Minimum Retroreflectivity of Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings, HR-562, 1995

This final report contains two separate reports which describe the retroreflectivity levels of various traffic signs and pavement markings on the Iowa primary road system. The data was collected in the fall/winter of 1994 and given to the Federal Highway Administration in March of 1995. This information is currently being combined with similar information from other jurisdictions across the country for the purpose of determining the impact of mandated minimum retroreflectivity levels. The FHWA will be releasing their report sometime in 1996. In October 1992, Congress mandated (Public Law 102-388) the Secretary of Transportation to revise the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices to include a minimum level of retroreflectivity for pavement markings and traffic signs which shall apply to all roads open to public travel. In 1994, the FHWA initiated research studies to determine the retroreflectivity levels which currently exist for signs and markings in an attempt to develop standards which are reasonable to implement. The Iowa Department of Transportation participated in both of the studies and the final reports are included. After compilation and analysis of the collected retroreflectivity data, the FHWA will propose the new MUTCD standards through the federal rule making process. It is estimated that the actual MUTCD change will occur sometime in late 1997 or early 1998.

3D noise power spectrum applied on clinical mdct scanners: effects of reconstruction algorithms and reconstruction filters

The noise power spectrum (NPS) is the reference metric for understanding the noise content in computed tomography (CT) images. To evaluate the noise properties of clinical multidetector (MDCT) scanners, local 2D and 3D NPSs were computed for different acquisition reconstruction parameters.A 64- and a 128-MDCT scanners were employed. Measurements were performed on a water phantom in axial and helical acquisition modes. CT dose index was identical for both installations. Influence of parameters such as the pitch, the reconstruction filter (soft, standard and bone) and the reconstruction algorithm (filtered-back projection (FBP), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR)) were investigated. Images were also reconstructed in the coronal plane using a reformat process. Then 2D and 3D NPS methods were computed.In axial acquisition mode, the 2D axial NPS showed an important magnitude variation as a function of the z-direction when measured at the phantom center. In helical mode, a directional dependency with lobular shape was observed while the magnitude of the NPS was kept constant. Important effects of the reconstruction filter, pitch and reconstruction algorithm were observed on 3D NPS results for both MDCTs. With ASIR, a reduction of the NPS magnitude and a shift of the NPS peak to the low frequency range were visible. 2D coronal NPS obtained from the reformat images was impacted by the interpolation when compared to 2D coronal NPS obtained from 3D measurements.The noise properties of volume measured in last generation MDCTs was studied using local 3D NPS metric. However, impact of the non-stationarity noise effect may need further investigations.

Laboratory Performance Evaluation of CIR-Emulsion and its Comparison Against CIR-Foam Test Results from Phase 2, TR-474, 2009

Currently, no standard mix design procedure is available for CIR-emulsion in Iowa. The CIR-foam mix design process developed during the previous phase is applied for CIR-emulsion mixtures with varying emulsified asphalt contents. Dynamic modulus test, dynamic creep test, static creep test and raveling test were conducted to evaluate the short- and long-term performance of CIR-emulsion mixtures at various testing temperatures and loading conditions. A potential benefit of this research is a better understanding of CIR-emulsion material properties in comparison with those of CIR-foam material that would allow for the selection of the most appropriate CIR technology and the type and amount of the optimum stabilization material. Dynamic modulus, flow number and flow time of CIR-emulsion mixtures using CSS- 1h were generally higher than those of HFMS-2p. Flow number and flow time of CIR-emulsion using RAP materials from Story County was higher than those from Clayton County. Flow number and flow time of CIR-emulsion with 0.5% emulsified asphalt was higher than CIR-emulsion with 1.0% or 1.5%. Raveling loss of CIR-emulsion with 1.5% emulsified was significantly less than those with 0.5% and 1.0%. Test results in terms of dynamic modulus, flow number, flow time and raveling loss of CIR-foam mixtures are generally better than those of CIR-emulsion mixtures. Given the limited RAP sources used for this study, it is recommended that the CIR-emulsion mix design procedure should be validated against several RAP sources and emulsion types.

A comparison of alpha and gamma spectrometry for environmental natural radioactivity surveys.

An alpha-spectrometry, using automated borate fusion and sequential extraction and exchange chromatography, was used to determine the uranium and thorium based on environmental radioactivity of 20 soil samples. The same set of the samples was analysed using gamma-spectrometry with an HPGe detector. The two data sets were checked for coherence using Z-score and chi2 statistical tests. We show that gamma-spectrometry is a valid alternative to time-consuming alpha-spectrometry for the determination of natural uranium and thorium activity in soil (activity range: 12.5-58.2 Bq/kg). The measured activities were compared with the theoretical activities to ensure secular equilibrium in the 238U and 232Th series. For 226Ra, a special study was made on deconvolution of the 186 keV multiplet with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Finally, the combined use of Z-score and chi2-tests was found to be a powerful tool for comparing the results obtained with two different methods.

Transposition of great arteries and single coronary artery: a new surgical technique for the arterial switch operation.

A single coronary artery can complicate the surgical technique of arterial switch operations, impairing early and late outcomes. We propose a new surgical approach, successfully applied in a 2.1 kg neonate, aimed at reducing the risk of early and late compression and/or distortion of the newly constructed coronary artery system.

Skull base chordomas: presentation of six cases and review of the literature.

Chordomas are uncommon tumours occuring from remnants of the notochord. They are mainly localized in the sacrococcygium, the spine and the skull base. We focused our study on skull base chordomas and reviewed 531 published cases and 6 cases diagnosed in our institution. The six cases diagnosed at our hospital are described with a special mention of a unique case presenting with meningitis. Clinical features, radiology, histopathology and survival with different treatments are reviewed. Skull base chordomas can occur at any age and are slightly more frequent in males. Patients complain most often of diplopia and headaches. Abducens nerve palsy is the commonest neurological finding. Radiological examination should include both CT-scan which shows extensive osteolysis, calcifications and contrast enhancement and MRI for topographical definition. Metastases rarely occur. Treatment remains controversial but combined surgery and radiotherapy is the best treatment with a 5 year survival rate of 75%.

A qualitative continuous model of cellular auxin and brassinosteroid signaling and their crosstalk.

Motivation: Hormone pathway interactions are crucial in shaping plant development, such as synergism between the auxin and brassinosteroid pathways in cell elongation. Both hormone pathways have been characterized in detail, revealing several feedback loops. The complexity of this network, combined with a shortage of kinetic data, renders its quantitative analysis virtually impossible at present.Results: As a first step towards overcoming these obstacles, we analyzed the network using a Boolean logic approach to build models of auxin and brassinosteroid signaling, and their interaction. To compare these discrete dynamic models across conditions, we transformed them into qualitative continuous systems, which predict network component states more accurately and can accommodate kinetic data as they become available. To this end, we developed an extension for the SQUAD software, allowing semi-quantitative analysis of network states. Contrasting the developmental output depending on cell type-specific modulators enabled us to identify a most parsimonious model, which explains initially paradoxical mutant phenotypes and revealed a novel physiological feature.

Oops! Another medication error : a literature review of contributing factors and methods to prevent medication errors

The purpose of this bachelor's thesis was to chart scientific research articles to present contributing factors to medication errors done by nurses in a hospital setting, and introduce methods to prevent medication errors. Additionally, international and Finnish research was combined and findings were reflected in relation to the Finnish health care system. Literature review was conducted out of 23 scientific articles. Data was searched systematically from CINAHL, MEDIC and MEDLINE databases, and also manually. Literature was analysed and the findings combined using inductive content analysis. Findings revealed that both organisational and individual factors contributed to medication errors. High workload, communication breakdowns, unsuitable working environment, distractions and interruptions, and similar medication products were identified as organisational factors. Individual factors included nurses' inability to follow protocol, inadequate knowledge of medications and personal qualities of the nurse. Developing and improving the physical environment, error reporting, and medication management protocols were emphasised as methods to prevent medication errors. Investing to the staff's competence and well-being was also identified as a prevention method. The number of Finnish articles was small, and therefore the applicability of the findings to Finland is difficult to assess. However, the findings seem to fit to the Finnish health care system relatively well. Further research is needed to identify those factors that contribute to medication errors in Finland. This is a necessity for the development of methods to prevent medication errors that fit in to the Finnish health care system.

Statistical variation of weld profiles and their expected influence on fatigue strength

The general objective of this study was to conduct astatistical analysis on the variation of the weld profiles and their influence on the fatigue strength of the joint. Weld quality with respect to its fatigue strength is of importance which is the main concept behind this thesis. The intention of this study was to establish the influence of weld geometric parameters on the weld quality and fatigue strength. The effect of local geometrical variations of non-load carrying cruciform fillet welded joint under tensile loading wasstudied in this thesis work. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics was used to calculate fatigue strength of the cruciform fillet welded joints in as-welded condition and under cyclic tensile loading, for a range of weld geometries. With extreme value statistical analysis and LEFM, an attempt was made to relate the variation of the cruciform weld profiles such as weld angle and weld toe radius to respective FAT classes.

Impact of quality and environmental investment on business competitiveness and profitability: The case of travel agencies

Few studies have examined the combined effect of implementing quality and environmental management within the service sector. This void is more evident if we focus on segments in which small businesses predominate and even more so if we look for highly competitive sectors that are very variable and that have high business mortality. After analysing 198 surveys of Spanish travel agency managers using structural equations, it can be concluded that practices of quality management have a significant direct impact on business competitiveness but not on this business's financial results, at least directly. However, there is a significant relationship between environmental management practices and economic benefits. This article suggests that commitment to quality and the environment can allow small businesses in the service sector to have a competitive advantage that will separate surviving and ceased operations, particularly in sectors that are rapidly evolving and highly competitive.

Tolerance to preharvest sprouting and yield of wheat genotypes from different breeding programs

Abstract:The objective of this work was to characterize the performance of elite wheat genotypes from different Brazilian breeding programs for traits associated with grain yield and preharvest sprouting. The study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Thirty-three wheat genotypes were evaluated for traits related to preharvest sprouting and grain yield. The estimate of genetic distance was used to predict potential combinations for selection of plants with high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting. The combined analysis of sprouted grains and falling number shows that the TBIO Alvorada, TBIO Mestre, Frontana, Fundacep Raízes, Fundacep Cristalino, and BRS Guamirim genotypes are tolerant to preharvest sprouting. Combinations of TBIO Alvorada and TBIO Mestre with Fundacep Cristalino show high potential for recovering superior genotypes for high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting.

Experimental and clinical radiofrequency ablation: proposal for standardized description of coagulation size and geometry.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is used to obtain local control of unresectable tumors in liver, kidney, prostate, and other organs. Accurate data on expected size and geometry of coagulation zones are essential for physicians to prevent collateral damage and local tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized terminology to describe the size and geometry of these zones for experimental and clinical RF. METHODS: In a first step, the essential geometric parameters to accurately describe the coagulation zones and the spatial relationship between the coagulation zones and the electrodes were defined. In a second step, standard terms were assigned to each parameter. RESULTS: The proposed terms for single-electrode RF ablation include axial diameter, front margin, coagulation center, maximal and minimal radius, maximal and minimal transverse diameter, ellipticity index, and regularity index. In addition a subjective description of the general shape and regularity is recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of the proposed standardized description method may help to fill in the many gaps in our current knowledge of the size and geometry of RF coagulation zones.

Severe ischemia of the hand following intra-arterial promazine injection: effects of vasodilation, anticoagulation, and local thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator.

Promazine hydrochloride was injected accidentally in the antecubital artery of a 42-year-old woman, resulting in severe ischemia of the second and third fingers of her right hand which lasted for four days before she was hospitalized. Vasodilation by combining axillary plexus block and intravenous sodium nitroprusside did not improve ischemia and local thrombolysis was performed using recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (50 mg over 8 hours), resulting in normalization of digital pressure in one of the two affected fingers. The outcome was favourable and amputation could be avoided.

PVHL is a regulator of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells.

Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is stimulated by glucose metabolism. However, the relative importance of metabolizing glucose via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis for insulin secretion remains unclear. von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, pVHL, negatively regulates hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1alpha, a transcription factor implicated in promoting a glycolytic form of metabolism. Here we report a central role for the pVHL-HIF1alpha pathway in the control of beta-cell glucose utilization, insulin secretion, and glucose homeostasis. Conditional inactivation of Vhlh in beta cells promoted a diversion of glucose away from mitochondria into lactate production, causing cells to produce high levels of glycolytically derived ATP and to secrete elevated levels of insulin at low glucose concentrations. Vhlh-deficient mice exhibited diminished glucose-stimulated changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration, electrical activity, and insulin secretion, which culminate in impaired systemic glucose tolerance. Importantly, combined deletion of Vhlh and Hif1alpha rescued these phenotypes, implying that they are the result of HIF1alpha activation. Together, these results identify pVHL and HIF1alpha as key regulators of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. They further suggest that changes in the metabolic strategy of glucose metabolism in beta cells have profound effects on whole-body glucose homeostasis.

The Paleozoic magmatic history of the Maggia and Sambuco nappes, Lower Penninic, Central Lepontine Alps

Résumé : Les corps magmatiques sont des indicateurs essentiels dans toute reconstitution paléogéographique et/ou géodynamique d'un cycle orogénique, en particulier en contexte polycyclique, où la plupart des autres indices ont été oblitérés. Ils sont aisément datables et leurs caractéristiques géochimiques permettent de contraindre leur contexte tectonique de mise en place. Cette approche a été appliquée aux socles pré-mésozoïques des nappes penniques inférieures de Sambuco et de la Maggia, dans les Alpes centrales lepontines. Plusieurs événements magmatiques ont été identifiés dans le socle de Sambuco et datés par la méthode U-Pb sur zircon couplée à la technique LA-ICPMS. La suite calco-alcaline mafique rubanée de Scheggia est datée du Cambrien inférieur à 540-530 Ma ; le métagranite alumineux oeillé de Sasso Nero a un âge de 480-470 Ma, tout comme bien d'autres «older orthogneisses» des socles alpins. Il contient des zircons hérités d'âge panafricain à 630-610 Ma, indicateur d'une affiliation gondwanienne de ces terrains. Le pluton calco-alcalin du Matorello est daté à environ 300-310 Ma, et les filons lamprophyriques qu'il abrite à 300 Ma. La granodiorite de Cocco et le leucogranite de Ruscada, tous deux intrudés dans le socle de la nappe adjacente de la Maggia, ont des âges similaires à celui du Matorello. Ceci ajouté aux similitudes magmatiques observées entre Cocco et Matorello suggère une proximité paléogéographique des deux nappes au Permien-Carbonifère. Or ces dernières sont actuellement considérées appartenir à deux domaines paléogéographiques mésozoïques distincts : helvétique pour Sambuco et briançonnais pour Maggia, séparés par un bassin océanique. Si tel fut le cas, aucun mouvement décrochant ne doit avoir décalé les marges continentales de l'océan, retrouvées en parfaite coïncidence lors de sa fermeture. Le Matorello est un pluton recristallisé en faciès amphibolite et plissé par cinq phases successives de déformation non-coaxiales, qui ont conduit à son renversement complet, attesté par des indicateurs de paléogravité. Il préserve de spectaculaires phénomènes de coexistence liquide de magmas (essaims d'enclaves et Bills composites). Ce pluton était originellement tabulaire, construit par l'accumulation de multiples injections de magma en feuillets d'épaisseur métrique à décamétrique. Suivant le rythme de mise en place, les injections successives ont rapidement cristallisé avec des contours nets et bien définis (Bills composites) ou se sont mélangées avec les précédentes pour former une couche non consolidée de plusieurs dizaines de mètres d'épaisseur (granodiorite principale). Les injections individuelles sont délimitées par de subtils contrastes en granulométrie, proportions modales ou ségrégation de minéraux (schlieren), ou par des phénomènes d'érosion le long des surfaces de contact. Deux couches métriques à contour sinueux consistent en une accumulation compacte d'enclaves mafiques arrondies dans une matrice granodioritique fine. Le granoclassement des enclaves, la présence de figures de charge et de phénomènes érosifs en base de couche, ainsi que des schlieren de biotite entrecroisés évoquent l'injection de coulées de magma chargé d'enclaves et de faible viscosité en régime hydrodynamique turbulent dans un encaissant granodioritique encore largement liquide. La nature hybride des roches implique une chambre magmatique sous-jacente, en cours de différenciation et périodiquement réalimentée. Les magmas sont des liquides mafiques dérivés du manteau et des liquides anatectiques d'origine crustale, comme l'indique la gamme mesurée des rapports isotopiques initiaux du Sr (0.704 à 0.709) et des valeurs epsilon Nd (-2.1 à -4.7). Ces données montrent également que la contribution crustale est dominante, en accord avec les isotopes du plomb. Les phénomènes d'hybridation ont vraisemblablement eu lieu en base de croûte et dans la chambre magmatique sous-jacente au laccolite du Matorello. Les indicateurs de paléogravité du Matorello contribuent accessoirement à la compréhension de l'architecture actuelle de la nappe de Sambuco. Des plis isoclinaux à surface axiale verticale peuvent être mis en évidence par le contact entre les faciès dioritique et granodioritique. L'antiforme dont le Matorello forme le coeur est un synclinal, ce qui le positionne dans le Flanc inverse du grand pli couché que forme la nappe de Sambuco. Par ailleurs, des blocs de gneiss retrouvés dans le wildflysch sommital de la couverture de la nappe d'Antigorio ont été affiliés dans cette étude au pluton du Matorello. Ceci implique que le front de la nappe de Sambuco chevauchait déjà la partie est du bassin d'Antigorio au moment de sa fermeture. Par conséquent, ce n'est qu'en position externe que la nappe du Lebendun chevauche directement la nappe d'Antigorio. Abstract Magmatic bodies are important markers in paleo-geographic or geodynamic reconstructions of orogenic cycles, even more so in the case of polycyclic events where many of the other markers have been overwritten or destroyed. Plutons are relatively easy to date and their geochemical properties help constrain the tectonic context in which they were emplaced. This study focuses on the pre-mesozoic basement in the Sambuco and Maggia lower Penninic nappes located in the central Lepontine domain of the Alps. A number of magmatic events have been identified in the Sambuco basement. These events were dated using LA-ICPMS U/Pb on zircon grains. The mafic calc-alkaline banded Scheggia suite is dated as lower Cambrian, 540-530 Ma. The Al-rich Sasso-Nero lenticular gneiss is 480-470 Ma old (similarly to many older orfhogneisses of the Alpine basement) and contains 630-610 Ma old pan-African inherited zircons that illustrate the Gondwanian origin of these terranes.The calc-alkaline Matorello pluton is dated as 310-300 Ma whereas the lamprophyric bodies it contains are of 300 Ma. The Cocco granodiorite and the Ruscada leucogranite both intrude the basement of the adjacent Maggia nappe and are of similar ages to the Matorello. The ages as well as the geochemical similarities between the Cocco, Rucada and Matorello plutons suggest their paleo-geographic proximity at the Permian-Carboniferous boundary. However, these nappes are currently considered as belonging to two different Mesozoic paleo-geographic domains. Indeed, the Sambuco is considered as Helvetic whereas the Maggia is said to be Briançonnais, both separated by an oceanic basin. If this is the case, then it is essential that nostrike-slip movement has misaligned both continental margins since these coincide perfectly now that the oceanic domain closed. The Matorello pluton was originally a tabular intrusion, built up by the accumulation of multiple, several meter-thick, subhorizontal sheet-like injections of magma. Depending on their emplacement rate, the successive magma injections either solidified rapidly with sharp and rather well-defined boundaries (like the composite sills) or mingled with previous injections generating a thick molten layer up to several tens to hundred meters thick, like in the main granodioritic facies. These coalesced injections are hardly distinguishable, however subtle contrasts in granulometry, mineral modal proportions or mineral sorting (cross-bedded biotite-rich schlieren), as well as erosional features and/or crystal entrapment along contact surfaces allow to distinguish between the different injections. Two exceptional meter-thick layers display sinuous boundaries with the host granodiorite and consist of a densely packed accumulation of mafic enclaves in a granodioritic matrix. Gravitational sorting of the enclaves with load cast features at the base of the layers and sinuous biotite schlieren point to injection of low viscosity turbulent composite magma flows in the still largely molten granodiorite host. The hybrid nature of these rocks implies the existence of á periodically replenished and differentiated underlying magma chamber. Magmas are mafic liquids derived from the mantle and anatectic liquids of crustal origin, as shown by the (87Sr/86Sr), and epsilon Nd values (0.704-0.709 and -2.1 to -4.7 respectively. These data show that the crustal contribution is important, as confirmed by the Pb isotopes. The hybridisation processes seem to have occurred in the lower crust in magma chambers underlying the Matorello laccolith. The paleo-gravity markers in the Matorello help understand the architecture of the Sambuco nappe. Isoclinal folds with a vertical axial plane can be seen at the contact between dioritic and granodioritic facies. The antiform structure of which the Matorello is the heart is in fact a syncline. This places it in the inverse flanc of the large recumbent fold that constitutes the Sambuco nappe. The gneiss blocs found in the summital wildflysh cover of the Antigorio nappe have been linked to the Matorello pluton. This means that the front of the Sambuco nappe already overlapped the Antigorio basin when it closed. This implies that the Lebendun nappe can only overlap the Antigorio nappe in it's external position. Résumé grand public La chaîne alpine est la conséquence de la collision tertiaire entre deux masses continentales, l'Europe au nord et la péninsule apulienne africaine au sud, originellement séparées par l'océan mésozoïque téthysien. Cette collision a fermé un espace large de plusieurs centaines de km avec pour résultat l'écaillage de la croûte terrestre en unités tectoniques de dimensions variables, qui se sont empilées, imbriquées, éventuellement replissées en nappes de géométrie complexe. Cet amoncellement de 40 km d'épaisseur a vu sa température et sa pression lithostatique internes augmenter jusqu'à des valeurs de l'ordre de 680 °C et 6000 bars, induisant une recristallisation métamorphique des roches. L'un des objectifs de la géologie alpine est de reconstituer la géographie de la région aux temps mésozoïques de l'océan téthysien, en d'autres termes, de replacer chacune des unités tectoniques identifiées au sein de l'empilement alpin dans sa position originelle. Le défi est de taille et peut être comparé à celui de la reconstitution d'un vaste puzzle, dont certaines pièces seraient endommagées au niveau de leur contour ou leurs couleurs (métamorphisme), dissimulées par d'autres (enfouissement), voire tombées de la table de jeu (subduction, échappement latéral). Plusieurs approches ont été mises en oeuvre au cours du siècle écoulé. On citera en particulier la stratigraphie, la tectonique et le paléomagnétisme. Dans ce travail, nous avons essentiellement utilisé des techniques de datation isotopique absolue des roches (U/Pb sur zircon) qui, sur la base des connaissances acquises par l'ensemble des autres disciplines géologiques, nous ont permis de mieux contraindre ta paléogéographie mésozoïque du domaine «pennique inférieur » des Alpes centrales lépontines. Et au-delà? Nous savons tous que la disposition des continents à la surface de la Terre évolue constamment. Il est donc tentant d'essayer de remonter plus loin encore dans le temps et de reconstituer la physionomie de la marge sud européenne, tout au moins certains éléments de son histoire, au cours de l'ère paléozoïque. Les traces de ces événements très anciens sont naturellement ténues et dans ce contexte, les techniques de datation mentionnées ci-dessus deviennent les outils les plus performants. Ainsi, des datations u/Pb sur zircon nous ont permis de recenser plusieurs intrusions magmatiques, attribuées à quatre événements orogéniques anté-alpins. Des âges néoprotérozoïques (630-610 millions d'années ou Ma), cambrien inférieur (540-530 Ma), ordovicien inférieur (480-470 Ma) et carbonifère supérieur-permien inférieur (310-285 Ma) ont été obtenus dans le socle de la nappe de Sambuco. Des âges similaires à 300 Ma ont été obtenus dans la nappe voisine de la Maggia, qui permettent de relier ces deux unités. Aujourd'hui côte à côte, ces deux nappes devaient également se trouver proches l'une de l'autre il y a 300 Ma, lors de l'extension post-varisque. Les structures magmatiques spectaculaires préservées dans le pluton du Matorello (300 Ma) contraignent la géométrie actuelle de la nappe de Sambuco dans laquelle l'intrusion s'est mise en place. La forme originelle du pluton, aujourd'hui retourné et replissé plusieurs fois, s'avère être tabulaire, faite d'intrusions de faible épaisseur (1-300 m) s'étalant en forme de disque (30m à 2 km de diamètre). Les injections successives de magma se sont accumulées sous un toit dioritique précoce; elles sont issues, par le refais de fractures, d'une chambre magmatique plus profonde, périodiquement réalimentée par des magmas calco-alcalins d'origine mantellique contaminés parla croûte continentale profonde (εNd = -2.1 à -4.7). Des accumulations d'enclaves magmatiques arrondies et granoclassées dans des paléo-chenaux à fond érosif témoignent de conditions de mise en place hydrodynamiques à haute énergie. Ces enclaves sont emmenées de la chambre magmatique sous-jacente à la faveur d'épisodes de fracturation hydraulique liés à l'injection de magmas matelliques chauds dans des liquides différenciés riches en eau. Cette hypothèse est étayée par l'existence de filons composites. Une paléohorizontale a pu être déduite au sein du pluton, indiquant que cette partie de la nappe de Sambuco est verticalisée et isoclinalement replissée par la déformation alpine. Finalement, des blocs érodés du socle Sambuco ont été retrouvés dans le wildflysch sommital de la couverture sédimentaire mésozoïque de la nappe d'Antigorio sous-jacente. Ceci suggère que les blocs ont été fournis parle front de la nappe de Sambuco en train de chevaucher sur la nappe d'Antigorio au moment de la fermeture du bassin sédimentaire de cette dernière.