黄土丘陵区藓结皮生物量测定方法及其随发育年限的变化

通过野外调查黄土丘陵区不同发育年限退耕地上藓结皮发育状况,结合室内测定,提出了藓类植物生物量测定的回归方程法.运用该方法测定了研究区9个不同发育年限藓类植物的生物量,并分析了其随发育年限的变化趋势.结果表明,研究区藓类植物个体微小,株高相同的藓类植物生物量变异很小,不同株高的藓类植物的株数与其生物量之间呈显著的线性相关关系(R2>0.96,n=7).因此,可以利用藓类植物株数与生物量之间的统计回归关系式估测生物结皮中藓类植物的生物量.用所建立的回归方程估测的研究区不同年限退耕地藓类植物生物量的绝对误差为1.3%～27.3%.研究区藓类植物生物量随结皮发育年限而变化,在退耕的前11年里,藓类植物生物量随发育年限的延长而增加,至11年时藓类植物生物量达到最大值(303.8g/m2),此后藓类植物生物量变化不大甚至还有下降趋势.

the role of software process simulation modeling in software risk management: a systematic review

Univ SE Calif, Ctr Syst & Software Engn, ABB, Microsoft Res, IEEE, ACMSIGSOFT, N Carolina State Univ Comp Sci

磷素在土壤中的垂直迁移潜力研究

针对磷素在田间条件下是否可以发生垂直迁移存有的疑问,利用模拟土柱研究了渗漏液磷含量的变化特点。结果表明,淹水后土柱渗漏液中总磷、有机磷的变化基本上表现为逐渐升高而后有所降低的趋势;施磷肥和猪粪处理土柱渗漏液中的总磷量高于无磷肥处理;施猪粪处理土柱渗漏液中有机磷量明显高于施无机磷肥的处理。

陆地植被对紫外辐射增强的生物响应研究进展(英文)

紫外辐射(UV-B)对人类健康、水域和陆地生态系统都存在不同程度的影响。综合论述了近年来有关陆地植物对UV-B辐射响应的研究成果及进展,包括植被外部形态、光合作用和光合色素以及UV-B吸收物质等胁迫响应特征变化。另外,对植被在生态系统尺度上对UV-B辐射增强的响应以及UV-B与其它环境与生物因子间的交互效应也进行了阐述。文献分析表明,约2/3的陆地植被对UV-B辐射增强的响应表现显著,虽然存在种间和亚种间的差异,但多数的研究显示UV-B辐射增强对陆地植被生长和发展存在不利影响。最后指出如何采取措施降低UV-B辐射增强对陆地植被影响,特别是对经济作物的影响将是未来一个重要的研究课题。

novel blue-emitting long-lasting proyphosphate phosphor Sr2P2O7:Eu2+, Y3+

By introducing the Y3+ into Sr2P2O7:Eu2+, we successfully prepared a kind of new phosphor with blue long-lasting phosphorescence by the high-temperature solid-state reaction method. In this paper, the properties of Sr2P2O7:Eu2+, Y3+ were investigated utilizing XRD, photoluminescence, luminescence decay, long-lasting phosphorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) spectra. The phosphor emitted blue light that was related to the 4f(6)5d(1)-S-8(7/2) transition of Eu2+. The bright blue phosphorescence could be observed by naked eyes even 8 h after the excitation source was removed. Two TL peaks at 317 and 378 K related to two types of defects appeared in the TL spectrum. By analyzing the TL curve the depths of traps were calculated to be 0.61 and 0.66 eV. Also, the mechanism of LLP was discussed in this report.

Chitosan(Chitin)/Cellulose Composite Biosorbents Prepared Using Ionic Liquid for Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption

Chitosan(chitin)/cellulose composites as biodegradable biosorbents were prepared under an environment-friendly preparation processes using ionic liquids. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated the stronger intermolecular hydrogen bond between chitosan and cellulose, and the hydroxyl and amine groups were believed to be the metal ion binding sites. Among the prepared biosorbents, freeze-dried composite had higher adsorption capacity and better stability. The capacity of adsorption was found to be Cu(II) (0.417 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (0.303 mmol/g) > Cr(VI) (0.251 mmol/g) > Ni(II) (0.225 mmol/g) > Ph(II) (0.127 mmol/g) at the same initial concentration 5 mmol L-1. In contrast to some other chitosan-type biosorbents, preparation and component of the biosorbent were obviously more environment friendly. Moreover, adsorption capacity of chitosan in the blending biosorbent could be fully shown.

Hydrothermal synthesis of SrCO3 : Eu3+/Tb3+ microneedles and their luminescence properties

SrCO3:Eu3+ /Tb3+ microneedles that grow along the a-axis were successfully prepared through a large-scale and facile hydrothermal method without any template and further annealing treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well kinetic decays, were used to characterize the samples. The preferential growth along a-axis for SrCO3:Eu3+/Tb3+ microneedles has been proposed through analysis of the XRD patterns of samples obtained at different hydrothermal treatment time. Under ultraviolet excitation, the SrCO3:Eu3+ and SrCO3:Tb3+ microncedle samples show a strong red and green emission corresponding to the D-5(0)-F-7(j) (J = 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions of Eu3+ and the D-5(4)-(7) F-j (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions of Tb3+, respectively, which have potential applications in lighting fields.

An approach for synthesizing nanometer- to micrometer-sized silver nanoplates

Silver nanoplates with controlled size are synthesized by seed-mediated growth approach in the presence of citrate. These nanoplates are single crystal with a mean size of 25-1073 nm and thickness of ca. 10-22 nm. The optical in-plane dipole plasmon resonance bands of these plates can be tuned from 458 to 2400 nm. Control experiments have been explored for a more thorough understanding of the growth mechanism. It was found that the additional citrate ions in the growth solution were the key to controlling the aspect ratio of silver nanoplates. Similar to the surfactants or polymers in the solution, citrate ions could be likewise dynamically adsorbed on the growing silver nanoparticles and promote the two-dimensional growth of silver nanoparticles under certain conditions. Small silver seeds were also found to play an important role in the formation of large thin silver nanoplates, although the structure of them was not clear yet and needed further investigations.

Structure and electrochemical characteristics of TiV1.1Mn0.9Nix (x=0.1-0.7) alloys

The structure and electrochemical properties of TiV1.1Mn0.9Nix (x = 0.1-0.7) solid solution electrode alloys have been investigated. It is found that these alloys mainly consist of a solid solution phase with body centered cubic (bcc) structure and a C14 Laves secondary phase. The solid solution alloys show easy activation behavior, high temperature dischargeability, high discharge capacity and favorable high-rate dischargeability as a negative electrode material in Ni-MH battery. The maximum discharge capacity is 502 mAh g(-1) at 303 K when x = 0.4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test shows that the charge-transfer resistance at the surface of the alloy electrodes decreases obviously with increasing Ni content.

Effect of cerium on microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ti-V-Cr-Ni electrode alloy

Effect of cerium on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the Ti0.25V0.35-xCexCr0.1Ni0.3 (x = 0, 0.005) electrode alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. On the basis of XRD and FESEM-EDS analysis, the alloy was mainly composed of V-based solid solution with body-centered-cubic structure and TiNi-based secondary phase. Ce did not exist in two phases, instead, it existed as Ce-rich small white particles, with irregular edges, distributed near the grain boundaries of the V-based solid solution phase. Discharge capacity, cycle stability, and high-rate discharge ability of the alloy electrode were effectively improved with the addition of Ce at 293 K. It was very surprising that the charge retention was abnormal with larger discharge capacity after standing at the open circuit for 24 h. EIS indicated that addition of Ce improved the dynamic performance, which caused the charge transfer resistance (R-T) to decrease and exchange current density (I-0) to increase markedly. The exchange current density of the electrochemical reaction on the alloy surface with Ce addition was about 2.07 and 3.10 times larger than that of the alloy without Ce at 303 and 343 K, respectively.

Hydrodynamic radius characterization of a vinyl-type polynorbornene by size-exclusion chromatography with a static and dynamic laser light scattering detector

Both absolute molecular weight and molecular sizes (radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius) of a vinyl-type polynorbornene eluting from size-exclusion chromatography columns were determined by combined with a static and dynamic laser light scattering detector. The hydrodynamic radius of polymer fraction eluting from size-exclusion chromatography columns was obtained from dynamic laser light scattering measurements at only a single angle of 900 by introducing a correction factor. According to the scaling relationship between molecular sizes and molecular weight and the ratio between radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius, the vinyl-type polynorbornene took a random coil conformation in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 150 degreesC.

Electrochemical properties of amorphous and icosahedral quasicrystalline Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 powders

Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 amorphous and single icosahedral quasicrystalline powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing at 855 K. Microstructure and electrochemical properties of two alloy electrodes were characterized. When the temperature was enhanced from 303 to 343 K, the maximum discharge capacities increased from 86 to 329 mAh g(-1) and 76 to 312 mAh g(-1) for the amorphous and quasicrystalline alloy electrodes, respectively. Discharge capacities of two electrodes decrease distinctly with increasing cycle number. The I-phase is stable during charge/discharge cycles, and the main factors for its discharge capacity loss are the increase of the charge-transfer resistance and the pulverization of alloy particles. Besides the factors mentioned above, the formation of TiH2 and ZrH2 hydrides is another primary reason for the discharge capacity loss of the amorphous alloy electrode.