Focus giurisprudenziale. Sentenza 8/09/2015, Grande Camera della Corte di Lussemburgo, c.d. caso Taricco

Con sentenza Sez. 3 Num. 2210 Anno 2016 - Relatore: Scarcella Alessio - Data Udienza: 17/09/2015, la Cassazione, in una ipotesi di cd. “grave frode IVA”, ha disapplicato la specifica norma di cui all'ultima parte del terzo comma dell'art. 160 ed al secondo comma dell'art. 161 cod. pen. a seguito della sentenza della Corte di Giustizia U.E. dell'8 settembre 2015 (Grande Sezione), Taricco, causa C-105/14.

Balancing Belligerents or Feeding the Beast: Transforming Conflict Traps

Since the end of the Cold War, recurring civil conflicts have been the dominant form of violent armed conflict in the world, accounting for 70% of conflicts active between 2000-2013. Duration and intensity of episodes within recurring conflicts in Africa exhibit four behaviors characteristic of archetypal dynamic system structures. The overarching questions asked in this study are whether these patterns are robustly correlated with fundamental concepts of resiliency in dynamic systems that scale from micro-to macro levels; are they consistent with theoretical risk factors and causal mechanisms; and what are the policy implications. Econometric analysis and dynamic systems modeling of 36 conflicts in Africa between 1989 -2014 are combined with process tracing in a case study of Somalia to evaluate correlations between state characteristics, peace operations and foreign aid on the likelihood of observed conflict patterns, test hypothesized causal mechanisms across scales, and develop policy recommendations for increasing human security while decreasing resiliency of belligerents. Findings are that observed conflict patterns scale from micro to macro levels; are strongly correlated with state characteristics that proxy a mix of cooperative (e.g., gender equality) and coercive (e.g., security forces) conflict-balancing mechanisms; and are weakly correlated with UN and regional peace operations and humanitarian aid. Interactions between peace operations and aid interventions that effect conflict persistence at micro levels are not seen in macro level analysis, due to interdependent, micro-level feedback mechanisms, sequencing, and lagged effects. This study finds that the dynamic system structures associated with observed conflict patterns contain tipping points between balancing mechanisms at the interface of micro-macro level interactions that are determined as much by factors related to how intervention policies are designed and implemented, as what they are. Policy implications are that reducing risk of conflict persistence requires that peace operations and aid interventions (1) simultaneously increase transparency, promote inclusivity (with emphasis on gender equality), and empower local civilian involvement in accountability measures at the local levels; (2) build bridges to horizontally and vertically integrate across levels; and (3) pave pathways towards conflict transformation mechanisms and justice that scale from the individual, to community, regional, and national levels.

‘Ladd traps’ as a visual trap for male and female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is Australia's major horticultural insect pest, yet monitoring females remains logistically difficult. We trialled the ‘Ladd trap’ as a potential female surveillance or monitoring tool. This trap design is used to trap and monitor fruit flies in countries other (e.g. USA) than Australia. The Ladd trap consists of a flat yellow panel (a traditional ‘sticky trap’), with a three dimensional red sphere (= a fruit mimic) attached in the middle. We confirmed, in field-cage trials, that the combination of yellow panel and red sphere was more attractive to B. tryoni than the two components in isolation. In a second set of field-cage trials, we showed that it was the red-yellow contrast, rather than the three dimensional effect, which was responsible for the trap's effectiveness, with B. tryoni equally attracted to a Ladd trap as to a two-dimensional yellow panel with a circular red centre. The sex ratio of catches was approximately even in the field-cage trials. In field trials, we tested the traditional red-sphere Ladd trap against traps for which the sphere was painted blue, black or yellow. The colour of sphere did not significantly influence trap efficiency in these trials, despite the fact the yellow-panel/yellow-sphere presented no colour contrast to the flies. In 6 weeks of field trials, over 1500 flies were caught, almost exactly two-thirds of them being females. Overall, flies were more likely to be caught on the yellow panel than the sphere; but, for the commercial Ladd trap, proportionally more females were caught on the red sphere versus the yellow panel than would be predicted based on relative surface area of each component, a result also seen the field-cage trial. We determined that no modification of the trap was more effective than the commercially available Ladd trap and so consider that product suitable for more extensive field testing as a B. tryoni research and monitoring tool.

Texture-Detail Preservation Measurement in Camera Phones: An Updated Approach

Recent advances in mobile phone cameras have poised them to take over compact hand-held cameras as the consumer’s preferred camera option. Along with advances in the number of pixels, motion blur removal, face-tracking, and noise reduction algorithms have significant roles in the internal processing of the devices. An undesired effect of severe noise reduction is the loss of texture (i.e. low-contrast fine details) of the original scene. Current established methods for resolution measurement fail to accurately portray the texture loss incurred in a camera system. The development of an accurate objective method to identify the texture preservation or texture reproduction capability of a camera device is important in this regard. The ‘Dead Leaves’ target has been used extensively as a method to measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) of cameras that employ highly non-linear noise-reduction methods. This stochastic model consists of a series of overlapping circles with radii r distributed as r−3, and having uniformly distributed gray level, which gives an accurate model of occlusion in a natural setting and hence mimics a natural scene. This target can be used to model the texture transfer through a camera system when a natural scene is captured. In the first part of our study we identify various factors that affect the MTF measured using the ‘Dead Leaves’ chart. These include variations in illumination, distance, exposure time and ISO sensitivity among others. We discuss the main differences of this method with the existing resolution measurement techniques and identify the advantages. In the second part of this study, we propose an improvement to the current texture MTF measurement algorithm. High frequency residual noise in the processed image contains the same frequency content as fine texture detail, and is sometimes reported as such, thereby leading to inaccurate results. A wavelet thresholding based denoising technique is utilized for modeling the noise present in the final captured image. This updated noise model is then used for calculating an accurate texture MTF. We present comparative results for both algorithms under various image capture conditions.

Caratterizzazione in camera climatica dei rivelatori a scintillazione in corso di installazione a M.te Cimone per l’esperimento Gamma-Flash

Questa Tesi di Laurea è legata agli aspetti tecnologici dell'esperimento Gamma-Flash, progetto coordinato dall'Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica finanziato dall'Agenzia Spaziale Italiana che ha lo scopo di studiare eventi altamente energetici che avvengono in atmosfera denominati Terrestial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs). Questi eventi hanno uno stretto legame con i fulmini che avvengono durante episodi temporaleschi. I fulmini producono particelle ionizzate ed elettroni che per effetto bremmstrahlung emettono radiazione in un ampio intervallo di energie da centinaia di keV a decine di MeV. Questo tipo di eventi è stato rivelato da numerose missioni da satellite fin dagli anni '90 (BATSE/CGRO) e successivamente con i satelliti RHESSI, AGILE, BeppoSAX e Fermi. Molto più rare sono le osservazioni di questi eventi da terra o da rivelatori posti su velivoli. Gamma-Flash ha lo scopo di realizzare strumentazione per la rivelazione di questi eventi da un osservatorio posto su M.te Cimone (2165m s.l.m) e su un aereo in grado di raggiungere quote di 8-10000m. L'esperimento viene effettuato attraverso rivelatori a scintillazione e con elettronica dedicata la cui risposta in energia dipende dalla temperatura di funzionamento. È quindi importante conoscere come il detector si comporta al variare della temperatura, che, soprattutto nell'esperimento terrestre, può variare di decine di gradi anche su tempi scala brevi. Scopo di questa tesi è stato quindi di caratterizzare uno dei rivelatori che saranno posti all'Osservatorio O. Vittori di M.te Cimone utilizzando una camera climatica che simula le condizioni di temperatura variabili e riscontrabili durante l'esperimento.

Spiro Inalatore tascabile con camera di espansione incorporata

Spiro è un inalatore ibrido che semplifica e migliora la fruizione e il mantenimento della terapia inalatoria nei pazienti asmatici mediante l’integrazione di una camera di espansione. Nasce da un brief aziendale legato allo studio del generico settore capsule in ambito packaging, ma si sviluppa per inaspettate vie biomedicali sfruttando un’opportunità di progetto emersa dall’analisi dati del contesto pharma e dalle caratteristiche di utilizzo delle capsule. Spiro non è soltanto un piacevole prodotto di design, ma è un cambiamento radicale nella percezione di un dispositivo medico.

Progetto preliminare di una camera a vuoto per il test di propulsori al plasma

L'obiettivo della seguente tesi è realizzare il progetto preliminare di una camera a vuoto adatta al test di propulsori elettrici in generale. Di seguito, vengono analizzati i principali vantaggi e svantaggi delle tecnologie maggiormente utilizzate nei sistemi per l'alto vuoto, i criteri per la scelta del tipo di architettura di pompaggio più adatta e per il dimensionamento delle pompe. La ricerca di alcuni test, presenti in letteratura, permette di avere parametri di riferimento in base al tipo e alla potenza dei thruster utilizzati. Tramite l'analisi strutturale di una camera sottoposta a pressione esterna è possibile ricavare dimensioni e spessore delle pareti; viene, poi, realizzato un disegno CAD della camera e verificato il dimensionamento strutturale, simulando il carico di pressione esterna, tramite un'analisi FEM-FEA utilizzando il software Solidworks. Infine, vengono elencate le caratteristiche finali della camera a vuoto e, tramite lo studio di modelli matematici che permettono di studiare e quantificare i principali fattori di perdita (outgassing, infiltrazione, throughput del thruster ecc.), si ricava la curva della pressione rispetto al tempo del sistema completo.

Rilevazione ottica delle dimensioni della camera di combustione per la stima del rapporto di compressione reale

La ricerca di un'ottima qualità costruttiva è diventata, per ogni fornitore o produttore legato all’ambito automotive/motoristico, l’aspetto principale nella produzione di un veicolo, soprattutto nel caso specifico di un motore: per garantire, dunque, una buona qualità generale lungo tutta la gamma di produzione, è necessario avere una buona “ripetibilità” di costruzione, ossia, è fondamentale poter assemblare un alto numero di motori che siano il più possibile identici tra loro; considerando tutte le variabili che intervengono lungo la catena di produzione, a partire dalla banale lavorazione meccanica delle parti, fino all’assemblaggio stesso del motore. E' facilmente intuibile, pertanto, come non sia così raro avere delle leggere imperfezioni tra motore e motore che possono poi andare ad impattare sulla vita e sulle performance stesse del mezzo. Questo discorso è ancora più valido se si parla dell’ambito racing, in cui la qualità costruttiva, e, quindi, le performance, giocano un ruolo fondamentale nella progettazione di un motore, nonostante il volume produttivo sia tutto sommato piccolo. L’obiettivo dell'elaborato è quello di creare un metodo di controllo e di confronto della qualità/precisione costruttiva, intesa sia come qualità di produzione delle parti che di assemblaggio del motore finito. A partire da una scansione laser tridimensionale, sotto forma di una nuvola di punti, si è creato un software di elaborazione dati che permettesse di arrivare a calcolare il rapporto di compressione reale del motore in analisi e la mappa di squish tramite la sovrapposizione virtuale delle due scansioni relative ai cilindri/pistoni del blocco motore e la testa del motore stesso.

Analysis Of The Fluorescence Of Body Fluids On Different Surfaces And Times.

The use of screening techniques, such as an alternative light source (ALS), is important for finding biological evidence at a crime scene. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether biological fluid (blood, semen, saliva, and urine) deposited on different surfaces changes as a function of the age of the sample. Stains were illuminated with a Megamaxx™ ALS System and photographed with a Canon EOS Utility™ camera. Adobe Photoshop™ was utilized to prepare photographs for analysis, and then ImageJ™ was used to record the brightness values of pixels in the images. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using a generalized linear mixed model with two fixed effects (surface and fluid). Time was treated as a random effect (through repeated measures) with a first-order autoregressive covariance structure. Means of significant effects were compared by the Tukey test. The fluorescence of the analyzed biological material varied depending on the age of the sample. Fluorescence was lower when the samples were moist. Fluorescence remained constant when the sample was dry, up to the maximum period analyzed (60 days), independent of the substrate on which the fluid was deposited, showing the novelty of this study. Therefore, the forensic expert can detect biological fluids at the crime scene using an ALS even several days after a crime has occurred.

Comparing Near-infrared Conventional Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy And Hyperspectral Imaging For Determination Of The Bulk Properties Of Solid Samples By Multivariate Regression: Determination Of Mooney Viscosity And Plasticity Indices Of Natural Rubber.

Conventional reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HI) in the near-infrared region (1000-2500 nm) are evaluated and compared, using, as the case study, the determination of relevant properties related to the quality of natural rubber. Mooney viscosity (MV) and plasticity indices (PI) (PI0 - original plasticity, PI30 - plasticity after accelerated aging, and PRI - the plasticity retention index after accelerated aging) of rubber were determined using multivariate regression models. Two hundred and eighty six samples of rubber were measured using conventional and hyperspectral near-infrared imaging reflectance instruments in the range of 1000-2500 nm. The sample set was split into regression (n = 191) and external validation (n = 95) sub-sets. Three instruments were employed for data acquisition: a line scanning hyperspectral camera and two conventional FT-NIR spectrometers. Sample heterogeneity was evaluated using hyperspectral images obtained with a resolution of 150 × 150 μm and principal component analysis. The probed sample area (5 cm(2); 24,000 pixels) to achieve representativeness was found to be equivalent to the average of 6 spectra for a 1 cm diameter probing circular window of one FT-NIR instrument. The other spectrophotometer can probe the whole sample in only one measurement. The results show that the rubber properties can be determined with very similar accuracy and precision by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression models regardless of whether HI-NIR or conventional FT-NIR produce the spectral datasets. The best Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs) of external validation for MV, PI0, PI30, and PRI were 4.3, 1.8, 3.4, and 5.3%, respectively. Though the quantitative results provided by the three instruments can be considered equivalent, the hyperspectral imaging instrument presents a number of advantages, being about 6 times faster than conventional bulk spectrometers, producing robust spectral data by ensuring sample representativeness, and minimizing the effect of the presence of contaminants.

Seed rain in areas with and without bamboo dominance within an urban fragment of the Atlantic Forest

Understanding the flow of diaspores is fundamental for determining plant population dynamics in a particular habitat, and a lack of seeds is a limiting factor in forest regeneration, especially in isolated forest fragments. Bamboo dominance affects forest structure and dynamics by suppressing or delaying the recruitment of and colonization by tree species as well as by inhibiting the survival and growth of adult trees. The goal of the present study was to determine whether dominance of the bamboo species Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) McClure in the forest understory influences species abundance and composition. We examined the seed rain at two noncontiguous sites (1.5 km apart) within an urban forest fragment, with and without bamboo dominance (BD+ and BD- areas, respectively). Sixty seed traps (0.5 m², with a 1-mm mesh) were set in the BD+ and BD- areas, and the seed rain was sampled from January to December 2007. Diaspores were classified according to dispersal syndrome, growth form and functional type of the species to which they belonged. There were significant differences between the two areas in terms of seed density, species diversity and dispersal syndrome. The BD+ area showed greater seed density and species diversity. In both areas, seed distribution was limited primarily by impaired dispersal. Bamboo dominance and low tree density resulted in fewer propagules in the seed rain. Our results suggest that low availability of seeds in the rain does not promote the maintenance of a degraded state, characterized by the presence of bamboo.

Analise do processo de rastreamento automatico de jogadores em esportes coletivos

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física