How fast do European conifers overgrow wounds inflicted by rockfall?

The capacity of trees to recover from mechanical disturbance is of crucial importance for tree survival but has been primarily investigated in saplings using artificially induced wounds. In this study, mature Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. trees growing on alpine slopes that were wounded by naturally occurring rockfall were analyzed to determine their efficiency in overgrowing wounds. In total 43 L. decidua, P. abies and A. alba trees were sampled. First, 106 samples from 27 L. decidua and P. abies trees were analyzed to reconstruct yearly and overall overgrowth rates. Cross sections were taken at the maximum extension of the injury and overgrowth rates were determined on a yearly basis. Results clearly showed that L. decidua overgrew wounds more efficiently than P. abies with an average overgrowth rate of 19° and 11.8° per year, respectively. The higher on the stem the injury was located, the faster the wound was closed. Young and small trees overgrew wounds more efficiently than older or thicker trees. In contrast, no correlation was observed between injury size or increment before/after wounding and wound closure. Second, cross sections from 16 L. decidua, P. abies and A. alba (54 injuries) were used to assess closure rates at different heights around the injury. Overgrowth was generally smallest at the height of the maximum lateral extension of the injury and increased at the upper and lower end of the injury. The efficiency with which L. decidua closes wounds inflicted by rockfall makes this species highly adapted to sites with this type of mechanical disturbance.

Œuvres complètes de Léon Dierx.

Title in red and black.

The book of the church.

Closes with the accession of William and Mary.

Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis /

The second part of v. 11 has special title page only: Genus, incunabula et virtus. Joannis Corvini de Hunyad, regni Hungariae gubernatoris, argumentis criticis illustrata.

History of the English people,

Closes with 1815.

The book of the church.

Shoemaker 22333.

Jahresberichte des Vereins für Erdkunde zu Dresden.

List of members in each volume.

The book of the church.

Closes with the accession of William and Mary.

History of the colony and ancient dominion of Virginia /

Enlarged from the author's Introduction to the history of the colony and ancient dominion of Virginia. 1847.

The book of the church.

Closes with the accession of William and Mary.

Lives of the queens of England, from the Norman Conquest : with anecdotes of their courts, now first published from official records and other authentic documents, private as well as public /

Closes with the life of Anne.

A history of the commonwealth of Kentucky.

Narrative closes in the midst of the war of 1812.

Delamination Arrestment in Bonded-Bolted Composite Structures by Fasteners

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

THE ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION OF PROFESSIONAL VOCAL ENSEMBLES: TOWARD A THEORY OF THE PERFORMING ARTS

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

The cultural facet of suicidal behaviour: Its importance and neglect

Culture is a central but debated concept in many disciplines and its complexity may become an even bigger source of argument in Suicidology. In spite of the intricacy of the study of this construct, the paper illustrates that various scholars have recognised the relevance of culture and ethnicity in the understanding of suicidal behaviour. The author provides evidence of the need to pay more attention to the meaning and interpretation of suicide in cross-cultural research and underlines the necessity to establish cultural-sensitive prevention strategies. The paper closes by providing methodological considerations and suggestions for future research on cultural aspects of suicidal behaviour.