Late Oligocene Larger Foraminifera from Nosara (Nicoya Península, Costa Rica) and Windward (Carriacou, Lesser Antilles), calibrated by 87Sr/86Sr isotope stratigraphy.

ABSTRACT: The Late Oligocene first occurrence of Miogypsina gunteri Cole and Miogypsina tani Drooger is verified in the light of larger foraminiferal assemblages from Nosara (Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica) and Windward (Carriacou, Grenada, Lesser Antilles). At Windward, they co-occur with planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils studied by earlier workers. 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were measured in calcite of larger foraminifera at both sites to determine independent absolute ages of the two outcrops. Late Oligocene shallow water formations unconformably overlie Paleocene-Eocene distal turbidites and siliceous shales in the outcrops in Costa Rica. The shallow-water lithostratigraphy includes near shore volcanic sandstones that alternate with sandy bioclastic limestones. The latter have yielded rich assemblages of larger foraminifera that have been studied in oriented sections, SEM for split material and polished rock thin sections for transmitted light and cathodoluminescence (CL) observation. The association of larger foraminifera includes Heterostegina antillea Cushman, Miogypsina tani Drooger, Miogypsina gunteri Cole, Miogypsina c.f (Miolepidocyclina) panamensis (Cushman), Miogypsina sp., Lepidocyclina (nephrolepidina) vaughani Cushman, Lepidocyclina yurnagurensis Cushman, Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman. At Windward, scattered outcrops of the Belvedere Formation expose mass flow deposits rich in larger foraminifera associated with an early late Oligocene (NP24) planktonic foraminifa assemblage. Planktonic foraminifera and nanno-fossils recovered in rocks slightly downsection indicate an upper Middle Oligocene age. Larger foraminifera species collected just north of Windward include Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman and Miogypsina gunteri Cole. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio was measured in 11 specimens of megalosphaeric Lepidocyclina spp., mechanically extracted from 2 rock samples collected at Punta Peladas (Costa Rica) Ratios range from 0.709088 to 0.708196, which correspond to a model age of 27.4 to 24.94 Ma. Very similar ratios, ranging from 0.708150 to 0.708167 were obtained from Windward Village (Carriacou). All measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios fall within a Chattian (Late Oligocene) age. Nannofossils, planktonic foraminifera and identical 87Sr/86Sr ratios from Punta Peladas and Windward clearly indicate a Chattian (Upper Oligocene) first occurrence of Miogypsina gunteri and Miogypsina tani and confirm this age range for the other larger foraminifera cited above. The first occurrence of Miogypsina gunteri in the lower Athe upper Aquitanian as proposed by European workers cannot be confirmed.

Mineral inventory of continuously erupting basaltic andesites at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica: implications for interpreting monotonous, crystal-rich, mafic arc stratigraphies

Except for the first 2 years since July 29, 1968, Arenal volcano has continuously erupted compositionally monotonous and phenocryst-rich (similar to35%) basaltic andesites composed of plagioclase (plag), orthopyroxene (opx), clinopyroxene (cpx), spinel olivine. Detailed textural and compositional analyses of phenocrysts, mineral inclusions, and microlites reveal comparable complexities in any given sample and identify mineral components that require a minimum of four crystallization environments. We suggest three distinct crystallization environments crystallized low Mg# (<78) silicate phases from andesitic magma but at different physical conditions, such as variable pressure of crystallization and water conditions. The dominant environment, i.e., the one which accounts for the majority of minerals and overprinted all other assemblages near rims of phenocrysts, cocrystallized clinopyroxene (Mg# similar to71-78), orthopyroxene (Mg# similar to71-78), titanomagnetite and plagioclase (An(60) to An(85)). The second environment cocrystallized clinopyroxene (Mg# 71-78), olivine (<Fo(78)), titanomagnetite, and very high An (similar to90) plagioclase, while the third cocrystallized clinopyroxene (Mg# 71-78) with high (>7) Al/Ti and high (>4 wt.%) Al2O3, titanomagnetite with considerable Al2O3 (10-18 wt.%) and possibly olivine but appears to lack plagioclase. A fourth crystallization environment is characterized by clinopyroxene (e.g., Mg#=similar to78-85; Cr2O3=0.15-0.7 wt.%), Al-, Cr-rich spinel olivine (similar toFo(80)), and in some circumstances high-An (>80) plagioclase. This assemblage seems to record mafic inputs into the Arenal system and crystallization at high to low pressures. Single crystals cannot be completely classified as xenocrysts, antecrysts (cognate crystals), or phenocrysts, because they often contain different parts each representing a different crystallization environment and thus belong to different categories. Bulk compositions are mostly too mafic to have crystallized the bulk of ferromagnesian minerals and thus likely do not represent liquid compositions. On the other hand, they are the cumulative products of multiple mixing events assembling melts and minerals from a variety of sources. The driving force for this multistage mixing evolution to generate erupting basaltic andesites is thought to be the ascent of mafic magma from lower crustal levels to subvolcanic depths which at the same time may also go through compositional modification by fractionation and assimilation of country rocks. Thus, mafic magmas become basaltic andesite through mixing, fractionation and assimilation by the time they arrive at subvolcanic depths. We infer new increments of basaltic andesite are supplied nearly continuously to the subvolcanic reservoir concurrently to the current eruption and that these new increments are blended into the residing, subvolcanic magma. Thus, the compositional monotony is mostly the product of repetitious production of very similar basaltic andesite. Furthermore, we propose that this quasi-constant supply of small increments of magma is the fundamental cause for small-scale, decade-long continuous volcanic activity; that is, the current eruption of Arenal is flux-controlled by inputs of mantle magmas. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Earliest known use of marine resources by neanderthals

Numerous studies along the northern Mediterranean borderland have documented the use of shellfish by Neanderthals but none of these finds are prior to Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3). In this paper we present evidence that gathering and consumption of mollusks can now be traced back to the lowest level of the archaeological sequence at Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, Spain), dated during the MIS 6. The paper describes the taxonomical and taphonomical features of the mollusk assemblages from this level Bj19 and briefly touches upon those retrieved in levels Bj18 (MIS 5) and Bj17 (MIS 4), evidencing a continuity of the shellfishing activity that reaches to MIS 3. This evidence is substantiated on 29 datings through radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U series methods. Obtained dates and paleoenvironmental records from the cave include isotopic, pollen, lithostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses and they are fully coherent with paleoclimate conditions expected for the different stages. We conclude that described use of shellfish resources by Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) in Southern Spain started ~150 ka and were almost contemporaneous to Pinnacle Point (South Africa), when shellfishing is first documented in archaic modern humans.

Accuracy of plant assemblage predictions from species distribution models varies along environmental gradients

Aim: Climatic niche modelling of species and community distributions implicitly assumes strong and constant climatic determinism across geographic space. This assumption had however never been tested so far. We tested it by assessing how stacked-species distribution models (S-SDMs) perform for predicting plant species assemblages along elevation. Location: Western Swiss Alps. Methods: Using robust presence-absence data, we first assessed the ability of topo-climatic S-SDMs to predict plant assemblages in a study area encompassing a 2800 m wide elevation gradient. We then assessed the relationships among several evaluation metrics and trait-based tests of community assembly rules. Results: The standard errors of individual SDMs decreased significantly towards higher elevations. Overall, the S-SDM overpredicted far more than they underpredicted richness and could not reproduce the humpback curve along elevation. Overprediction was greater at low and mid-range elevations in absolute values but greater at high elevations when standardised by the actual richness. Looking at species composition, the evaluation metrics accounting for both the presence and absence of species (overall prediction success and kappa) or focusing on correctly predicted absences (specificity) increased with increasing elevation, while the metrics focusing on correctly predicted presences (Jaccard index and sensitivity) decreased. The best overall evaluation - as driven by specificity - occurred at high elevation where species assemblages were shown to be under significant environmental filtering of small plants. In contrast, the decreased overall accuracy in the lowlands was associated with functional patterns representing any type of assembly rule (environmental filtering, limiting similarity or null assembly). Main Conclusions: Our study reveals interesting patterns of change in S-SDM errors with changes in assembly rules along elevation. Yet, significant levels of assemblage prediction errors occurred throughout the gradient, calling for further improvement of SDMs, e.g., by adding key environmental filters that act at fine scales and developing approaches to account for variations in the influence of predictors along environmental gradients.

Sea Urchins Predation Facilitates Coral Invasion in a Marine Reserve

Macroalgae is the dominant trophic group on Mediterranean infralittoral rocky bottoms, whereas zooxanthellate corals are extremely rare. However, in recent years, the invasive coral Oculina patagonica appears to be increasing its abundance through unknown means. Here we examine the pattern of variation of this species at a marine reserve between 2002 and 2010 and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that allow its current increase. Because indirect interactions between species can play a relevant role in the establishment of species, a parallel assessment of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the main herbivorous invertebrate in this habitat and thus a key species, was conducted. O. patagonica has shown a 3-fold increase in abundance over the last 8 years and has become the most abundant invertebrate in the shallow waters of the marine reserve, matching some dominant erect macroalgae in abundance. High recruitment played an important role in this increasing coral abundance. The results from this study provide compelling evidence that the increase in sea urchin abundance may be one of the main drivers of the observed increase in coral abundance. Sea urchins overgraze macroalgae and create barren patches in the space-limited macroalgal community that subsequently facilitate coral recruitment. This study indicates that trophic interactions contributed to the success of an invasive coral in the Mediterranean because sea urchins grazing activity indirectly facilitated expansion of the coral. Current coral abundance at the marine reserve has ended the monopolization of algae in rocky infralittoral assemblages, an event that could greatly modify both the underwater seascape and the sources of primary production in the ecosystem.

A comparison of rapid bioassessment protocols used in 2 regions with Mediterranean climates, the Iberian Peninsula and South Africa

Abstract. The ability of 2 Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs) to assess stream water quality was compared in 2 Mediterranean-climate regions. The most commonly used RBPs in South Africa (SAprotocol) and the Iberian Peninsula (IB-protocol) are both multihabitat, field-based methods that use macroinvertebrates. Both methods use preassigned sensitivity weightings to calculate metrics and biotic indices. The SA- and IB-protocols differ with respect to sampling equipment (mesh size: 1000 lm vs 250 300 lm, respectively), segregation of habitats (substrate vs flow-type), and sampling and sorting procedures (variable time and intensity). Sampling was undertaken at 6 sites in South Africa and 5 sites in the Iberian Peninsula. Forty-four and 51 macroinvertebrate families were recorded in South Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, respectively; 77.3% of South African families and 74.5% of Iberian Peninsula families were found using both protocols. Estimates of community similarity compared between the 2 protocols were .60% similar among sites in South Africa and .54% similar among sites in the Iberian Peninsula (BrayCurtis similarity), and no significant differences were found between protocols (Multiresponse Permutation Procedure). Ordination based on Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling grouped macroinvertebrate samples on the basis of site rather than protocol. Biotic indices generated with the 2 protocols at each site did not differ. Thus, both RBPs produced equivalent results, and both were able to distinguish between biotic communities (mountain streams vs foothills) and detect water-quality impairment, regardless of differences in sampling equipment, segregation of habitats, and sampling and sorting procedures. Our results indicate that sampling a single habitat may be sufficient for assessing water quality, but a multihabitat approach to sampling is recommended where intrinsic variability of macroinvertebrate assemblages is high (e.g., in undisturbed sites in regions with Mediterranean climates). The RBP of choice should depend on whether the objective is routine biomonitoring of water quality or autecological or faunistic studies.

Radiolarian biochronology and Pacific origin of Jurassic-Cretaceous oceanic terranes in Costa Rica and Puerto Rico

AbstractAs demonstrated during several recent geological conferences, there is still a large debate concerning the origins of the Mesozoic oceanic remnants on the Caribbean Plate. The geodynamic models describing the Mesozoic history of the Caribbean realm can be divided into two main categories based on the origin of the Caribbean Plate: 1) An in situ origin between the Americas; 2) A Pacific origin and an eastward transport relative to the Americas. The study of the ribbon-bedded radiolarite is a key in determining the origins of associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes and may help to achieve a general agreement regarding the basic principles on the evolution of the Caribbean Plate. The Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous Bermeja Complex of Puerto Rico, witch contains serpentinized peridotite, altered basalt, amphibolite, and chert (Mariquita Chert Formation), and the contemporaneous Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex, which crops out in several half-windows along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula in northwestern Costa Rica, are two of these little-known and crucial ophiolitic mélanges. The Manzanillo and Matambú fore-arc Terranes of the Nicoya Peninsula in the northwestern Costa Rica, which contain Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene radiolarian-bearing siliceous mudstones and cherts associated with arc-derived mafic to intermediate volcaniclastics, bring important information on the history of the western active margin of the Caribbean Plate. A systematic radiolarian study of these three regions is presented herein in three different articles.The radiolarian biochronology of the Mariquita Chert Formation of the Bermeja Complex presented in this work indicate an early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Bajocian-early Callovian to middle Albian-middle Cenomanian) age for the Mariquita Chert Formation. The illustrated assemblages contain 150 species, of which 3 are new (Pantanellium karinae, Loopus bermejaense, and L. boricus), and belonging to 59 genera. A review of the previous radiolarian published works on this formation and the results of this study suggest that the Bermeja Complex ranges in age from Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Aalenian to middle Cenomanian) and also reveal a possible feature of the complex, which is the youngling of radiolarian cherts from north to south, evoking a polarity of accretion. On the basis of a currently exhaustive inventory of the ribbonbedded radiolaritic facies on the Caribbean Plate, a re-examination of the distribution of Middle Jurassic sediments associated with oceanic crust from the Caribbean realm, and a paleoceanographical argumentation on the water currents, we come to the conclusion that the radiolarite and associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes of the Caribbean Plate are of Pacific origin. The previous argument for a Pacific origin of the Bermeja Complex presented by Montgomery et al. (1994a), based on their radiolarian age and their estimation of the oldest Proto-Caribbean oceanic crust, is nowadays seriously questionable, owing to the recent progresses in radiolarian biostratigraphy and new discoveries on the age of the first oceanic crust spreading between the Americas. Furthermore, we interpret the radiolarian Parvicingulidae-rich assemblages in the low-latitude Caribbean context as potential indicators of upwelling or land nutrients inputs, instead of indicators of paleolatitudes,as firstly stated by Pessagno and Blome (1986). Eventually, a discussion on the origin of the cherts of the Mariquita Formation illustrated by Middle Jurassic to middle Cretaceous geodynamic models of the Pacific and Caribbean realms bring up the possibility that the rocks of the Bermeja Complex are remnants of two different oceans.The Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex contains various oceanic assemblages of alkaline basalt, radiolarite and polymictic breccias. The radiolarian biochronology (19 illustrated assemblages, 232 species belonging to 63 genera) presented in this work indicate an Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (early Pliensbachian to earliest Turonian) age for the sediments associated with oceanic basalts or recovered from blocks in breccias or megabreccias from the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex. This study brings to light the Early Jurassic age of a sequence of ribbon-bedded radiolarite, which was previously thought to be of Cretaceous age, intruded by alkaline basalts sills. The presence of Early Jurassic large reworked blocks of radiolarite in a polymictic megabreccia, firstly reported by De Wever et al. (1985) is confirmed. Therefore, the alkaline basalt associated with these radiolarites could be of Jurassic age. In the Carrizal tectonic window, Middle Jurassic radiolarian chert blocks and Early Cretaceous brick-red ribbon-bedded radiolarites overlying pillow basalts are interpreted as fragments of a Middle Jurassic oceanic basement accreted to an Early Cretaceous oceanic plate, in an intra-oceanic subduction context. Whereas, knobby radiolarites and black shale at Playa Carrizal are indicative of a shallower middle Cretaceous paleoenvironment. Other younger oceanic remnants documented the rapid approach of the site of sedimentation to a subduction trench during the late Early Cretaceous (AlbianCenomanian), maybe early Late Cretaceous (Turonian).In total, 60 species belonging to 34 genera were present in relatively well-preserved radiolarian faunas from volcaniclastics and associated pelagic and hemipelagic rocks of the Matambú and Manzanillo terranes, ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene (middle Turonian-Santonian to late Thanetian-Ypresian). This study shows that radiolarians can provide significant biostratigraphic control in the Nicoya Peninsula where very similar lithologies of different ages are present. Two radiolarian samples directly date the Berrugate Formation for the first time (middle Turonian-Santonian and Coniacian-Santonian). These ages allow to determine a volcanic arc activity on the western edge of the future Caribbean Plate at least since the Santonian that could have lasted through the middle Turonian-early Campanian interval by stratigraphic superposition. Moreover on the basis of these radiolarian ages, the Loma Chumico Formation of Albian age, and the Berrugate Formation of middle Turonian-early Maastrichtian age, can now be clearly differentiated. Two samples from the Sabana Grande Formation give a Coniacian-Santonian age and a Coniacian-Campanian age and indicate that there is a stratigraphic gap of ~10 million years between this formation and the underlying Albian Loma Chumico Formation.RésuméComme cela a pu se vérifier à plusieurs reprises lors de conférences géologiques récentes, le débat sur l'origine des terrains océaniques mésozoïques de la Plaque Caraïbes est toujours d'actualité. Les modèles géodynamiques décrivant l'histoire de la région caraïbes peuvent être classés en deux catégories basées sur l'origine de la Plaque Caraïbes : 1) Une origine in situ entre les Amériques ; 2) Une origine Pacifique et un transport vers l'est, par rapport aux Amériques. L'étude des radiolarites rubanées est capitale pour la détermination de l'origine des terrains océaniques allochtones du Mésozoïque et peut être utile pour parvenir à un compromis général concernant les principes basiques de l'évolution de la Plaque Caraïbes. Le complexe de Bermeja à Porto Rico qui est constitué de péridotites serpentinisées, de basaltes altérés, d'amphibolites et de cherts (Formation des Cherts de Mariquita), et le Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa qui affleure dans plusieurs demi-fenêtres tectoniques au sud de la Péninsule de Santa Elena au nord-ouest du Costa Rica sont deux de ces mélanges ophiolitiques peu décrits et déterminants. Les terrains de fore-arc de Manzanillo et de Matambu dans la Péninsule de Nicoya au nord-ouest du Costa Rica qui sont composés de calcaires siliceux et de cherts riches en radiolaires associés à du matériel volcanique d'arc mafique à intermédiaire, apportent d'importantes informations sur l'histoire de la marge active occidentale de la Plaque Caraïbe. Une étude systématique des radiolaires de ces trois régions est présentée dans ce travail sous forme de trois articles.La biochronologie des radiolaires de la Formation des Cherts de Mariquita du Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa présentée dans ce travail indique un âge Jurassique Moyen inférieur à Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Bajocien supérieur-Callovien inférieur à Albien moyen-Cénomanien moyen) pour la Formation des Cherts de Mariquita. Les assemblages illustrés contiennent 150 espèces, parmis lesquelles 3 sont nouvelles (Pantanellium karinae, Loopus bermejaense et L. boricus), et appartenant à 59 genres différents. Une révision des travaux publiés précédemment sur les radiolaires de cette formation, ainsi que les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que le Complexe de Bermeja a un âge allant du Jurassique moyen au Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Aalénien supérieur à Cénomanien moyen) et révèle aussi une caractéristique éventuelle du complexe qui est le rajeunissement des radiolarites du nord au sud, évoquant une polarité d'accrétion. Sur la base d'un inventaire actuellement exhaustif du facies radiolaritique rubané sur la Plaque Caraïbes, d'un nouvel examen de la distribution globale des sédiments du Jurassique Moyen associés à de la croûte océanique et d'une argumentation paléocéanographique sur les courants, nous arrivons à la conclusion que les radiolarites et les unités tectoniques océaniques du Mésozoïque associées de la Plaque Caraïbes sont d'origine pacifique. L'argument antérieur pour une origine pacifique du Complexe de Bermeja présenté par Montgomery et al. (1994a), basé sur leur âge à radiolaire et leur estimation de l'âge de la plus vieille croûte océanique des Proto-Caraïbes, est sérieusement remis en question aujourd'hui, en raison des progrès récents de la biostratigraphie des radiolaires et des nouvelles découvertes concernant l'âge du début de l'océanisation entre les Amériques. En outre, dans le contexte de basses latitudes des Caraïbes, nous interprétons les assemblages à radiolaires riches en Parvicingulidae comme étant des indicateurs potentiels d'apports en nutriments des zones d'uppwelling ou des terres, plutôt que des indicateurs de paléolatitudes, comme exposer pour la première fois par Pessagno et Blome (1986). Finalement, une discussion sur l'origine des cherts de la Formation de Mariquita illustrée par des modèles géodynamiques du Jurassique Moyen au Crétacé moyen des régions pacifique et caraïbes, fait poindre la possibilité que les roches du Complexe de Bermeja proviennent de deux océans différents.Le Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa contient plusieurs assemblages océaniques différents de basaltes alcalins, radiolarites et brèches polymictes. La biochronologie des radiolaires (19 assemblages illustrés, 232 espèces appartenant à 63 genres) présentée dans ce second travail indique un âge Jurassique Inférieur à Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Pliensbachien inférieur à Turonien initial) pour les sédiments associés aux basaltes océaniques ou provenant de blocs dans des brèches ou des mégabrèches du Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa. Cette étude met en évidence l'âge Jurassique Inférieur d'une séquence de radiolarites rubanées entrecoupée de sills de basaltes alcalins, dont l'âge estimé était précédemment le Crétacé.La présence de blocs plurimétriques de radiolarites d'âge Jurassique Inférieur remaniés dans une mégabrèche polymicte, dont la présence avait été signalée par De Wever et al. (1985), est confirmée. Par conséquent, les basaltes alcalins associés à ces radiolarites pourraient aussi être d'âge Jurassique. Dans la fenêtre tectonique de Carrizal, des blocs de radiolarites d'âge Jurassique Moyen et des radiolarites du Crétacé Inférieur recouvrant des basaltes en coussins sont interprétés comme des fragments d'une croûte océanique d'âge Jurassique Moyen accrétés à une plaque océanique d'âge Crétacé Inférieur, dans un contexte de subduction intra-océanique. Alors que dans la même zone, les radiolarites « noueuses » et les argiles noires associées sont interprétées comme des indicateurs d'un milieu peu profond au Crétacé. D'autres fragments océaniques plus jeunes documentent une approche rapide du lieu de sédimentation vers une fosse de subduction pendant le Crétacé Inférieur supérieur (Albien-Cénomanien), peut-être Crétacé Supérieur (Turonien).Au total, 60 espèces appartenant à 34 genres ont été déterminées à partir de faunes à radiolaires relativement bien préservées, extraites de roches volcanoclastiques et pélagiques à hémipélagiques associées, provenant des terrains de Matambu et Manzanillo et ayant des âges compris entre le Crétacé Supérieur et le Paléogène Inférieur (Turonien moyen-Santonien à Thanétien supérieur-Yprésien). Cette étude montre que les radiolaires peuvent fournir un contrôle stratigraphique significatif dans la Péninsule de Nicoya, où des lithologies similaires, mais d'âges différents sont présentes. Deux échantillons à radiolaires permettent de dater la Formation de Berrugate pour la première fois (Turonien moyen-Santonien et Coniacien-Santonien). Ces âges permettent d'établir une activité volcanique d'arc le long de la marge occidentale de la futur Plaque Caraïbes au moins depuis le Santonien et qui pourrait avoir durée jusqu'au Turonien moyen-Campanien inférieur. De plus, sur la base de ces âges à radiolaires, la Formation de Loma Chumico d'âge Albien, et la Formation de Berrugate d'âge Turonien moyen-Maastrichtien inférieur, peuvent maintenant être différenciées. Deux échantillons de la Formation de Sabana Grande donnent des âges Coniacien-Santonien et Coniacien-Campanien et indiquent qu'il existe une lacune stratigraphique d'environ 10 millions d'années entre cette formation et la Formation de Loma Chumico sous-jacente d'âge Albien.

Very high-resolution environmental predictors in species distribution models: moving beyond topography?

Recent advances in remote sensing technologies have facilitated the generation of very high resolution (VHR) environmental data. Exploratory studies suggested that, if used in species distribution models (SDMs), these data should enable modelling species' micro-habitats and allow improving predictions for fine-scale biodiversity management. In the present study, we tested the influence, in SDMs, of predictors derived from a VHR digital elevation model (DEM) by comparing the predictive power of models for 239 plant species and their assemblages fitted at six different resolutions in the Swiss Alps. We also tested whether changes of the model quality for a species is related to its functional and ecological characteristics. Refining the resolution only contributed to slight improvement of the models for more than half of the examined species, with the best results obtained at 5 m, but no significant improvement was observed, on average, across all species. Contrary to our expectations, we could not consistently correlate the changes in model performance with species characteristics such as vegetation height. Temperature, the most important variable in the SDMs across the different resolutions, did not contribute any substantial improvement. Our results suggest that improving resolution of topographic data only is not sufficient to improve SDM predictions - and therefore local management - compared to previously used resolutions (here 25 and 100 m). More effort should be dedicated now to conduct finer-scale in-situ environmental measurements (e.g. for temperature, moisture, snow) to obtain improved environmental measurements for fine-scale species mapping and management.

A Variscan pressure-temperature-time path for the N-E Mont Blanc massif

The northeastern portion of the Mont Blanc massif in western Switzerland is predominantly comprised of the granitic rocks of the Mont Blanc intrusive suit, and the Mont Blanc basement gneisses. Within these metamorphic rocks are a variety of sub-economic Fe skarns. The mineral assemblages and fluid inclusions from these rocks have been used to derive age, pressure, temperature and fluid composition constraints for two Variscan events. Metamorphic hornblendes within the assemblages from the basement amphibolites and iron sk:lms have been dated using Ar-40/Ar-39, and indicate that these metamorphic events have a minimum age of approximately 334 Ma. Garnet-hornblende-plagioclase thermobarometry and stable isotope data obtained from the basement amphibolites are consistent with metamorphic temperatures in the range 515 to 580 degrees C, and pressures ranging from 5 to 8 kbar. Garnet-hornblende-magnetite thermobarometry and fluid inclusion studies indicate that the iron skarns formed at slightly lower temperatures, ranging from 400 to 500 degrees C in the presence of saline fluids at formational pressures similar to those experienced by the basement amphibolites. Late Paleozoic minimum uplift rates and geothermal gradients calculated using these data and the presence of Ladinien ichnofossils are on the order of 0.32 mm/year and 20 degrees C/km respectively. These uplift rates and geothermal gradients differ from those obtained from the neighbouring Aiguilles Rouges massif and indicate that these two massifs experienced different metamorphic conditions during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. During the early to late Carboniferous period the relative depths of the two massifs were reversed with the Aiguilles Rouges being initially unroofed at a much greater rate than the Mont Blanc, but experiencing relatively slower uplift rates near the termination of the Variscan orogeny.

Deccan volcanism linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary mass extinction: New evidence from ONGC wells in the Krishna-Godavari basin

A scientific challenge is to assess the role of Deccan volcanism in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) mass extinction. Here we report on the stratigraphy and biologic effects of Deccan volcanism in eleven deep wells from the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. In these wells, two phases of Deccan volcanism record the world's largest and longest lava mega-flows interbedded in marine sediments in the K-G Basin about 1500 km from the main Deccan volcanic province. The main phase-2 eruptions (similar to 80% of total Deccan Traps) began in C29r and ended at or near the KTB, an interval that spans planktic foraminiferal zones CF1-CF2 and most of the nannofossil Micula prinsii zone, and is correlative with the rapid global warming and subsequent cooling near the end of the Maastrichtian. The mass extinction began in phase-2 preceding the first of four mega-flows. Planktic foraminifera suffered a 50% drop in species richness. Survivors suffered another 50% drop after the first mega-flow, leaving just 7 to 8 survivor species. No recovery occurred between the next three mega-flows and the mass extinction was complete with the last phase-2 mega-flow at the KTB. The mass extinction was likely the consequence of rapid and massive volcanic CO(2) and SO(2) gas emissions, leading to high continental weathering rates, global warming, cooling, acid rains, ocean acidification and a carbon crisis in the marine environment. Deccan volcanism phase-3 began in the early Danian near the C29R/C29n boundary correlative with the planktic foraminiferal zone P1a/P1b boundary and accounts for similar to 14% of the total volume of Deccan eruptions, including four of Earth's longest and largest mega-flows. No major faunal changes are observed in the intertrappeans of zone P1b, which suggests that environmental conditions remained tolerable, volcanic eruptions were less intense and/or separated by longer time intervals thus preventing runaway effects. Alternatively, early Danian assemblages evolved in adaptation to high-stress conditions in the aftermath of the mass extinction and therefore survived phase-3 volcanism. Full marine biotic recovery did not occur until after Deccan phase-3. These data suggest that the catastrophic effects of phase-2 Deccan volcanism upon the Cretaceous planktic foraminifera were a function of both the rapid and massive volcanic eruptions and the highly specialized faunal assemblages prone to extinction in a changing environment. Data from the K-G Basin indicates that Deccan phase-2 alone could have caused the KTB mass extinction and that impacts may have had secondary effects.

Nd and Sr isotope compositions in modern and fossil bones - Proxies for vertebrate provenance and taphonomy

Rare earth elements (REE), while not essential for the physiologic functions of animals, are ingested and incorporated in ppb concentrations in bones and teeth. Nd isotope compositions of modern bones of animals from isotopically distinct habitats demonstrate that the (143)Nd/(144)Nd of the apatite can be used as a fingerprint for bedrock geology or ambient water mass. This potentially allows the provenance and migration of extant vertebrates to be traced, similar to the use of Sr isotopes. Although REE may be enriched by up to 5 orders of magnitude during diagenesis and recrystallization of bone apatite, in vivo (143)Nd/(144)Nd may be preserved in the inner cortex of fossil bones or enamel. However, tracking the provenance of ancient or extinct vertebrates is possible only for well-preserved archeological and paleontological skeletal remains with in vivo-like Nd contents at the ppb-level. Intra-bone and -tooth REE analysis can be used to screen for appropriate areas. Large intra-bone Nd concentration gradients of 10(1)-10(3) are often measured. Nd concentrations in the inner bone cortex increase over timescales of millions of years, while bone rims may be enriched over millenial timescales. Nevertheless, epsilon(Nd) values are often similar within one epsilon(Nd) unit within a single bone. Larger intra-bone differences in specimens may either reflect a partial preservation of in vivo values or changing epsilon(Nd) values of the diagenetic fluid during fossilization. However, most fossil specimens and the outer rims of bones will record taphonomic (143)Nd/(144)Nd incorporated post mortem during diagenesis. Unlike REE patterns, (143)Nd/(144)Nd are not biased by fractionation processes during REE-uptake into the apatite crystal lattice, hence the epsilon(Nd) value is an important tracer for taphonomy and reworking. Bones and teeth from autochthonous fossil assemblages have small variations of +/- 1 epsilon(Nd) unit only. In contrast, fossil bones and teeth from over 20 different marine and terrestrial fossil sites have a total range of epsilon(Nd) values from -13.0 to 4.9 (n = 80), often matching the composition of the embedding sediment. This implies that the surrounding sediment is the source of Nd in the fossil bones and that the specimens of this study seem not to have been reworked. Differences in epsilon(Nd) values between skeletal remains and embedding sediment may either indicate reworking of fossils and/or a REE-uptake from a diagenetic fluid with non-sediment derived epsilon(Nd) values. The latter often applies to fossil shark teeth, which may preserve paleo-seawater values. Complementary to epsilon(Nd) values, (87)Sr/(86)Sr can help to further constrain the fossil provenance and reworking. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functional homogenization of bumblebee communities in alpine landscapes under projected climate change

Background: Bumblebees represent an active pollinator group in mountain regions and assure the pollination of many different plant species from low to high elevations. Plant-pollinator interactions are mediated by functional traits. Shift in bumblebee functional structure under climate change may impact plant-pollinator interactions in mountains. Here, we estimated bumblebee upward shift in elevation, community turnover, and change in functional structure under climate change. Method: We sampled bumblebee species at 149 sites along the elevation gradient. We used stacked species distribution models (S-SDMs) forecasted under three climate change scenarios (A2, A1B, RCP3PD) to model the potential distribution of the Bombus species. Furthermore, we used species proboscis length measurements to assess the functional change in bumblebee assemblages along the elevation gradient. Results: We found species-specific response of bumblebee species to climate change. Species differed in their predicted rate of range contraction and expansion. Losers were mainly species currently restricted to high elevation. Under the most severe climate change scenarios (A2), we found a homogenization of proboscis length structure in bumblebee communities along the elevation gradient through the upward colonization of high elevation by species with longer proboscides. Conclusions: Here, we show that in addition to causing the shift in the distribution of bumblebee species, climate change may impact the functional structure of communities. The colonization of high elevation areas by bumblebee species with long proboscides may modify the structure of plant-pollination interaction networks by increasing the diversity of pollination services at high elevation.

Impairment of the Bacterial Biofilm Stability by Triclosan

The accumulation of the widely-used antibacterial and antifungal compound triclosan (TCS) in freshwaters raises concerns about the impact of this harmful chemical on the biofilms that are the dominant life style of microorganisms in aquatic systems. However, investigations to-date rarely go beyond effects at the cellular, physiological or morphological level. The present paper focuses on bacterial biofilms addressing the possible chemical impairment of their functionality, while also examining their substratum stabilization potential as one example of an important ecosystem service. The development of a bacterial assemblage of natural composition – isolated from sediments of the Eden Estuary (Scotland, UK) – on non-cohesive glass beads (,63 mm) and exposed to a range of triclosan concentrations (control, 2 – 100 mg L21) was monitored over time by Magnetic Particle Induction (MagPI). In parallel, bacterial cell numbers, division rate, community composition (DGGE) and EPS (extracellular polymeric substances: carbohydrates and proteins) secretion were determined. While the triclosan exposure did not prevent bacterial settlement, biofilm development was increasingly inhibited by increasing TCS levels. The surface binding capacity (MagPI) of the assemblages was positively correlated to the microbial secreted EPS matrix. The EPS concentrations and composition (quantity and quality) were closely linked to bacterial growth, which was affected by enhanced TCS exposure. Furthermore, TCS induced significant changes in bacterial community composition as well as a significant decrease in bacterial diversity. The impairment of the stabilization potential of bacterial biofilm under even low, environmentally relevant TCS levels is of concern since the resistance of sediments to erosive forces has large implications for the dynamics of sediments and associated pollutant dispersal. In addition, the surface adhesive capacity of the biofilm acts as a sensitive measure of ecosystem effects

Rapid Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring Method for Highly Diverse Benthic Communities: A Case Study of Mediterranean Coralligenous Outcrops

Increasing anthropogenic pressures urge enhanced knowledge and understanding of the current state of marine biodiversity. This baseline information is pivotal to explore present trends, detect future modifications and propose adequate management actions for marine ecosystems. Coralligenous outcrops are a highly diverse and structurally complex deep-water habitat faced with major threats in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite its ecological, aesthetic and economic value, coralligenous biodiversity patterns are still poorly understood. There is currently no single sampling method that has been demonstrated to be sufficiently representative to ensure adequate community assessment and monitoring in this habitat. Therefore, we propose a rapid non-destructive protocol for biodiversity assessment and monitoring of coralligenous outcrops providing good estimates of its structure and species composition, based on photographic sampling and the determination of presence/absence of macrobenthic species. We used an extensive photographic survey, covering several spatial scales (100s of m to 100s of km) within the NW Mediterranean and including 2 different coralligenous assemblages: Paramuricea clavata (PCA) and Corallium rubrum assemblage (CRA). This approach allowed us to determine the minimal sampling area for each assemblage (5000 cm² for PCA and 2500 cm²for CRA). In addition, we conclude that 3 replicates provide an optimal sampling effort in order to maximize the species number and to assess the main biodiversity patterns of studied assemblages in variability studies requiring replicates. We contend that the proposed sampling approach provides a valuable tool for management and conservation planning, monitoring and research programs focused on coralligenous outcrops, potentially also applicable in other benthic ecosystems

Low latitude Paleocene to early Eocene radiolarian systematics, biochronology and paleoenvironmental analysis

Highly diverse radiolarian faunas of latest Maastrichtian to early Eocene age have been recovered from the low latitude realm in order to contribute to the clarification of radiolarian taxonomy, construct a zonation based on a discrete sequence of co-existence intervals of species ranging from the late Paleocene to early Eocene and to describe a rich low latitude latest Cretaceous to late Paleocene fauna. 225 samples of late Paleocene to early Eocene age have been collected from ODP Leg 171 B-Hole 1051 A (Blake Nose), DSDP Leg 43-Site 384 (Northwest Atlantic) and DSDP Leg 10-Sites 86, 94, 95, 96. Sequences consist of mainly pelagic oozes and chalks, with some clay and ash layers. A new imaging technique is devised to perform (in particular on topotypic material) both transmitted light microscopy and SEM imaging on individual radiolarian specimens. SEM precedes transmitted light imaging. Radiolarians are adhered to a cover slip (using nail varnish) which is secured to a stub using conductive levers. Specimens are then photographed in low vacuum (40-50Pa; 0.5mbar), which enables charge neutralization by ionized molecules of the chamber atmosphere. Thus gold coating is avoided and subsequently this allows transmitted light imaging to follow. The conductive levers are unscrewed and the cover slip is simply overturned and mounted with Canada balsam. In an attempt towards a post-Haeckelian classification, the initial spicule (Entactinaria), micro- or macrosphere (Spumellaria) and initial spicule and cephalis (Nassellaria) have been studied by slicing Entactinaria and Spumellaria, and by tilting Nassellaria in the SEM chamber. A new genus of the family Coccodiscidae is erected and Spongatractus HAECKEL is re-located to the subfamily Axopruinae. The biochronology has been carried out using the Unitary Association Method (Guex 1977, 1991). A database recording the occurrences of 112 species has been used to establish a succession of 22 Unitary Associations. Each association is correlated to chronostratigraphy via calcareous microfossils that were previously studied by other authors. The 22 UAs have been united into seven Unitary Associations Zones (UAZones) (JP10- JE4). The established zones permit to distinguish supplementary subdivisions within the existing zonation. The low-latitude Paleocene radiolarian zonation established by Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1998a) is incomplete due to the lack of radiolarian-bearing early Paleocene sediments. In order to contribute to the study of sparsely known low latitude early Paleocene faunas, 80 samples were taken from the highly siliceous Guayaquil Formation (Ecuador). The sequence consists of black cherts, shales, siliceous limestones and volcanic ash layers. The carbonate content increases up section. Age control is supplied by sporadic occurrences of silicified planktonic foraminifera casts. One Cretaceous zone and seven Paleocene zones have been identified. The existing zonation for the South Pacific can be applied to the early-early late Paleocene sequence, although certain marker species have significantly shorter ranges (notably Buryella foremanae and B. granulata). Despite missing marker species in the late Paleocene, faunal distribution correlates reasonably to the Low-Latitude zonation. An assemblage highly abundant in Lithomelissa, Lophophaena and Cycladophora in the upper RP6 zone (correlated by the presence of Pterocodon poculum, Circodiscus circularis, Pterocodon? sp. aff. P. tenellus and Stylotrochus nitidus) shows a close affinity to contemporaneous faunas reported from Site 1121, Campbell Plateau. Coupled with a high diatom abundance (notably Aulacodiscus spp. and Arachnoidiscus spp.), these faunas are interpreted as reflecting a period of enhanced biosiliceous productivity during the late Paleocene. The youngest sample is void of radiolarians, diatoms and sponge spicules yet contains many pyritized infaunal benthic foraminifera which are akin to the midway-type fauna. The presence of this fauna suggests deposition in a neritic environment. This is in contrast to the inferred bathyal slope depositional environment of the older Paleocene sediments and suggests a shoaling of the depositional environment which may be related to a coeval major accretionary event. RESUME DE LA THESE Des faunes de radiolaires de basses latitudes très diversifiées d'âge Maastrichtien terminal à Eocène inférieur, ont été étudiées afin de contribuer à la clarification de leur taxonomie, de construire une biozonation basée sur une séquence discrète d'intervalles de coexistence des espèces d'age Paléocène supérieur à Eocène inférieur et de décrire une riche faune de basse latitude allant du Crétacé terminal au Paléocène supérieur. L'étude de cette faune contribue particulièrement à la connaissance des insaisissables radiolaires de basses latitudes du Paléocène inférieur. 225 échantillons d'âge Paléocène supérieur à Eocène inférieur provenant des ODP Leg 171B-Site 1051A (Blake Nose), Leg DSDP 43-Site 384 (Atlantique Nord -Ouest) et des DSDP Leg 10 -Sites 86, 94, 95, 96, ont été étudiés. Ces séquences sont constituées principalement de « ooze » et de « chalks »pélagiques ainsi que de quelques niveaux de cendres et d'argiles. Une nouvelle technique d'imagerie a été conçue afin de pouvoir prendre conjointement des images en lumière transmise et au Microscope Electronique à Balayage (MEB) de spécimens individuels. Ceci à été particulièrement appliqué à l'étude des topotypes. L'imagerie MEB précède l'imagerie en lumière transmise. Les radiolaires sont collés sur une lame pour micropaléontologie (au moyen de vernis à ongles) qui est ensuite fixée à un porte-objet à l'aide de bras métalliques conducteurs. Les spécimens sont ensuite photographiés en vide partiel (40-50Pa; 0.5mbar), ce qui permet la neutralisation des charges électrostatiques dues à la présence de molécules ionisées dans l'atmosphère de la chambre d'observation. Ainsi la métallisation de l'échantillon avec de l'or n'est plus nécessaire et ceci permet l'observation ultérieure en lumière transmise. Les bras conducteurs sont ensuite dévissés et la lame est simplement retournée et immergée dans du baume du Canada. Dans une approche de classification post Haeckelienne, le spicule initial (Entactinaires), la micro- ou macro -sphère (Spumellaires) et le spicule initial et cephalis (Nassellaires) ont été étudiés. Ceci a nécessité le sectionnement d'Entactinaires et de Spumellaires, et de pivoter les Nassellaires dans la chambre d'observation du MEB. Un nouveau genre de la Famille des Coccodiscidae a été érigé et Spongatractus HAECKEL à été réassigné à la sous-famille des Axopruninae. L'analyse biostratigraphique à été effectuée à l'aide de la méthode des Associations Unitaires {Guex 1977, 1991). Une base de données enregistrant les présences de 112 espèces à été utilisée poux établir une succession de 22 Associations Unitaires. Chaque association est corrélée à la chronostratigraphie au moyen de microfossiles calcaires précédemment étudiés par d'autres auteurs. Les 22 UAs ont été combinées en sept Zones d'Associations Unitaires (UAZones) (JP10- JE4). Ces Zones permettent d'insérer des subdivisions supplémentaires dans la zonation actuelle. La zonation de basses latitudes du Paléocène établie par Sanfilippo et Nigrini (1998a) est incomplète due au manque de sédiments du Paléocène inférieur contenant des radiolaires. Afin de contribuer à l'étude des faunes peu connues des basses latitudes du Paléocène inférieur, 80 échantillons ont été prélevés d'une section siliceuse de la Formation de Guayaquil (Equateur). La séquence est composée de cherts noirs, de shales, de calcaires siliceux et de couches de cendres volcaniques. La fraction carbonatée augmente vers le haut de la section. Des contraintes chronologiques sont fournies par la présence sporadique de moules de foraminifères planctoniques. Une zone d'intervalles du Crétacé et sept du Paléocène ont été mises en évidence. Bien que certaines espèces marqueur ont des distributions remarquablement plus courtes (notamment Buryella foremanae et B. granulata), la zonation existante pour le Pacifique Sud est applicable à la séquence d'age Paléocène inférieure à Paléocène supérieur basal étudiée. Malgré l'absence d'espèces marqueur du Paléocène supérieur, la succession faunistique se corrèle raisonnablement avec la zonation pour les basses latitudes. Un assemblage contenant d'abondants représentant du genre Lithomelissa, Lophophaena et Cycladophora dans la zone RP6 (correlée par la présence de Pterocodon poculum, Circodiscus circularis, Pterocodon? sp. aff. P. tenellus et Stylotrochus nitidus) montre une grande similitude avec certaines faunes issues des hauts latitudes et d'age semblable décrites par Hollis (2002, Site 1121, Campbell Plateau). Ceci, en plus d'une abondance importante en diatomés (notamment Aulacodiscus spp. et Arachnoidiscus spp.) nous mènent à interpréter cette faune comme témoin d'un épisode de productivité biosiliceuse accrue dans le Paléocène supérieur. L'échantillon le plus jeune, dépourvu de radiolaires, de diatomés et de spicules d'éponge contient de nombreux foraminifères benthiques infaunaux pyritisés. Les espèces identifiées sont caractéristiques d'une faune de type midway. La présence de ces foraminifères suggère un environnement de type néritique. Ceci est en contraste avec l'environnement de pente bathyale caractérisent les sédiments sous-jacent. Cette séquence de diminution de la tranche d'eau peut être associée à un événement d'accrétion majeure. RESUME DE LA THESE (POUR LE GRAND PUBLIC) Les radiolaires constituent le groupe de plancton marin le plus divers et le plus largement répandu de l'enregistrement fossile. Un taux d'évolution rapide et une variation géographique considérable des populations font des radiolaires un outil de recherche sans égal pour la biostratigraphie et la paléocéanographie. Néanmoins, avant de pouvoir les utiliser comme outils de travail, il est essentiel d'établir une solide base taxonomique. L'étude des Radiolaires peut impliquer plusieurs techniques d'extraction, d'observation et d'imagerie qui sont dépendantes du degré d'altération diagénétique des spécimens. Le squelette initial, qu'il s'agisse d'un spicule initial (Entactinaria), d'une micro- ou macro -sphère (Spumellaria) ou d'un spicule initial et d'un cephalis (Nassellaria), est l'élément le plus constant au cours de l'évolution et devrait représenter le fondement de la systématique. Des échantillons provenant de carottes de basses latitudes du Deep Sea Drilling Project et de l' Ocean Drilling ont été étudiés. De nouvelles techniques d'imagerie et de sectionnement ont été développées sur des topotypes de radiolaires préservés en opale, dans le but d'étudier les caractéristiques de leur squelette initial qui n'étaient pas visibles dans leur illustration originale. Ceci aide entre autre à comparer des spécimens recristallisés en quartz, provenant de terrains accrétés, avec les holotypes en opale de la littérature. La distribution des espèces étudiés a fourni des données biostratigraphiques qui ont été compilées à l'aide de la méthode des Associations Unitaires (Guez 1977, 1991). Il s'agit d'un modèle mathématique déterministe conçu pour exploiter la totalité de l'assemblage plutôt que de se confiner à l'utilisation de taxons marqueurs individuels. Une séquence de 22 Associations Unitaires a été établie pour la période allant du Paléocène supérieur à l'Éocène inférieur. Chaque Association Unitaire a été corrélée à l'échelle de temps absolue à l'aide de microfossiles calcaires. Les 22 UAs ont été combinées en sept Zones d'Associations Unitaires (JP10- JE4). Ces Zones permettent d'insérer des subdivisions supplémentaires dans la zonation actuelle. Les radiolaires du Paléocène inférieur à moyen des basses latitudes sont rares. Les meilleures sections connues se trouvent dans les hautes latitudes (Nouvelle Zélande). Quelques assemblages épars ont été mentionnés par le passé en Californie, en Équateur et en Russie. Une séquence siliceuse de 190 mètres dans la Formation de Guayaquil (Équateur), s'étendant du Maastrichtien supérieur au Paléocène supérieur, a fourni des faunes relativement bien préservées. L'étude de ces faunes a permis de mettre en évidence la première séquence complète de radiolaires de basses latitudes dans le Paléocène inférieure. Huit zones allant du Crétacé terminal au Paléocène supérieur ont pu être appliqués et la présence de foraminifères planctoniques a fournie plusieurs points d'attache chronologiques. Dans le Paléocène supérieur, un riche assemblage contenant d'abondants diatomés et radiolaires ayant des similitudes faunistiques marquantes avec des assemblages de hautes latitudes de Nouvelle Zélande, témoigne d'un épisode de productivité biosiliceuse accrue pendant cette période. Étant donné que la pointe du continent sud-américain et l'Antarctique étaient plus proches au cours du Paléocène, ce phénomène peut être expliqué par le transport, le long de la côte ouest de l'Amérique du Sud, d'eaux riches en nutriments en provenance de l'Océan Antarctique. Suite à cet épisode, l'enregistrement en radiolaires est interrompu. Ceci peut être associé à des événements tectoniques régionaux qui ont eu pour effet de diminuer la tranche d'eau relative, rendant l'environnement plus favorable aux foraminifères benthiques qui sont abondamment présents dans l'échantillon le plus jeune de la séquence.