Identifikation und Beeinflussbarkeit supramolekularer Wechselwirkungen auf Quarzmikrowaagen

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasste sich mit der kompletten Bandbreite eines chemischen Sensors.rnIn einem ersten Schritt wurde die Desensibilisierung der Quarzmikrowaagen (QCM) gegenüber Störeinflüssen untersucht. Ausgehend von vorangegangenen Arbeiten konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine fluorige Modifikation der QCM-Elektroden die Affinität zu omnipräsenten Substanzen wie Wasser oder Alkanen stark herabsetzt. Neben der Desensibilisierung bewirkt die Schicht darüber hinaus vermutlich eine veränderte Ausrichtung der Affinitätsmaterialien auf der Oberfläche. Dies konnte durch die Anwendung auf einen TATP-Sensorsystem gezeigt werden.rnIm zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden die vorherrschenden Arten supramolekularer Wechselwirkungen in Wirt-Gast-Systemen anhand gravimetrischer Messungen identifiziert. In Kooperation mit unterschiedlichen Forschergruppen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass es möglich ist, diese Wechselwirkungen in einem gewissen Rahmen zu beeinflussen und damit die Sensorantworten zu steuern. Effekte wie die Hohlraumzugänglichkeit, die Hohlraumgröße sowie das chemische Milieu im Hohlraum wurden genauer untersucht.rnNeben dem Screening auf neue Affinitätsmaterialien konnten erste Erfolge bei der Übertragung der Erkenntnisse der letzten Jahre auf ein neues Sensorsystem erzielt werden. Zum Einsatz kam hierbei ein optisches Sensor-System basierend auf planaren Bragg-Gittern. Neben der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Messzelle wurde eine Beschichtung der Sensoren mit verschiedenen Cyclodextrin-Derivaten entwickelt.rnIm vierten Teil der Arbeit wurden Studien zur Synthese zweier Tetraphenylenderivate durchgeführt.rn

Nuovi calcestruzzi geopolimerici: Mix design, caratterizzazione e fattibilita in cantiere

I cambiamenti climatici dovuti all’immissione in atmosfera dei gas serra costringono alla ricerca di possibili soluzioni per la loro riduzione. Una risposta potrebbe essere rappresentata dall’impiego di calcestruzzi geopolimerici in quanto riducono notevolmente l’emissione in atmosfera di anidride carbonica rispetto ai calcestruzzi tradizionali. In letteratura sono numerosi gli studi di calcestruzzi geopolimerici realizzati mediante trattamenti termici applicati dopo le operazioni di confezionamento. Pochissime sono invece le ricerche effettuate su calcestruzzi geopolimerici prodotti senza trattamenti termici; in questa tesi sperimentale si è voluto indagare quest’ultimo tipo di conglomerati. In particolare si è studiato il mix design del calcestruzzo geopolimerico partendo dalla formulazione del calcestruzzo tradizionale. Da subito si è posto il problema di quale agente riduttore di acqua utilizzare. Pertanto è stata predisposta una sperimentazione di diversi tipi di fluidificanti e superfluidificanti su campioni di malta geopolimerica. In seguito sono stati testati diversi conglomerati geopolimerici con propri mix design, derivati in parte da esempi in letteratura, al fine di conseguire un accettabile valore di resistenza meccanica a compressione. Nella prospettiva di un possibile utilizzo in cantiere è stata indagata con particolare attenzione, la lavorabilità delle malte e dei calcestruzzi geopolimerici attraverso prove di consistenza, ponendola in relazione alle malte e i calcestruzzi cementizi. Sono state inoltre analizzate le caratteristiche dei materiali prodotti allo stato indurito, quali densità, assorbimento di acqua, modulo elastico e resistenza meccanica. Infine, è stata analizzata la fattibilità di un possibile utilizzo in cantiere.

Attività fotocatalitica del biossido di titanio applicato ai materiali da costruzione. Analisi delle prestazioni in funzione della tipologia di supporto e della tecnica di deposizione

I materiali fotocatalitici, se opportunamente irradiati con luce di una opportuna lunghezza d'onda, consentono un maggior abbattimento delle sostanze organiche e inorganiche nocive con le quali vengono a contatto. Essi sono in grado inoltre grazie alla loro spiccata idrofilia di conservare inalterato nel tempo il loro aspetto estetico. Il connubio ingegneria e chimica ha creato dunque materiali fotocatalitici contenenti al loro interno particelle di TiO2, il principale fotocatalizzatore in commercio, che, applicati in ambiti urbani ed edilizi come rivestimenti, pitture, rimescolato in pasta di malte o masselli autobloccanti, pitture o piastrelle antisettiche e vetri autopulenti, possono generare effetti positivi in termini sia di antinquinamento che di antibattericità. La tesi parte dalla descrizione delle reazioni chimiche che stanno alla base della fotocatalisi e prosegue descrivendo il fotocatalizzatore più attivo ed efficace fino ad ora scoperto, il TiO2. Nella seconda parte della tesi si citano le principali aziende italiane e mondiali che si sono impegnate nella produzione di materiali fotocatalitici, riportando le loro opere e i loro prodotti. Nella parte terza si vogliono invece fornire le informazioni generali attualmente conosciute sulla minaccia alla salute che può costituire l'utilizzo di materiali nanometrici come il TiO2. Nella parte quarta invece si risponde alle ancora frequenti domande riguardanti l'efficacia del TiO2 nelle applicazioni reali al variare del materiale di supporto, la sua efficacia nel lungo termine, il reale effetto autopulente nell'ambiente reale e nel suo impatto sull'ambiente. Si riportano i risultati di laboratorio riguardanti l'efficacia fotocatalitica in termini di degradazione di tinte e di angolo di contatto, direttamente applicati alla realtà delle costruzioni: su supporti diversi in termini di permeabilità e idrorepellenza, è stata applicata una sospensione acquosa fotocatalitica applicata sia a pennello che tramite getto spray HVLP. Alcuni campioni sono poi stati dilavati simulando l'azione atmosferica di weathering dell'area bolognese.

Improved detection of blood stream pathogens by real-time PCR in severe sepsis

Evaluation of the technical and diagnostic feasibility of commercial multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of blood stream infections in a cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis, performed in addition to conventional blood cultures.

[Microbiological point of care tests]

It is well known that the early initiation of a specific antiinfective therapy is crucial to reduce the mortality in severe infection. Procedures culturing pathogens are the diagnostic gold standard in such diseases. However, these methods yield results earliest between 24 to 48 hours. Therefore, severe infections such as sepsis need to be treated with an empirical antimicrobial therapy, which is ineffective in an unknown fraction of these patients. Today's microbiological point of care tests are pathogen specific and therefore not appropriate for an infection with a variety of possible pathogens. Molecular nucleic acid diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow the identification of pathogens and resistances. These methods are used routinely to speed up the analysis of positive blood cultures. The newest PCR based system allows the identification of the 25 most frequent sepsis pathogens by PCR in parallel without previous culture in less than 6 hours. Thereby, these systems might shorten the time of possibly insufficient antiinfective therapy. However, these extensive tools are not suitable as point of care diagnostics. Miniaturization and automating of the nucleic acid based method is pending, as well as an increase of detectable pathogens and resistance genes by these methods. It is assumed that molecular PCR techniques will have an increasing impact on microbiological diagnostics in the future.

Real-time polymerase chain-reaction detection of pathogens is feasible to supplement the diagnostic sequence for urinary tract infections

To evaluate, in a prospective pilot study, the feasibility of identifying pathogens in urine using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to compare the results with the conventional urine culture-based procedures.

Rapid qualitative urinary tract infection pathogen identification by SeptiFast real-time PCR

Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are frequent in outpatients. Fast pathogen identification is mandatory for shortening the time of discomfort and preventing serious complications. Urine culture needs up to 48 hours until pathogen identification. Consequently, the initial antibiotic regimen is empirical. Aim To evaluate the feasibility of qualitative urine pathogen identification by a commercially available real-time PCR blood pathogen test (SeptiFast®) and to compare the results with dipslide and microbiological culture. Design of study Pilot study with prospectively collected urine samples. Setting University hospital. Methods 82 prospectively collected urine samples from 81 patients with suspected UTI were included. Dipslide urine culture was followed by microbiological pathogen identification in dipslide positive samples. In parallel, qualitative DNA based pathogen identification (SeptiFast®) was performed in all samples. Results 61 samples were SeptiFast® positive, whereas 67 samples were dipslide culture positive. The inter-methodological concordance of positive and negative findings in the gram+, gram- and fungi sector was 371/410 (90%), 477/492 (97%) and 238/246 (97%), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the SeptiFast® test for the detection of an infection was 0.82 and 0.60, respectively. SeptiFast® pathogen identifications were available at least 43 hours prior to culture results. Conclusion The SeptiFast® platform identified bacterial DNA in urine specimens considerably faster compared to conventional culture. For UTI diagnosis sensitivity and specificity is limited by its present qualitative setup which does not allow pathogen quantification. Future quantitative assays may hold promise for PCR based UTI pathogen identification as a supplementation of conventional culture methods.

Constrained pattern of viral evolution in acute and early HCV infection limits viral plasticity

Cellular immune responses during acute Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection are a known correlate of infection outcome. Viral adaptation to these responses via mutation(s) within CD8+ T-cell epitopes allows these viruses to subvert host immune control. This study examined HCV evolution in 21 HCV genotype 1-infected subjects to characterise the level of viral adaptation during acute and early HCV infection. Of the total mutations observed 25% were within described CD8+ T-cell epitopes or at viral adaptation sites. Most mutations were maintained into the chronic phase of HCV infection (75%). The lack of reversion of adaptations and high proportion of silent substitutions suggests that HCV has structural and functional limitations that constrain evolution. These results were compared to the pattern of viral evolution observed in 98 subjects during a similar phase in HIV infection from a previous study. In contrast to HCV, evolution during acute HIV infection is marked by high levels of amino acid change relative to silent substitutions, including a higher proportion of adaptations, likely reflecting strong and continued CD8+ T-cell pressure combined with greater plasticity of the virus. Understanding viral escape dynamics for these two viruses is important for effective T cell vaccine design.

Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion

Mindfulness meditation describes a set of different mental techniques to train attention and awareness. Trait mindfulness and extended mindfulness interventions can benefit self-control. The present study investigated the short-term consequences of mindfulness meditation under conditions of limited self-control resources. Specifically, we hypothesized that a brief period of mindfulness meditation would counteract the deleterious effect that the exertion of self-control has on subsequent self-control performance. Participants who had been depleted of self-control resources by an emotion suppression task showed decrements in self-control performance as compared to participants who had not suppressed emotions. However, participants who had meditated after emotion suppression performed equally well on the subsequent self-control task as participants who had not exerted self-control previously. This finding suggests that a brief period of mindfulness meditation may serve as a quick and efficient strategy to foster self-control under conditions of low resources.

CD62L (L-Selectin) Shedding for Assessment of Perioperative Immune Sensitivity in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

To investigate the suitability of blood granulocyte and monocyte sensitivity, as measured by the quantity of different agonists required to induce CD62L shedding, for assessment of perioperative immune changes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.