Modelo de gestión del conocimiento para el impacto económico. Aplicación al sector defensa

En el escenario actual macro económico la toma de decisiones en materia económica de cualquier entidad pública debe de estar sustentada por una adecuada inteligencia económica. Es prioritario disponer de modelos, procesos, técnicas y herramientas que permitan garantizar un control adecuado de todas sus inversiones. En la presente tesis exponemos un modelo de gestión del conocimiento basado en el marco Input-Output (IO), que nos permite conocer el impacto económico de los programas públicos. Este modelo está soportado por un sistema de información que coadyuvará a los analistas económicos para la toma de decisiones en el campo de las inversiones públicas. El principal objetivo de la tesis es la creación y desarrollo de este modelo denominado MOCIE (Modelo del Conocimiento para el Impacto Económico). No obstante, en la tesis además de profundizar sobre este modelo y la gestión del conocimiento en materia económica de los grandes programas públicos, se ha realizado un estudio que ha abarcado diferentes líneas de investigación complementarias como el análisis IO, la ingeniería y la arquitectura de sistemas de la información, la economía de la Defensa o la computación genética. El modelo propuesto en esta tesis se ha puesto en práctica en un sector económico muy específico dentro de la economía nacional: el sector de la defensa. Por tanto, ha sido también necesario realizar un estudio en profundidad del propio sector y de la gestión de los programas públicos en el ámbito de la Defensa. MOCIE se estructura a través de tres capas de gestión del conocimiento que nos permiten, por un lado, la percepción de los componentes existentes en el entorno de las inversiones públicas y la comprensión de su significado en términos de impacto económico y su relación con el resto de variables macroeconómicas nacionales y, por otro, la proyección y monitorización de su estado a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida de los programas públicos...

Thermally induced all-optical inverter and dynamic hysteresis loops in graphene oxide dispersions

We experimentally study the temporal dynamics of amplitude-modulated laser beams propagating through a water dispersion of graphene oxide sheets in a fiber-to-fiber U-bench. Nonlinear refraction induced in the sample by thermal effects leads to both phase reversing of the transmitted signals and dynamic hysteresis in the input- output power curves. A theoretical model including beam propagation and thermal lensing dynamics reproduces the experimental findings. © 2015 Optical Society of America.

La articulación productiva como elemento clave para el desarrollo económico: la experiencia de España, Corea del Sur y México frente al proceso de internacionalización de la producción, 1980-2000

La articulación productiva, como una característica esencial de la estructura económica, es un tema poco analizado por la teoría económica. Por lo tanto, esta tesis pretende incorporarla en el análisis económico de manera explícita, para estudiar los efectos que tienen sobre las características de las estructuras económicas la actual forma de organización de la producción y el comercio a nivel mundial. La investigación analiza las repercusiones de la producción fragmentada sobre las características de las estructuras económicas y los posibles efectos para el desarrollo económico. Se estudian tres países – Corea del Sur, España y México –, caracterizados por una fuerte integración internacional. Con el fin de evaluar el desempeño económico bajo modelos de desarrollo disímiles, se comparan el año de 1980 con al primer decenio del 2000, con el empleo de tablas input-output (TIO)...

Bienes de capital, flujos tecnológicos y cambio estructural: los casos de Estados Unidos, Japón y Alemania, 1980-2005

La innovación tecnológica se encuentra estrechamente vinculada con el desenvolvimiento de la estructura productiva. Durante mucho tiempo, esta relación era muy evidente, ya que la tecnología como fuente impulsora del crecimiento se asociaba a la inversión en maquinaria y equipo. Ésta última, integraba el componente de innovación que generaba el incremento en productividad. El modelo neoclásico ortodoxo centro el estudio del crecimiento económico en el estudio de Solow (1957), quien explica que la fuente del crecimiento se encuentra en un factor exógeno, que identifica como cambio tecnológico y, de esta manera, resta importancia a la inversión como un determinante del incremento en el producto. En consecuencia, los aportes teóricos recientes, particularmente el neoclásico, centran su atención en los factores que inciden en la generación y desarrollo de innovaciones, pero dejan de lado la vinculación con la estructura económica. En este trabajo se analiza la importancia de los bienes de capital en Alemania, Japón y Estados Unidos, empleando tablas input-output, durante 1980 y 2005, definiendo la vinculación entre cambio tecnológico y la estructura productiva. 1. Síntesis El objetivo es demostrar que la industria de bienes de capital vincula la dinámica tecnológica y los procesos de innovación con el desenvolvimiento de la estructura productiva, por ser clave en el desarrollo económico como fuerza motriz del sistema al generar cambio tecnológico, transferir innovaciones y articular el cambio tecnológico con la estructura productiva. De la Tesis se extraen los siguientes resultados: a) Desde una visión teórica Nathan Rosenberg justifica la importancia de los bienes de capital, por su capacidad de generar cambio tecnológico incorporado, así como por su carácter articulador con otros sectores productivos, favoreciendo el proceso de desarrollo económico. Por el lado metodológico, el análisis input-output resulta ser el más idóneo para el propósito de la investigación. b) La importancia del cambio tecnológico Mediante el estudio de patentes, se demostró que la dinámica de innovación del sector está relacionada con los flujos de conocimiento, al crear y difundir innovaciones, y por su habilidad de asimilar los avances generados en otros sectores. Con el empleo del “Análisis de Flujo Mínimo”, se determina que los bienes de capital juegan un papel destacado por sus efectos de propagación del esfuerzo innovador; asimismo, por ser generadores de innovaciones, su inversión en I+D se traduce en una alta capacidad para impactar a los sectores con los que se vincula...

Participation of portuguese manufacturing industry in global value chains

Portugal’s manufacturing sector has a significant importance both in national income and employment. As has been pointed out by several researchers, the traditional methods of analysis fail to grasp all the dimensions of economic competitiveness. This dissertation is then, at its core, an analysis of Portugal’s manufacturing industry in terms of the latter’s value added to production and impact to employment under the framework of global value chains. The current dissertation seeks to study in which way the Portuguese manufacturing industry, and its respective sectors, has a direct and indirect impact on the creation of value added and employment and how this impact can be measured. For development of this work the input-output approach for calculation of multipliers and the new framework proposed by Timmer et al. (2013) for calculation of GVC income and GVC jobs indicators were used, elaborated on the basis of the WIOD project dataset. Moreover, to illustrate the application of the provided methodology the Portuguese textile industry was used as an example. It was found that the changes in final demand of such sectors as Pulp, Paper, Printing and Publishing; Machinery, Nec and Textiles and Textile Products would have a larger impact on generated value added than other manufacturing sectors. At the same time, employment created by the changes in final demand would be more impacted by such sectors as Food, Beverages and Tobacco; Wood and Products of Wood and Cork and Textiles and Textile Products. In this regard, the number of low-skilled workers in Portugal seems to be more effected by changes in final demand, than those occupied by higher -skilled individuals. Moreover, it was found that the distribution of GVC income and GVC jobs for the Portuguese manufacturing industry shares a similar outlook. However, upon closer inspection of GVC labour distribution by skill levels there seems to exist a general progression in which low-skilled jobs requirements are met by local resources, while the need for higher skilled jobs require a greater “off-shoring” of work The results obtained through calculations of presented multipliers provide a powerful tool for policy makers in strategic planning of development of national economy. Using the provided methodology and obtained results, a government and supranational organizations could define which industry would have the greatest impact for an additional unit of output generated through the economy, and thus define the sectors for further investments.

Acerca da importância do primeiro quadrante da MIO-Alentejo

Chama-se a atenção para a importância fundamental (e sua possível utilização, em termos de políticas públicas de base regional) do primeiro quadrante da matriz input-output para a região Alentejo.

“Análise da Eficiência, Eficácia e Mortalidade Empresarial”

Este artigo analisa a eficácia e a eficiência do Programa Leader + e a mortalidade das empresas que beneficiaram de apoio financeiro no âmbito desta política pública, nas regiões Norte e Alentejo, no período de 2000 a 2006. A análise da eficácia e da eficiência incide sobre a totalidade dos projetos de investimento financiados e o estudo da mortalidade empresarial inclui apenas as empresas do sector privado, com atividade e/ou sede nas regiões citadas, que beneficiaram de financiamento. A avaliação da eficácia e da eficiência sustentou-se em indicadores de realização, indicadores de resultado e no rácio input-output. A sustentabilidade da política pública foi avaliada com base nas taxa de mortalidade das empresas e no estudo da relação entre a mortalidade empresarial e as variáveis região de pertença, atividade da empresa e número de sócios. O estudo permitiu encontrar diferenças entre as duas regiões ao nível da eficácia e da eficiência da política pública, bem como ao nível da mortalidade empresarial.

Partial state estimation for linear systems with output and input time delays.

This paper deals with the problem of partial state observer design for linear systems that are subject to time delays in the measured output as well as the control input. By choosing a set of appropriate augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals with a triple-integral term and using the information of both the delayed output and input, a novel approach to design a minimal-order observer is proposed to guarantee that the observer error is ε-convergent with an exponential rate. Existence conditions of such an observer are derived in terms of matrix inequalities for the cases with time delays in both the output and input and with output delay only. Constructive design algorithms are introduced. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the design procedure, practicality and effectiveness of the proposed observer.

Portfolio of Compositions investigating ensemble improvisation, distributed and real-time scoring, and multi-nodal input and output

This output is a collection of compositions which explore issues of ensemble improvisation, ensemble management and orchestration, real-time and distributed scoring, multi-nodal inputs and outputs, and animated and graphic notation. Compositions include: Activities I; tutti, duet, trio, solo, quartet; Lewitt Notations I; Webwork I; and Sometimes I feel the space between people (voices) in terms of tempos. These compositions are presented in computer animated scores which are synchronized through the network and subject to real-time modification and control. They can be performed by ensembles distributed over large physical spaces connected by the network. The scores for these compositions include software which displays the animations to the performers, software to structure and disseminate score events, and triggering software that allows the control of a performance to be distributed. Scores can also include live electronics which are coordinated with graphic events.

Input and output analysis of complex conveyor networks

Material transfer networks are at the heart of critical infrastructure in many modern service and manufacturing industries. This research identified key performance measures, while deriving generalised analysis methodologies, for simulation models. The technology was validated for international airports, and used to determine operational capacity constraints under varied demand conditions.

New 12kW three-phase 18-pulse high power factor AC-DC converter with regulated output voltage for rectifier units

This work presents a new high power factor three-phase rectifier based on a Y-connected differential autotransformer with reduced kVA and 18-pulse input current followed by three DC-DC boost converters. The topology provides a regulated output voltage and natural three-phase input power factor correction. The lowest input current harmonic components are the 17th and the 19th. Three boost converters, with constant input currents and regulated parallel connected output voltages are used to process 4kW each one. Analytical results from Fourier analyses of winding currents and the vector diagram of winding voltages are presented. Simulation results to verify the proposed concept and experimental results are shown in the paper.

Hybrid three-phase HPF rectifier with programmable input current THD, using FPGA device and VHDL language

In this paper is proposed and analyzed a digital hysteresis modulation using a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) device and VHDL (Hardware Description Language), applied at a hybrid three-phase rectifier with almost unitary input power factor, composed by parallel SEPIC controlled single-phase rectifiers connected to each leg of a standard 6-pulses uncontrolled diode rectifier. The digital control allows a programmable THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) at the input currents, and it makes possible that the power rating of the switching-mode converters, connected in parallel, can be a small fraction of the total average output power, in order to obtain a compact converter, reduced input current THD and almost unitary input power factor. Finally, the proposed digital control, using a FPGA device and VHDL, offers an important flexibility for the associated control technique, in order to obtain a programmable PFC (Power Factor Correction) hybrid three-phase rectifier, in agreement with the international standards (IEC, and IEEE), which impose limits for the THD of the AC (Alternate Current) line input currents. The proposed strategy is verified by experiments. © 2008 IEEE.

Multi-output buck-boost converter with enhanced dynamic response to load and input voltage changes

This paper presents a new multi-output DC/DC converter topology that has step-up and step-down conversion capabilities. In this topology, several output voltages can be generated which can be used in different applications such as multilevel converters with diode-clamped topology or power supplies with several voltage levels. Steady state and dynamic equations of the proposed multi-output converter have been developed, that can be used for steady state and transient analysis. Two control techniques have been proposed for this topology based on constant and dynamic hysteresis band height control to address different applications. Simulations have been performed for different operating modes and load conditions to verify the proposed topology and its control technique. Additionally, a laboratory prototype is designed and implemented to verify the simulation results.

Output feedback optimal control with contraints

In Chapters 1 through 9 of the book (with the exception of a brief discussion on observers and integral action in Section 5.5 of Chapter 5) we considered constrained optimal control problems for systems without uncertainty, that is, with no unmodelled dynamics or disturbances, and where the full state was available for measurement. More realistically, however, it is necessary to consider control problems for systems with uncertainty. This chapter addresses some of the issues that arise in this situation. As in Chapter 9, we adopt a stochastic description of uncertainty, which associates probability distributions to the uncertain elements, that is, disturbances and initial conditions. (See Section 12.6 for references to alternative approaches to model uncertainty.) When incomplete state information exists, a popular observer-based control strategy in the presence of stochastic disturbances is to use the certainty equivalence [CE] principle, introduced in Section 5.5 of Chapter 5 for deterministic systems. In the stochastic framework, CE consists of estimating the state and then using these estimates as if they were the true state in the control law that results if the problem were formulated as a deterministic problem (that is, without uncertainty). This strategy is motivated by the unconstrained problem with a quadratic objective function, for which CE is indeed the optimal solution (˚Astr¨om 1970, Bertsekas 1976). One of the aims of this chapter is to explore the issues that arise from the use of CE in RHC in the presence of constraints. We then turn to the obvious question about the optimality of the CE principle. We show that CE is, indeed, not optimal in general. We also analyse the possibility of obtaining truly optimal solutions for single input linear systems with input constraints and uncertainty related to output feedback and stochastic disturbances.We first find the optimal solution for the case of horizon N = 1, and then we indicate the complications that arise in the case of horizon N = 2. Our conclusion is that, for the case of linear constrained systems, the extra effort involved in the optimal feedback policy is probably not justified in practice. Indeed, we show by example that CE can give near optimal performance. We thus advocate this approach in real applications.