Políticas sociais e direito à saúde: contribuições teóricas para a análise desta relação

A presente dissertação busca realizar a descrição e sistematização de categorias analíticas que contribuam com análises sobre as relações econômicas, políticas e sociais que sustentam a forma como se constituem historicamente no Brasil o Estado e as políticas públicas na área social, com especial atenção para a área de saúde. Tal objetivo se constituiu na observação das novas estratégias utilizadas pelo Estado para a execução de ações na área de saúde, como os projetos sociais. Tomamos o método do materialismo histórico dialético como referencial teórico, com especial atenção às categorias da filosofia da práxis práxis, totalidade, historicidade e contradição e a teoria marxista sobre a formação do Estado capitalista e suas transformações históricas, com ênfase na teoria sobre o Estado ampliado e o papel da sociedade civil na disputa entre as classes pela hegemonia. No segundo capítulo, abordamos a organização contemporânea do Estado brasileiro, buscando discutir escolhas políticas e econômicas, suas implicações para a organização dos trabalhadores e para a correlação de forças na disputa entre as classes. Foi feito breve levantamento histórico sobre os modelos de desenvolvimento econômico e social nas sociedades contemporâneas, com atenção à consolidação do ideário neoliberal, sua conceituação, as adequações que sofreu a partir do final dos anos 1990 e sua relação com a ideologia desenvolvimentista. Dedicamos o terceiro capítulo ao conceito de capital social, como maneira de compreender a atual forma de desenvolvimento das políticas públicas e em especial as políticas de saúde. A partir deste conceito buscou-se compreender a relação entre Estado e sociedade civil na atualidade e como este influencia as transformações por que passaram o Estado e as políticas sociais. Abordou-se o desenvolvimento das políticas públicas da área social no Estado brasileiro até sua conformação no neoliberalismo; as concepções de saúde em disputa na sociedade brasileira, focando no conceito ampliado de saúde e no de determinação social da saúde; e de que forma estes conceitos são impactados pelas mudanças no contexto do neoliberalismo. Finalmente, foi possível observar como as orientações neoliberais alteraram significativamente a forma de organização e atuação do Estado, a concepção e aplicação de políticas públicas, bem como as políticas de saúde e seu ideário. Mudanças que fizeram pender a atuação do Estado ainda mais a favor dos interesses do capital.

Biscayne Bay commercial pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, fisheries, 1986-2005

The Biscayne Bay bait (1986–2005) and food (1989–2005) fisheries for pink shrimp were examined using dealer-reported individual vessel-trip landings data, separated by waterbody code to represent only catches from Biscayne Bay. Annual landings varied little during the 1980’s and early 1990’s, and landings of the bait shrimp fishery exceeded those of the food shrimp fishery. The number of trips and landings in both fisheries increased from the late 1990’s through 2002 and food shrimp landings exceeded landings of bait shrimp; landings in both fisheries decreased sharply in 2003. Landings in both fisheries increased in 2004 and 2005, but the increase in food shrimp landings was stronger. Annual catch per trip was much lower in the bait fishery than the food fishery. Each fishery exploited shrimp of a different size. The bait fishery targeted shrimp less than 19 mm carapace length (CL), whereas the food fishery caught shrimp greater than 19 mm CL. We compared monthly bait shrimp catch per unit of effort (CPUE) from the fishery to an estimate of shrimp density from a fishery-independent sampling effort over a 3-yr period and found a strong statistical relationship with the density estimate lagged by 3 mo. The relationship supported the use of bait shrimp fishery CPUE as an index of abundance in upcoming assessments of the effect of a massive water-management-based ecosystem restoration project on pink shrimp in Biscayne Bay. Project implementation will affect freshwater inflows to the bay and salinity patterns. An abundance index with a lengthy pre-implementation history that can be carried into the operational phase of the restoration project will be invaluable in assessing project effects and protecting an important fishery resource of Biscayne Bay. The bait shrimp fishery can provide a continuing index of shrimp abundance from late 1986 forward.

Improving methods and indicators for evaluating coastal water eutrophication: a pilot study in the Gulf of Maine

Study Goals and Objectives: 1) Improve existing nutrient-related eutrophication assessment methods, updating (from early 1990s to early 2000s) the eutrophication assessment for systems included in the study with the improved method. 2) Develop a human-use/socioeconomic indicator to complement the assessment indicator. The human-use indicator was developed to evaluate costs of nutrient-related degradation in coastal waters and to put the issue into a broader context relevant to the interested public and legislators as well as to scientists. 3) Project objectives included collecting existing water quality data, developing an accessible database appropriate for application to a national study, and applying the assessment methods to 14 coastal systems – nine systems north of Cape Cod and five systems south. The geographical distribution of systems was used to examine potential regional differences in condition. 4) The intent is to use the lessons learned in this pilot study on a national scale to guide completion of an update of the 1999 National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment.

Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges

We review the progress made in the emerging field of coastal seascape ecology, i.e. the application of landscape ecology concepts and techniques to the coastal marine environment. Since the early 1990s, the landscape ecology approach has been applied in several coastal subtidal and intertidal biogenic habitats across a range of spatial scales. Emerging evidence indicates that animals in these seascapes respond to the structure of patches and patch mosaics in different ways and at different spatial scales, yet we still know very little about the ecological significance of these relationships and the consequences of change in seascape patterning for ecosystem functioning and overall biodiversity. Ecological interactions that occur within patches and among different types of patches (or seascapes) are likely to be critically important in maintaining primary and secondary production, trophic transfer, biodiversity, coastal protection, and supporting a wealth of ecosystem goods and services. We review faunal responses to patch and seascape structure, including effects of fragmentation on 5 focal habitats: seagrass meadows, salt marshes, coral reefs, mangrove forests, and oyster reefs. Extrapolating and generalizing spatial relationships between ecological patterns and processes across scales remains a significant challenge, and we show that there are major gaps in our understanding of these relationships. Filling these gaps will be crucial for managing and responding to an inevitably changing coastal environment. We show that critical ecological thresholds exist in the structural patterning of biogenic ecosystems that, when exceeded, cause abrupt shifts in the distribution and abundance of organisms. A better understanding of faunal–seascape relationships, including the identifications of threshold effects, is urgently needed to support the development of more effective and holistic management actions in restoration, site prioritization, and forecasting the impacts of environmental change.

Trends in counts of manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris from 1987 to 2006 in waters of Sarasota County, Florida, USA

To demonstrate the utility of distributional surveys for assessing relative abundance and trends in counts for a discrete area of coastline, aerial survey data from Sarasota County, Florida, USA, were analyzed for the years 1987 to 2006. The study area was divided into 3 regions: the Sarasota Bay Region (SBR; N = 353 surveys), Lemon Bay (N = 368), and the Myakka River (N = 209). Manatee counts varied significantly across seasons (p < 0.0001) for all 3 regions. Manatees within Sarasota County utilized open bays primarily in the warmer months. Such usage may have been influenced by resource availability. Conversely, usage of the Myakka River peaked in winter months when manatees seek warm-water refugia such as Warm Mineral Spring. Marginal means for yearly counts within Lemon Bay and the SBR increased significantly, beginning midway through the survey period (1996) until the early 2000s. In contrast, mean yearly counts within the Myakka River decreased over this time period. After record lows in 2003 for Lemon Bay and the Myakka River, and a considerable decline in 2004 for the SBR, mean yearly counts for all 3 regions showed an increasing trend over the remaining 2 yr of the study. Greater protection of manatee habitat and availability of forage coincided with the increase in numbers of manatees using Sarasota County waters during the 1990s, and the subsequent decline in numbers may be indicative of the increase in mortality in recent years due to watercraft collisions and severe red tide events.

Field manual for investigating coral disease outbreaks

Coral reefs throughout their circumtropical range are declining at an accelerating rate. Recent predictions indicate that 20% of the world’s reefs have been degraded, another 24% are under imminent risk of collapse, and if current estimates hold, by 2030, 26% of the world’s reefs will be lost (Wilkinson 2004). Recent changes to these ecosystems have included losses of apex predators, reductions of important herbivorous fishes and invertebrates, and precipitous declines in living coral cover, with many reefs now dominated by macroalgae. Causes have been described in broad sweeping terms: global climate change, over-fishing and destructive fishing, land-based sources of pollution, sedimentation, hurricanes, mass bleaching events and disease. Recognition that corals can succumb to disease was first reported in the early 1970’s. Then it was a unique observation, with relatively few isolated reports until the mid 1990’s. Today disease has spread to over 150 species of coral, reported from 65 countries throughout all of the world’s tropical oceans (WCMC Global Coral Disease Database). While disease continues to increase in frequency and distribution throughout the world, definitive causes of coral diseases have remained elusive for the most part, with reef managers not sufficiently armed to combat it.

Annual estimates of the unobserved incidental kill of pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata attenuata) calves in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific

We estimated the total number of pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) mothers killed without their calves (“calf deficit”) in all tuna purse-seine sets from 1973– 90 and 1996–2000 in the eastern tropical Pacific. Estimates were based on a tally of the mothers killed as reported by color pattern and gender, several color-pattern-based frequency tables, and a weaning model. Over the time series, there was a decrease in the calf deficit from approximately 2800 for the western-southern stock and 5000 in the northeastern stock to about 60 missing calves per year. The mean deficit per set decreased from approximately 1.5 missing calves per set in the mid-1970s to 0.01 per set in the late-1990s. Over the time series examined, from 75% to 95% of the lactating females killed were killed without a calf. Under the assumption that these orphaned calves did not survive without their mothers, this calf deficit represents an approximately 14% increase in the reported kill of calves, which is relatively constant across the years examined. Because the calf deficit as we have defined it is based on the kill of mothers, the total number of missing calves that we estimate is potentially an underestimate of the actual number killed. Further research on the mechanism by which separation of mother and calf occurs is required to obtain better estimates of the unobserved kill of dolphin calves in this fishery.

A sudden collapse in distribution of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off southwestern Australia enables an objective re-assessment of biomass estimates

Fishery-independent estimates of spawning biomass (BSP) of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) on the south and lower west coasts of Western Australia (WA) were obtained periodically between 1991 and 1999 by using the daily egg production method (DEPM). Ichthyoplankton data collected during these surveys, specifically the presence or absence of S. sagax eggs, were used to investigate trends in the spawning area of S. sagax within each of four regions. The expectation was that trends in BSP and spawning area were positively related. With the DEPM model, estimates of BSP will change proportionally with spawning area if all other variables remain constant. The proportion of positive stations (PPS), i.e., stations with nonzero egg counts — an objective estimator of spawning area — was high for all south coast regions during the early 1990s (a period when the estimated BSP was also high) and then decreased after the mid-1990s. There was a decrease in PPS from the mid-1990s to 1999. The particularly low estimates in 1999 followed a severe epidemic mass mortality of S. sagax throughout their range across southern Australia. Deviations from the expected relationship between BSP and PPS were used to identify uncertainty around estimates of BSP. Because estimation of spawning area is subject to less sampling bias than estimation of BSP, the deviation in the relation between the two provides an objective basis for adjusting some estimates of the latter. Such an approach is particularly useful for fisheries management purposes when sampling problems are suspected to be present. The analysis of PPS undertaken from the same set of samples from which the DEPM estimate is derived will help provide information for stock assessments and for the management of purse-seine fisheries.

Estimation of bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries: a comparison of estimation methods using field data and simulated data

Bycatch, or the incidental catch of nontarget organisms during fi shing operations, is a major issue in U.S. shrimp trawl fisheries. Because bycatch is typically discarded at sea, total bycatch is usually estimated by extrapolating from an observed bycatch sample to the entire fleet with either mean-per-unit or ratio estimators. Using both field observations of commercial shrimp trawlers and computer simulations, I compared five methods for generating bycatch estimates that were used in past studies, a mean-per-unit estimator and four forms of the ratio estimator, respectively: 1) the mean fish catch per unit of effort, where unit effort was a proxy for sample size, 2) the mean of the individual fish to shrimp ratios, 3) the ratio of mean fish catch to mean shrimp catch, 4) the mean of the ratios of fish catch per time fished (a variable measure of effort), and 5) the ratio of mean fish catch per mean time fished. For field data, different methods used to estimate bycatch of Atlantic croaker, spot, and weakfish yielded extremely different results, with no discernible pattern in the estimates by method, geographic region, or species. Simulated fishing fleets were used to compare bycatch estimated by the fi ve methods with “actual” (simulated) bycatch. Simulations were conducted by using both normal and delta lognormal distributions of fish and shrimp and employed a range of values for several parameters, including mean catches of fish and shrimp, variability in the catches of fish and shrimp, variability in fishing effort, number of observations, and correlations between fish and shrimp catches. Results indicated that only the mean per unit estimators provided statistically unbiased estimates, while all other methods overestimated bycatch. The mean of the individual fish to shrimp ratios, the method used in the South Atlantic Bight before the 1990s, gave the most biased estimates. Because of the statistically significant two- and 3-way interactions among parameters, it is unlikely that estimates generated by one method can be converted or corrected to estimates made by another method: therefore bycatch estimates obtained with different methods should not be compared directly.

Recovery of the Gulf of Maine--Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex: perspectives based on bottom trawl survey data

NMFS bottom trawl survey data were used to describe changes in distribution, abundance, and rates of population change occurring in the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank herring (Clupea harengus) complex during 1963–98. Herring in the region have fully recovered following severe overfishing during the 1960s and 1970s. Three distinct, but seasonally intermingling components from the Gulf of Maine, Nantucket Shoals (Great South Channel area), and Georges Bank appear to compose the herring resource in the region. Distribution ranges contracted as herring biomass declined in the late 1970s and then the range expanded in the 1990s as herring increased. Analysis of research survey data suggest that herring are currently at high levels of abundance and biomass. All three components of the stock complex, including the Georges Bank component, have recovered to pre-1960s abundance. Survey data support the theory that herring recolonized the Georges Bank region in stages from adjacent components during the late 1980s, most likely from herring spawning in the Gulf of Maine.

Age and growth of the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean

The northwest Atlantic population of smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) ranges from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to South Carolina. Although M. canis is seasonally abundant in this region, very little is known about important aspects of its biology, such as growth and reproductive rates. In the early 1990s, commercial fishery landings of smooth dogfish dramatically increased on the east coast of the United States. This study investigated growth rates of the east coast M. canis population through analysis of growth patterns in vertebral centra. Marginal increment analysis, estimates of precision, and patterns in seasonal growth supported the use of vertebrae to age these sharks. Growth bands in vertebral samples were used to estimate ages for 894 smooth dogfish. Age-length data were used to determine von Bertalanffy growth parameters for this population: K = 0.292/yr, L∞ = 123.57 cm, and t0 = –1.94 years for females, and K = 0.440/yr, L∞ = 105.17 cm, and t0 = –1.52 years for males. Males matured at two or three years of age and females matured between four and seven years of age. The oldest age estimate for male and female samples was ten and sixteen years, respectively.

大豆（Glycine max (L) Merr.）生理生态特性及其与产量的关系

本论文由三部分组成: 1) 大豆高产品种黑农40与低产品种黑农37不同发育时期叶片光合生理生态特性的研究;以不同产量水平的东北大豆黑农40和对照品种黑农37为试验材料，研究了从幼苗期到衰老期五个不同发育时期叶片光合作用特性的变化。尤其是系统的研究了光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率的变化之间的联系，以及气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度的相随变化。发现净光合速率和产量之间存在明显的正相关关系，各个光合生理生态参数之间也有密切的关系。 2) 在大豆生长过程的重要时期结荚期，对大豆品种黑农37和黑农40的光合和水分特性的日变化研究;测定结荚期黑农37和黑农40的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度和水分特征(水分利用效率和水势)的日变化以及它们之间可能存在的联系，并分析了光抑制的现象,研究表明在晴朗的一天中，光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线，在整个日变化中，黑农40的净光合速率都比黑农37的要高。黑农40和黑农37相比，在水分亏缺的情况下黑农40能维持较高的水势和水分利用效率，特别是在中午的时候，差别更加明显。 3) 比较研究了1970s 、1980s 和1990s 期间不同大豆 (Glycine max (L) Merr.)品种的生理生态特性：光合作用、蒸腾作用、水分利用效率和叶片水势，分析了各生理生态特性之间以及与产量的关系。研究表明光合速率和产量之间存在显著的相关关系，大豆叶片水势和净光合速率之间也存在明显正相关关系，高产大豆在水分亏缺的情况下仍能维持较高的的水分利用效率和水势。

浑善达克退化生态系统恢复研究

　　浑善达克沙地是我国四大沙地之一，地处北方干旱半干旱区，为草原区向荒漠区过渡的地带。长期以来，由于人类不合理的生产活动，加上这里脆弱的生态环境，已引起了严重的土地退化问题：流动沙丘面积由1950s年占沙地总面积的2%增加到1990s的近50%。因此浑善达克沙地成为我国研究土地退化、防治沙尘暴的重点地区，本文从自然科学和人文科学相结合的角度出发，对浑善达克沙地草地退化原因、自然恢复潜力、恢复过程、适宜物种选择，以及社区生存、生产等方面进行了综合研究，得出以下主要结论： 　　 1) 浑善达克沙地土壤种子库中含有大量的种子，在退化草地自然恢复中表现出极大的潜力。这些种子在摆脱人和牲畜干扰的前提下，可以萌发、定居并形成植物群落，使退化草地恢复;当地表达到一定程度的植被覆盖，可有效减少沙尘暴的危害。土壤种子库中的植物种类与地上植被有极显著的相似性(P<0.05)，这是地上植被形成稳定群落的基础。种子库中的物种组成影响植被恢复演替的进程;反之，恢复演替也制约着种子库组成和幼苗建立。 　　2)退化沙地草地围封后，对不同恢复阶段草地的群落学调查表明，该地区自然恢复过程大致分为3个阶段：围封2年的恢复早期，流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转变;围封3-5年的恢复中期，半固定沙丘向固定沙丘转变;围封6年后的恢复后期，为固定沙丘稳定发展阶段。根据生活型及植物种类随恢复演替的变化规律，浑善达克沙地植被演替的总体趋势可归纳为：沙米 (Agriophyllum squarrosum)+ 雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)群落→黄柳(Salix gordejevii)+ 冰草(Agropyron cristatum)群落→褐沙蒿(Artemisia intramongolica) + 冰草群落→沙地榆(Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa)疏林+冰草群落。在围封禁牧下，浑善达克退化沙地草地在较短时间内实现自然恢复，因此制约退化草地恢复演替的关键因素主要是人为和牲畜的干扰，只要排除了这种干扰因素，浑善达克大面积的退化沙地草地完全能够借助自然力实现生态恢复。 　　3) 浑善达克沙地3种生境下84种植物叶片渗透势值和含水量，表现出不同功能型上的差异。总体变化趋势为： 深根系 > 浅根系;灌木 > 乔木 > 草本;分布在湿地和丘间低地的植物叶片渗透势和含水量较高，而生长在沙丘上的植物叶片渗透势较低，需要有发达的根系吸收土壤深层的水。不同植物具有独特的水分利用特性，使它们能共存于同一生态系统中。这些不同植物功能型表现出的植物水分生理生态特性，表明浑善达克天然分布的植物群落发育有完善的利用水资源的能力，能够保证在很大降水波动条件下分布有丰富的植物群落和较高的生物生产力，构成该特殊类型生态系统很强的恢复潜力。另外，浑善达克沙地沙丘的存在是该类生态系统恢复弹性较高的另一重要原因。 　　4)本地种与引入种在生理生态上表现出不同的适应能力。在相似的太阳辐射和叶片温度下，引入种旱柳的叶片水势较高，而净光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率则较低。这表明它的光合潜能在改变环境中没有正常发挥。同时，引入种较低的最大光化学效率进一步表明它抵抗环境胁迫的能力较低。当土壤水分可利用程度降低而导致水分竞争时，引入种很可能在竞争中被淘汰。因此，在生态恢复中，应尽量避免引入外来种，大量使用本地种。 　　5) 生态恢复不仅是自然科学问题，更重要的是社会经济问题。为了充分认识当地社区的参与对生态恢复的作用，在实验过程中，调查了当地居民自本实验开展以来的思想观念、经济收入和生产效益等变化。在生态恢复中当地社区的积极参与是保证恢复成功与否的关键因素。从发挥“自然力” 和“以人为本”的指导思想出发，在生态恢复中应注重充分利用自然的力量;在管理方面，要以解决社区居民的生产生活实际需求为目标。只有这样，才能保证生态、社会和经济可持续发展。

玉米高产优质生产中若干生理生态问题的研究

玉米（Zea mays L.）是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物，种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用，我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来，我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中，单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系？当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何？高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题，本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种，在高肥力自然光照条件下，探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势，以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下： 　　1）光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中，当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长，光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长，与光合有关的蒸腾速率（E.）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci.）、气孔导度（gs）等也有较大改良，中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期，当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降，并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低，而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间，由于PS2功能的下降，造成了光合能力下降，而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。 　　老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的，因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰，叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力，其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。 　　随玉米品种更替，群体光合速率增强，群体光合衰减率降低，呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素，在高中低三种密度条件下，当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率，表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。 　　2）高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下，与普通玉米相比较，高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米，产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著，千粒重较低（P＜0.01）;两类型玉米的单株库容量相当，高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小，籽粒充实度低，单粒重对叶源相对减少（剪叶）或相对增多（疏库）的反应比普通玉米更为敏感，其产量受到同化产物供应（叶源）相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小，叶片含氮量和光合速率较低，说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力（光合速率）小和叶源数量少的双重限制。 　　3）我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下，我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中，个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01)，而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类，可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型，高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少，仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量（CPC）与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著（P＞0.05）。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类，将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型，CPC 双高型品种相对较少，仅占20%。 　　4）玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩，纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深，下层根系所占比率大，适合密植，群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多，分布较浅，在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力，但不适合密植，群体产量潜力小。 　　“根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量，减小根系横向伸展空间，下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下，紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求，平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感，平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。 　　在根系受限制条件下，增施肥料产量提高，根系总重增加，增加了根系在深层土壤（60-100cm）中的根系比率，显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙，根量减少，但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高，提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。 　　随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大，各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异，在一定范围内增大种植密度，根系伸展空间减小，群体产量提高，紧凑大穗型品种产量最高，品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此，培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种，采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。 　　5）我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合，2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 （ 14% 含水量， 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2）的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径，生理生态指标包括：选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719，种植密度102 030 株/hm2，收获密度98 610 株/hm2，花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期，达60d以上，叶面积指数最大为6.53，收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感，其光合峰值出现时间提前，而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢，下部叶片变幅最小，可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32，经济系数0.542，单株产量216g，千粒重375.1g。

鄂尔多斯植物遥感光谱及植被分布特征

本研究通过对鄂尔多斯（主要为毛乌素地区）植物遥感光谱和土壤结皮光谱的测定，通过专题资料搜集、野外踏查、植被样方调查和室内盆栽试验和实验室分析等工作，利用遥感和地理信息系统技术，测定了研究区主要植物光谱和土壤结皮光谱，建立了研究区生态环境本底数据库，在以上的基础上，进行了3方面的详细研究： （1） 通过野外样方调查，野外和室内培养的生物结皮的地面高光谱测定和野外典型地物（鄂尔多斯地区优势高等植物种和沙地土壤）的高光谱测定。采用人工模拟降雨，从苔藓休眠-正常代谢-休眠过程中，研究苔藓土壤结皮的光谱变化，得出苔藓结皮在夏季的生命活动期（正常代谢）的光谱曲线具有高等植物光谱曲线特征;不同地物的NDVI在降水前后变化：苔藓结皮NDVI的变化为0.3-0.35左右，藻类结皮变化为0.15左右，100%盖度的油蒿变化约为0.03左右，而土壤物理结皮的NDVI变化为0.06-0.08左右，可见降水对结皮的归一化植被指数的影响较土壤和高等植被大的多，对苔藓结皮的影响尤其显著。 通过线性模型研究了生物结皮对区域植被遥感解译的影响：模拟得出调查区域（11km样线）由于干湿结皮的变换， NDVI值平均变化0.03， 苔藓湿时的NDVI较苔藓干时相对提高9.3%。可见在研究区，由于苔藓结皮等土壤结皮的存在和干旱半干旱区降雨的不稳定性，必然造成该区域短时间内NDVI的不稳定性。研究结果可为如何结合苔藓结皮的高光谱特征及其变化规律选择和研究合适的生物结皮（苔藓）遥感解译方法提供借鉴。 （2）通过对1980S,1990s,2000s三个时期遥感图像解译，分析了毛乌素沙地沙漠化过程及其驱动机制，认为毛乌素沙地近20年来沙漠化程度有所减轻，植被覆盖有所增加。气候因素和人为因素是导致植被覆盖增加的决定因素，通过多元回归分析确定降水和温度是影响毛乌素沙地植被变化的关键气候因子，并建立了相应的回归方程;人为因素的影响表现在20年来农田和林地的大面积增加。 （3）在建立研究区生态环境本底数据库的基础上，利用遥感解译结果和地理信息系统的空间分析功能，分析了气候因素、地质水文因素、地形和地貌等对植被分布的影响，得出在不同尺度上，影响植被分布的关键因素不同。在鄂尔多斯研究区，区域年降水量对全区的植被分布有着重要影响，尽管地质水文条件的不同也影响了小区域的植被分布。在毛乌素沙地区，在宏观尺度上（旗县），植被分布与其所处的海拔高度关系不明显，在小尺度上，植被分布表现出趋向于相对低海拔分布;小尺度研究中发现，植被分布受地形和基质岩性的组合的综合影响。