fa Tocqueville del paper de la religió en les democràcies, es tractarà d’esclarir fins a quin punt el magisteri de Benet XVI sobre qüestions polítiques és compatible amb la racionalitat política.

Una visión introductoria sobre la democracia directa en Estados Unidos

El planteamiento teórico del working paper se sitúa en el análisis de la supremacía de las declaraciones constitucionales de derechos y el concepto de democracia directa. Se analizan, por ello, los aspectos más destacables de cómo las constituciones y las leyes han diseñado las tres formas de democracia directa establecidas por las constituciones de los Estados de Estados Unidos: la iniciativa popular (legislativa y constitucional), el referéndum y la destitución popular de cargo público (el denominado recall). De este modo, los mecanismos de democracia directa manifiestan las conexiones entre el principio del federalismo y los derechos constitucionales y su dual protección, toda vez que los estados de los Estados Unidos pueden perfeccionar el sistema global de derechos, no sólo estableciendo aquellos que no han sido regulados en la constitución federal sino también desarrollando los que explícitamente consagra dicho texto, con legitimación para modificar el nivel mínimo constitucional federal de protección de los derechos.

La polémica de los libros de texto de historia como caso de estudio en las relaciones sino-japonesas

En el año 1982, la prensa japonesa publicó que el Ministerio de Educación nipón había suavizado en los libros de texto de historia las atrocidades cometidas durante la Guerra del Pacífico mediante el proceso de autorización de los libros realizado por el gobierno. Esta polémica y la publicación del Nuevo Libro de Historia en el año 2001, han sido dos de las controversias que con más fuerza se han debatido y han influenciado las relaciones bilaterales entre la República Popular China y Japón. El presente trabajo de investigación analiza los factores que contribuyeron al surgimiento del debate sobre la interpretación de la historia en Japón y a la posterior expansión internacional de la polémica de los libros de texto.

Diagnosis of malaria by acridine orange fluorescent microscopy in an endemic area of Venezuela

Fluorescent (acridine orange) microscopical examination of capillary centrifuged blood (quantitative buffy coat [QBC®] analysis) and Giemsa stained thick blood smears (GTS) were compared for diagnosis of malaria in blood specimens from adults living in malaria transmission areas of the States of Bolivar and Amazonas in southeastern and south Venezuela, respectively. Of a total of 198 GTS examined, 95 subjects (48%) showed parasitaemia. Among the 95 blood films with a positive GTS, 94 were judged positive by the QBC. However, positive QBC tubes were found in 29 out of 103 blood specimens with a negative GTS. Thus, relative to a GTS standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the QBC-test was 99.2% and 72%, respectively. Young trophozoites of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum could not be distinguished with certainty. It is confirmed that the QBC offers many advantages compared with the standard diagnosis of malaria parasites, specifically in the speed of staining and ease of interpretation. However, in places where P. falciparum and P. vivax occur, species and stage differentiation should be confirmed with the GTS.

Nuevas orientaciones en historia económica: innovaciones biológicas y cambio técnico, siglos XIX-XX

Las innovaciones biológicas han sido siempre consustanciales al desarrollo económico, pero no suelen ser consideradas en Historia Económica. En parte esta situación es consecuencia de la escasa información disponible de aquella variable, en relación con la clase de informaciones que historiadores y economistas estamos acostumbrados a utilizar. La escasa atención de la Historia Económica por las innovaciones biológicas también está relacionada con la marcada tendencia de sus especialistas a minimizar la importancia de los ciclos biológicos en el sector agrario. Por uno y otro motivo, cuando aquellos especialistas analizan por ejemplo los cambios técnicos en la agricultura, tienden a utilizar unos modelos de referencia más relacionados con aquellas otras actividades, donde la incidencia de los ciclos biológicos es menos evidente a corto plazo. Esta situación también afecta, aunque algo menos, a la Historia Agraria. Las anteriores deficiencias están muy presentes en la Historia Agraria europea. En la historiografía de Estados Unidos, en cambio, las innovaciones biológicas han sido más estudiadas, y las aportaciones que se han realizado en esta dirección son muy destacables.