The Role of the European Imperial Powers throughout the Armenian Schism in the 1870s

The Bull "Reversurus" (1867) and its dogmatic legitimization at the First Vatican Council in 1870 caused not only ecclesiastical controversy and Schism in the Armenian Catholic Church, but it had also wide political consequences for the Armenian Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. The conflict originally between the Armenian Catholics and Rome attracted very soon the attention of the European imperial Powers. France, the British Empire, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Russia were the main political powers who were involved in the Armenian affair. A full picture of the role of all these powers for the course of the Armenian Schism is missing. Mostly the role of France is foregrounded in the printed sources, as the main power, which supported the papacy to win during the Armenian affair. The role and the motives of the other imperial powers is almost missing. This article will try to describe as completely as possible the historical and political background, which brought to the escalation of the Armenian conflict beyond the national frontiers and led to number of conflicts at the international and transnational level. It will be shown that the imperial policy in Europe in the 19th century have played an enormous role throughout the Armenian Schism. It will be explained that several historical circumstances in Europe, especially the relation of the European imperial powers to each other as well as their expectations from the Ottoman Empire and its Armenian subjects were decisive for the duration and conclusion of the Armenian Schism.

Sphärenfeste, Harems und karibische Strände: Dystopien und Utopien im Singspiel des 18. Jhs.

Im Singspiel des 18. Jhs. spielen dystopische Erzählungen eine wichtige Rolle. Fremdheit und Gesellschaftskritik werden gerne in exotischen Dekors übertragen wie dem Osmanischen Reich, das Weltall oder die Amerikanischen Kolonien.

Plant diversity effects on grassland productivity are robust to both nutrient enrichment and drought

Global change drivers are rapidly altering resource availability and biodiversity. While there is consensus that greater biodiversity increases the functioning of ecosystems, the extent to which biodiversity buffers ecosystem productivity in response to changes in resource availability remains unclear. We use data from 16 grassland experiments across North America and Europe that manipulated plant species richness and one of two essential resources—soil nutrients or water—to assess the direction and strength of the interaction between plant diversity and resource alteration on above-ground productivity and net biodiversity, complementarity, and selection effects. Despite strong increases in productivity with nutrient addition and decreases in productivity with drought, we found that resource alterations did not alter biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Our results suggest that these relationships are largely determined by increases in complementarity effects along plant species richness gradients. Although nutrient addition reduced complementarity effects at high diversity, this appears to be due to high biomass in monocultures under nutrient enrichment. Our results indicate that diversity and the complementarity of species are important regulators of grassland ecosystem productivity, regardless of changes in other drivers of ecosystem function.

Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn

Im deutschen Reich / Redaktion

Mus Hs 353 - Jubel-Cantate : zur Feÿer des 50jährigen Regierungsantritts Sr Maj: des Königs von Sachsen ; den 20: Sept. 1818 ; oder Erndte-Cantate ; op: 58

Musik von Carl Maria von Weber. Gedicht von Friedrich Kind. Nach Friedrich Kinds Jubel Cantate gedichtet von A. Wendt

Der jüdische Kindergarten

Henny Reich

Der Rechenschaftsbericht der Wiener "Israelitischen Allianz" : (II.)

W. Reich

Das gute jüdische Herz : ein Lebensgefühl in drei Liedern

Ernst Reich

Die Wiederaufrichtung Polens und die Freiheitsbestrebungen der Juden

Leon Reich

Revolution und Sündenbock

Elisabeth Reich

Deutschland : Der Verband der Ostjuden

Jakob Reich

Das Komitee der jüdischen Delegationen in Paris

Leon Reich

A kindershe melukhe

Doṿid Plisḳin

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 11 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Edward M. David (p. I 6, 1-183)

1 Brief von Fritz Dannenbaum an Max Horkheimer, 26.11.1935; 2 Briefe zwischen F. Darnbacher und Max Horkheimer, 24.01.1936, 22.01.1936; 3 Briefe zwischen dem Dartmouth College Hanover N.H. und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1941. 06.05.1939; 14 Briefe zwischen Edward M. David und Max Horkheimer, 1941-1942; 1 Brief von der Day Cornell University, Ithaca N.Y. an Max Horkheimer, 24.02.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Margaret Deaner und Max Horkheimer, 01.04.1935, 04.04.1935; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hanna Deinhard, 05.01.1949; 1 Brief von Deiters an Max Horkheimer, 26.11.1935; 2 Briefe zwischen Laura Demick und Max Horkheimer, 22.12.1941, 29.12.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Grace Dertz und Max Horkheimer, 18.10.1934, 11.10.1934; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Dekan, 20.06.1940; 1 Brief von Max Dessoir an Max Horkheimer, 29.08.1937; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Deutschland / deutsches Reich Minister für Wissenschaft, Kunst und Volksbildung, Berli, 21.04.1933; 4 Briefe zwischen John Dewey und Max Horkheimer, 1940-1941, 20.02.1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Walter Strauss, 20.02.1941; 3 Briefe zwischen Frederic Dewhurst und Max Horkheimer, 1939, 08.02.1939; 5 Briefe zwischen dem Soziograph Jul Diederich und Max Horkheimer, 1934-1938; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hugo Sinzheimer, 20.10.1934; 15 Briefe zwischen William Dieterle, Charlotte Dieterle und Max Horkheimer, 1940-1944; 1 Brief von der Dillmann-Oberschule Stuttgart an Max Horkheimer, 13.12.1949; 1 Brief vonMax Horkheimer an W. R. Dittmar, 10.02.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Sofie Doernberg, Paul Doernberg und Margot von Mendelssohn, 1942, 06.04.1942; 4 Briefe zwischen Willy Dörter und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1937, 20.02.1936; 1 Brief von Georg Glaser anMax Horkheimer; 3 Briefe zwischen Hans Venedey und Max Horkheimer, 22.01.1938, 1938; 28 Briefe sowie Zeitungsausschnitte zwischen Juliette Favez und Max Horkheimer, 1934-1938; 1 Brief von Juliette Favez ann karl Dörter, 02.10.1934; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Hans Klaus Brill, Januar 1938; 3 Briefe zwischen Karl Dörter und Max Horkheimer, 1934-1937, 12.10.1934; 4 Briefe zwischen Andrés Sternheim und Max Horkheimer, 1937, 16.06.1937; 1 Brief von Else Klee an Max Horkheimer, 13.06.1935;