Enhancing the selenium content of bovine milk through alteration of the form and concentration of selenium in the diet of the dairy cow

Since estimated dietary selenium intake in the UK has declined steadily from around 60 mug day(-1) in 1975 to 34 mug day(-1) in 1997, there is a need to increase selenium intake from staple foods such as milk and milk products. An experiment was therefore done to investigate the relationship between dietary source and concentration of selenium and the selenium content of bovine milk. In a 3 x 3 factorial design, 90 mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were supplemented over 8 weeks with either sodium selenite (S), a chelated selenium product (Selenium Metasolate(TM)) (C) or a selenium yeast (Sel-plex(TM)) (Y) at three different dietary inclusion levels of 0.38 (L), 0.76 (M) and 1.14 (H) mg kg(-1) dry matter (DM). Significant increases in milk selenium concentration were observed for all three sources with increasing inclusion level in the diet, but Y gave a much greater response (up to +65 mug l(-1)) than the other two sources of selenium (S and C up to +4 and +6 mug l(-1) respectively). The Y source also resulted in a substantially higher apparent efficiency of transfer of selenium from diet to milk than S or C. Feeding Y at the lowest dietary concentration, and thus within the maximum level permitted under EU regulations, resulted in milk with a selenium concentration of 28 mug l(-1). If the selenium concentration of milk in the UK was increased to this value, it would, at current consumption rates, provide an extra 8.7 mug selenium day(-1), or 11 and 14% of daily recommended national intake for men and women respectively. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metabolism of the soyabean isoflavone glycoside genistin in vitro by human gut bacteria and the effect of prebiotics

The isoflavone genistein is found predominantly in soyabeans and is thought to possess various potent biological properties, including anticarcinogenic effects. Studies have shown that genistein is extensively degraded by the human gut microflora, presumably with a loss of its anti-carcinogenic action. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of a prebiotic to divert bacterial metabolism away from genistein breakdown: this may be of benefit to the host. Faecal samples were obtained from healthy volunteers and fermented in the presence of a source of soyabean isoflavones (Novasoy(TM) (10 g/l); ADM Neutraceuticals, Erith, Kent, UK). Bacterial genera of the human gut were enumerated using selective agars and genistein was quantified by HPLC. The experiment was repeated with the addition of glucose (10 g/l) or fructo-oligosaccharide (10 g/l; FOS) to the fermentation medium. The results showed most notably that counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly increased (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively) under steady-state conditions in the presence of FOS. Counts of Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. were, however, both significantly reduced (P<0.05) during the fermentation. A decline in genistein concentration by about 52 and 56% over the 120h culture period was observed with the addition of glucose or FOS to the basal medium (P<0.01), compared with about 91% loss of genistein in the vessels containing Novasoy(TM) (ADM Neutraceuticals) only. Similar trends were obtained using a three-stage chemostat (gut model), in which once again the degradation of genistein was about 22% in vessel one, about 24% in vessel two and about 26% in vessel three in the presence of FOS, compared with a degradation of genistein of about 67% in vessel one, about 95% in vessel two and about 93% in vessel three in the gut model containing Novasoy(TM) (ADM Neutraceuticals) only. The present study has shown that the addition of excess substrate appeared to preserve genistein in vitro. In particular, the use of FOS not only augmented this effect, but also conferred an additional benefit in selectively increasing numbers of purportedly beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

A FORTRAN-90 low-energy electron diffraction program (LEED90 v1.1)

We describe a FORTRAN-90 program to compute low-energy electron diffraction I(V) curves. Plane-waves and layer doubling are used to compute the inter-layer multiple-scattering, while the intra-layer multiple-scattering is computed in the standard way expanding the wavefield on a basis of spherical waves. The program is kept as general as possible, in order to allow testing different parts of multiple-scattering calculations. In particular, it can handle non-diagonal t-matrices describing the scattering of non-spherical potentials, anisotropic vibrations, anharmonicity, etc. The program does not use old FORTRAN flavours, and has been written keeping in mind the advantage for parallelism brought forward by FORTRAN-90.

Estudo clínico, laboratorial e epidemiológico da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos e comunidades rurais da região de Nhecolândia, Pantanal, Brasil

A toxoplasmose, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é uma protozoose que acomete o homem e uma grande variedade de animais de sangue quente e aves. No Brasil, a prevalência pode variar de 20% a 90% dependendo da área estudada, clima, condição socioeconômica e cultural. A infecção se dá através da ingestão de oocistos, que podem ser encontrados no solo, água e alimentos ou através da manipulação e ingestão de carne crua ou mal cozida, além da infecção congênita, apresentando importância em saúde pública. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos, ovinos e comunidade rural da região de Nhecolândia, no Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul, utilizando métodos sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta - HAI, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta - RIFI, Técnica de aglutinação modificada - MAT) e moleculares (Reação em cadeia pela polimerase \2013 PCR, PCR-RFLP). Foram feitas coletas de amostras de sangue de 73 indivíduos da comunidade rural, de 25 cães, 442 bovinos e 148 porco-monteiros. Observou-se que 47,95% (35/73) das pessoas eram sororreagentes. Destas, apenas um indivíduo sororreagente (2,9%) apresentou lesão ocular presumível da infecção pelo parasito. Nos animais, observou-se a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- T. gondii em 48% dos cães, 30,55% dos bovinos e 1,3% nos porco-monteiros. Relatos de várias partes do mundo têm demonstrado a importância do ciclo silvestre na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii. No entanto, apesar do papel conhecido de alguns felinos selvagens como hospedeiros definitivos para manutenção e transmissão do parasita para outros predadores carnívoros, pouco se sabe sobre a incidência de Toxoplasma gondii nestes animais Os carnívoros foram capturados em armadilhas contendo iscas e após a contenção química as amostras biológicas (sangue de todos os animais e fezes dos felídeos) foram coletadas e armazenadas para análise posterior. No presente estudo, três espécies de carnívoros foram avaliadas: quati (Nasua nasua), lobinho ou cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Quarenta e dois roedores (Tricomys) também avaliados tiveram análises de PCR realizada em 42 tecidos (cérebro, pulmão e músculo). Através dos exames sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, Técnica de aglutinação modificada) observou-se a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em 29,16% (7/24) dos quatis, 47,82% (11/23) em lobinhos e 100% (2/2) nas jaguatiricas. No PCR observou-se positividade em 41,66% (10/24) dos quatis, 47,82 % (11/23) dos lobinhos e em 100% (2/2) das jaguatiricas. Em roedores, observou-se 23,80 % (10/42) de positivos pela PCR. Realizamos a caracterização molecular de amostras sanguíneas dos animais silvestres positivos pela PCR, onde utilizamos 12 marcadores genotípicos (SAG1, SAG2 (5\2019-SAG2 e 3\2019-SAG2), SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, novo SAG2, Apico, CS3), onde observou-se a presença de um novo genótipo do parasito, circulando na região de forma homogênea entre as espécies

Phenotype MicroArray (TM) in the metabolic characterisation of Salmonella serotypes Agona, Enteritidis, Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis, Newport and Typhimurium

The Phenotype MicroArray (TM) (PM) technology was used to study the metabolic characteristics of 29 Salmonella strains belonging to seven serotypes of S. enterica spp. enterica. Strains of serotypes Typhimurium (six strains among definite phage types DTs 1, 40 and 104) and Agona (two strains) were tested for 949 substrates, Enteritidis (six strains of phage type PT1), Give, Hvittingfoss, Infantis and Newport strains (two of each) were tested for 190 substrates and seven other Agona strains for 95 substrates. The strains represented 18 genotypes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among 949 substrates, 18 were identified that could be used to differentiate between the strains of those seven serotypes or within a single serotype. Unique metabolic differences between the Finnish endemic Typhimurium DT1 and Agona strains were detected, for example, in the metabolism of d-tagatose, d-galactonic acid gamma-lactone and l-proline as a carbon source. Thus, the PM technique is a useful tool for identifying potential differential markers on a metabolic basis that could be used for epidemiological surveillance.

Phase-transition studies of Ba(0.90)Ca(0.10)(Ti(1-x)Zr(x))O(3) ferroelectric ceramic compounds

Perovskite-structured Ba(0.90)Ca(0.10)(Ti(1-x)Zr(x))O(3) ceramics were prepared in this work and subsequently studied in terms of composition-dependent dielectric and high-resolution long-range order structural properties from 30 to 450 K. The dielectric response of these materials was measured at several frequencies in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Combining both techniques, including Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data, allowed observing that, when increasing Zr(4+) content, the materials change from conventional to diffuse and relaxor ferroelectric compounds, the transition occurring spontaneously at the x = 0.18 composition. Interestingly, this spontaneous transition turned out to be prevented for a further increase of Zr(4+). On the basis of all the dielectric and structural results processed, a phase diagram of this system is presented. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Energy transfer processes in Yb(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped sodium alumino-phosphate glasses with improved 1.8 mu m emission

Sodium alumino-phosphate glasses co-doped with Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) ions have been prepared with notably low OH(-) content, and characterized from the viewpoint of their spectroscopic properties. In these glasses, Yb(3+) acts as an efficient sensitizer of excitation energy at 0.98 mu m - which can be provided by high power and low cost diode lasers, and subsequently undergoes non-resonant energy transfer to Tm(3+) ions ((2)F(5/2), (3)H(6) --> (2)F(7/2), (3)H(5)). Through this process, the emitting level (3)F(4) is rapidly populated, generating improved emission at 1.8 mu m ((3)F(4) --> (3)H(6)). In order to guarantee the efficiency of such favorable energy transfer, energy losses via multiphonon decay, Yb-Yb radiative trapping, and non- radiative transfer to OH(-) groups were evaluated, and minimized when possible. The dipole - dipole energy transfer microscopic parameters corresponding to Yb(3+) --> Tm(3+), Yb(3+) --> Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) --> Tm(3+) transfers, calculated by the Forster-Dexter model, are C(Yb-Tm) = 2.9 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), C(Yb-Yb) = 42 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1) and C(Tm-Tm) = 43 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), respectively.

The characterisation of the protective film formed by benzotriazole on the 90/10 copper-nickel alloy surface in H2SO4 media

The nature of the protective film formed by benzotriazole (BTAH) on the surface of the 90/10 CuNi alloy in deaerated 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution containing Fe(III) ions as oxidant was investigated by weight-loss, calorimetric measurements, and by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS measurements show that the protective film is composed by the [Cu(I)BTA](n), polymeric complex and that the BTAH molecules are also adsorbed on the electrode surface. A modification of the BET isotherm for adsorption of gases ill solids is proposed to describe the experimental results obtained from weight-loss experiments that suggest an adsorption in multilayers. Electrochemical studies of copper and nickel in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 in presence and absence of BTAH have also been made as an aid to interpret the results. The calculated adsorption free energy of the cuprous benzotriazolate on the surface of the alloy is in accordance with the value for pure copper. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stoichiometry and thermodynamics of the interaction between the C-terminus of human 90 kDa heat shock protein Hsp90 and the mitochondrial translocase of outer membrane Tom70

A large majority of the 1000-1500 proteins in the mitochondria are encoded by the nuclear genome, and therefore, they are translated in the cytosol in the form and contain signals to enable the import of proteins into the organelle. The TOM complex is the major translocase of the outer membrane responsible for preprotein translocation. It consists of a general import pore complex and two membrane import receptors, Tom20 and Tom70. Tom70 contains a characteristic TPR domain, which is a docking site for the Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones. These chaperones are involved in protecting cytosolic preproteins from aggregation and then in delivering them to the TOM complex. Although highly significant, many aspects of the interaction between Tom70 and Hsp90 are still uncertain. Thus, we used biophysical tools to study the interaction between the C-terminal domain of Hsp90 (C-Hsp90), which contains the EEVD motif that binds to TPR domains, and the cytosolic fragment of Tom70. The results indicate a stoichiometry of binding of one monomer of Tom70 per dimer of C-Hsp90 with a K(D) of 360 30 nM, and the stoichiometry and thermodynamic parameters obtained suggested that Tom70 presents a different mechanism of interaction with Hsp90 when compared with other TPR proteins investigated. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The influence of sex, age, and race experience on pacing profiles during the 90 km Vasaloppet ski race

The purpose of this study was to investigate pacing-profile differences during the 90 km Vasaloppet ski race related to the categories of sex, age, and race experience. Skiing times from eight sections (S1 to S8) were analyzed. For each of the three categories, 400 pairs of skiers were matched to have a finish time within 60 seconds, the same start group, and an assignment to the same group for the other two categories. Paired-samples Student’s t-tests were used to investigate sectional pacing-profile differences between the subgroups. Results showed that males skied faster in S2 (P=0.0042), S3 (P=0.0049), S4 (P=0.010), and S1–S4 (P<0.001), whereas females skied faster in S6 (P<0.001), S7 (P<0.001), S8 (P=0.0088), and S5–S8 (P<0.001). For the age category, old subjects (40 to 59 years) skied faster than young subjects (19 to 39 years) in S3 (P=0.0029), and for the other sections, there were no differences. Experienced subjects (≥4 Vasaloppet ski race completions) skied faster in S1 (P<0.001) and S1–S4 (P=0.0054); inexperienced skiers (<4 Vasaloppet ski race completions) had a shorter mean skiing time in S5–S8 (P=0.0063). In conclusion, females had a more even pacing profile than that of males with the same finish time, start group, age, and race experience. No clear age-related pacing-profile difference was identified for the matched subgroups. Moreover, experienced skiers skied faster in the first half whereas inexperienced skiers had higher skiing speeds during the second half of the race.

Interações magnéticas e magnetoresistencia em Co/sub 10/ Cu/sub 90/

Foram investigados os efeitos de tratamentos térmicos nas propriedades estruturais, magnéticas e de magnetotransporte eletrônico de fitas de Co10Cu90 rapidamente resfriadas (“melt-spun”) enfatizando o estudo de possíveis relações entre as interações magnéticas entre grãos, camadas e cristais presentes nestes materiais e a magnetoresistência. A análise combinada da evolução estrutural e da intensidade das interações entre os grãos magnéticos mostra claramente o papel de alguns parâmetros estruturais (tamanho e densidade de partículas, distância entre partículas) e da própria intensidade das interações entre as partículas nas propriedades de transporte eletrônico em presença de um campo magnético.

Integração de imagens TM e aerogeofísicas para análise litoestrutural de uma porção da zona de cisalhamento transcorrente dorsal de Canguçu, regiao de Quitéria-Várzea do Capivarita, RS

A utilização de programas de processamento de imagens digitais e de sistemas de informações geográficas que admitem a importação e exportação de inúmeros formatos de apresentação de dados, aliado a modernos equipamentos de computação, tem tornado a integração de dados, de diferentes sensores, um caminho padrão em Geociências, pela otimização da relação custo/tempo na execução de serviços de mapeamento. Neste contexto, esse trabalho resulta da análise da integração de dados de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica, com o objetivo de verificar sua aplicabilidade na identificação e caracterização litológica e estrutural de uma área-teste, localizada na Região de Quitéria -Várzea do Capivarita, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia usada, em um primeiro momento, priorizou o processamento e análise individual de dados cartográficos, de imagens TM/LANDSAT-5 e dados de aeromagnetometria e aerogamaespectrometria nos canais Contagem Total (CT), Potássio (K), Tório (Th) e Urânio (U). Os dados foram, a seguir, convertidos para o formato digital na forma de imagens (“raster”) com resolução espacial de 30 x 30 m, a fim de permitir o cruzamento de informações através de técnicas de Processamento Digital de Imagens e de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG’s). A integração das imagens TM e geofísicas foi realizada com o uso da Transformação IHS, através da conversão das bandas TM para as componentes individuais I, H e S; substituindo-se a componente H, pela imagem geofísica no retorno ao espaço RGB. A análise dos produtos de sensoriamento remoto e geofísica obtidos nessa pesquisa, permitiram identificar os Domínios Morfoestruturais; identificar e delimitar as diferentes Unidades Fotolitológicas; reconhecer os principais sistemas estruturais a partir da extração e análise de lineamentos; obter informações do padrão de relevo magnético; e, principalmente, a geração de imagens temáticas de teores de radioelementos com a identificação de áreas promissoras de mineralizações. Os resultados comprovam a eficiência do emprego de técnicas de integração de dados digitais, via computador, tanto para fins de mapeamento litoestrutural, como em caráter prospectivo, em serviços geológicos de grandes áreas.

Mapas da formação docente na década de 90 : espaços de regulação social e emancipações possíveis

A presente pesquisa, Mapas da formação docente na década de 90: espaços de regulação social e de emancipações possíveis analisa, com base no projeto socio-econômico em vigor no Brasil, as tendências que são projetadas nas reformas da formação de professores. O estudo valeu-se da abordagem cartográfica analisando os mapas normativos oficiais representados nesta investigação pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional de 1996, pelo Plano Nacional de Educação e pelas Diretrizes Curriculares para Formação de professores para a Educação Básica. A pesquisa deteve-se, igualmente, na análise do mapa de um lugar, em suas interrelações com as determinações das políticas macroeducacionais. Estas reflexões foram confrontadas com uma proposta de resistência, nominada também de mapa emancipatório, conforme ensinamento de Santos (1998, 2000). As conclusões provisórias do processo investigativo sinalizam para as marcas reguladoras do processo de formação traduzidas em: transnacionalização das políticas educativas; educação para o mercado; falsa autonomia; avaliação de desempenho; participação de baixa intensidade; formação, profissional gerenciada; ênfase no técnico e no administrativo; razão prática. Propondo mapas emancipatórios defende-se a educação como direito universal e bem público; o conhecimento emancipatório; uma política global de formação. A pesquisa reforça a necessidade de construir novos mapas, os quais sejam portadores de novas frentes de diálogo, de utopia e de emancipações.