Action collective patronale : les mécanismes de diffusion entre les niveaux sectoriel et local

Cette recherche s'intéresse à l'acteur patronal organisé, encore peu étudié en Amérique du Nord. Pourtant, cet acteur est fortement organisé au Québec et il exerce une influence reconnue sur les politiques publiques et les relations industrielles. Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre la logique d’action des employeurs et les lieux où ils exercent leur influence. Plus important encore, la recherche s’interroge sur les mécanismes de diffusion utilisés par les associations patronales pour transmettre à leurs membres des orientations et des lignes directrices à adopter. Tout comme pour l’acteur syndical qui doit développer sa capacité représentative (Dufour, Hege, Levesque et Murray, 2009), nous croyons qu’il en est de même pour l’acteur patronal. Bref, cette étude cherche à comprendre comment les associations patronales vont s'assurer que leurs membres adoptent des pratiques en lien avec les positions défendues dans les institutions du marché du travail et dans la sphère des politiques publiques. Notre question de recherche est la suivante : Quels sont les mécanismes développés par les associations patronales pour diffuser leurs orientations en matière de politiques publiques et de relations du travail en vue d’influencer les pratiques locales de gestion de leurs membres? Au plan théorique, cette étude mobilise les idées développées par les approches néo-institutionnalistes pour mieux expliquer comment les acteurs vont utiliser les institutions en place pour façonner les règles dans leurs intérêts, ce qui suppose d’abord une capacité de représentation et une cohérence dans les actions entre les niveaux où se situent l’acteur. On cherche à comprendre comment les associations peuvent coordonner les actions patronales en réaction aux changements qui s’opèrent dans l’environnement institutionnel. Les associations patronales sont des entrepreneurs institutionnels (Crouch, 2005) qui sont à la recherche active d’opportunités et de leviers de pouvoir à utiliser pour maximiser leurs intérêts de leurs membres et par la même occasion, réduire les incertitudes en provenance de l’environnement (Campbell, 2004; Streeck et Thelen, 2005; Crouch, 2005). Toujours au niveau théorique, cette étude se base sur les idées avancées par la sociologie des logiques d’action. Cette approche théorique nous permet de rendre compte des niveaux sectoriel et local où s’enracinent les comportements des employeurs. Au niveau sectoriel, il existe une pluralité d’instances qui contribuent à façonner les logiques d’actions des associations patronales. La sociologie des logiques d’actions nous permet d’envisager l’association patronale comme un groupe qui dispose d’une vie qui lui est propre avec une relative autonomie de fonctionnement. La capacité d’influence de l’association serait tributaire des mécanismes de coordination de l’action utilisés pour susciter l’accord au sein du groupe. Les mécanismes de coordination de l’action devraient permettre une connexion régulière et stable entre l’association et ses membres. Cette recherche s’intéresse aux associations patronales qui ont recours à un ensemble de moyens pour diffuser les orientations privilégiées aux entreprises membres. Au plan empirique, cette recherche propose de répondre aux trois objectifs suivants : (1) mieux comprendre les formes d’organisation patronales dans les mines au Québec; (2) mieux saisir la structure et la logique d’action des associations patronales sur les politiques publiques, les relations de travail et le marché du travail et finalement (3) mieux comprendre les mécanismes développés par les associations patronales pour diffuser leurs orientations en vue d’influencer les pratiques locales de gestion de leurs membres. Pour atteindre nos objectifs de recherche, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie qualitative de recherche soit une étude de cas du secteur des mines au Québec. Cette dernière a été conduite en trois étapes : la préparation, la collecte des données et l’interprétation (Merriam, 1998). Les données de cette étude ont été recueillies à l’hiver 2012, par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès de gestionnaires d’entreprises minières et de dirigeants d’associations minières. Une analyse qualitative du contenu de ces entrevues a été effectuée en lien avec la revue de littérature et nos propositions de recherche. À cette fin, nous avons utilisé la technique de l’appariement logique de Yin (1994), ce qui nous a permis de comparer nos observations à nos propositions de recherche. Au niveau des résultats, nous avons pu constater que les associations patronales du secteur des mines au Québec, endossent davantage le rôle de porte-parole de l’industrie auprès du gouvernement que celui de développeur de services aux membres. Les actions des associations patronales s’exercent à tous les niveaux décisionnels afin d’assurer la meilleure promotion possible des intérêts des employeurs. La représentation politique représente le champ d’activité le plus important qui compose la logique d’action des associations patronales de la filière minérale québécoise. Mentionnons également que la représentation des intérêts des entreprises auprès du public et des médias est également vitale à l’action collective patronale dans un souci d’acceptabilité sociale. Les associations d’employeurs vont tenter principalement d’influencer les pratiques en relations industrielles qui permettent d’assurer une meilleure image de l’industrie et qui sont jugées prioritaires en fonction du contexte institutionnel en place. La recherche nous a permis d’observer un impact favorable et significatif à la capacité de diffusion pour cinq des sept mécanismes de diffusion faisant partie de notre modèle d’analyse. Trois de ces cinq mécanismes favorisent la capacité de diffusion descendante (transposition de la logique d’action sectorielle sur les pratiques locales des membres) et les deux autres favorisent plutôt la capacité de diffusion ascendante (transposition des enjeux locaux jugés prioritaires sur la logique d’action sectorielle). Les mécanismes qui supportent au mieux la cohésion au sein de l’association sont ceux qui impliquent une relation dynamique entre les représentants et les membres et entre les membres eux-mêmes d’où la pertinence d’une diffusion descendante et ascendante des orientations. Il est à noter qu’étant donné que cette recherche consiste en une étude de cas, des limites méthodologiques liées à la généralisation des résultats sont présentes. Il n’est pas aisé d’affirmer que les résultats de cette microanalyse soient généralisables en raison des spécificités du secteur à l’étude. En contrepartie, les analyses ont servi à l’élaboration d’un modèle qui pourra être utilisé dans des études futures.

Développement local comme stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté : le cas du Programme de développement de zone implanté par World Vision en Haïti

Ce mémoire est une étude sur le développement local comme stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté en Haïti. C'est une étude de cas sur une stratégie qui a été implantée par la WVI dans plusieurs communautés pauvres en Haïti, le Programme de Développement de zone (PDZ). Nous avons cherché à savoir comment le PDZ a permis de mettre en place un projet de développement local de lutte contre la pauvreté dans ces communautés. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons analysé, à l'aide de la perspective de Klein et al. (2011), le type de stratégie de développement local auquel le PDZ correspond et vu comment il implique les communautés visées. En effet, plusieurs dimensions, dont la majorité proposée par Klein et al. ont été analysées : le transfert de la stratégie aux leaders locaux ; le processus de leadership local (individuel, organisationnel et socio-territorial) ; la mobilisation des ressources endogènes et exogène ; l'utilisation créative des programmes publics ; la gestion locale des conflits et apprentissage collectif ; et la construction d'une identité positive et d'un sentiment d'appartenance. Ce mémoire fait ressortir une critique souvent adressée à l'endroit des interventions des ONGI, à savoir que la situation de dépendance qu'elles engendrent compte tenu de l'approche assistentialiste sur laquelle elles sont souvent échafaudées. Particulièrement, l'étude du PDZ, nous renseigne que dans un contexte de grande pauvreté, de cumulation de désavantages (en termes de ressources humaines, économiques, politiques), ou d'obstacles objectifs, le développement par initiatives locales soulève des défis et enjeux majeurs. Les données montrent que la stratégie du PDZ __ bien qu'elle soit parvenue à développer un leadership local ; à favoriser une circulation limité de ressources économiques ; à permettre la construction d'une identité positive chez certaines personnes ; __ ne permet pas une mobilisation locale co-construite qui viendrait maintenir les actions mises de l'avant en faveur des priorités dégagées par les communautés elles-mêmes. Enfin, à travers l'analyse nous avons pu conclure qu'elle correspond à un modèle top-down.

Consequence modelling,vulnerability assessment and fuzzy fault tree analysis of hazardous storages in an industrial area

The hazards associated with major accident hazard (MAH) industries are fire, explosion and toxic gas releases. Of these, toxic gas release is the worst as it has the potential to cause extensive fatalities. Qualitative and quantitative hazard analyses are essential for the identitication and quantification of the hazards associated with chemical industries. This research work presents the results of a consequence analysis carried out to assess the damage potential of the hazardous material storages in an industrial area of central Kerala, India. A survey carried out in the major accident hazard (MAH) units in the industrial belt revealed that the major hazardous chemicals stored by the various industrial units are ammonia, chlorine, benzene, naphtha, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone and LPG. The damage potential of the above chemicals is assessed using consequence modelling. Modelling of pool fires for naphtha, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, benzene and ammonia are carried out using TNO model. Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) modelling of LPG, cyclohexane and benzene are carried out using TNT equivalent model. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) modelling of LPG is also carried out. Dispersion modelling of toxic chemicals like chlorine, ammonia and benzene is carried out using the ALOHA air quality model. Threat zones for different hazardous storages are estimated based on the consequence modelling. The distance covered by the threat zone was found to be maximum for chlorine release from a chlor-alkali industry located in the area. The results of consequence modelling are useful for the estimation of individual risk and societal risk in the above industrial area.Vulnerability assessment is carried out using probit functions for toxic, thermal and pressure loads. Individual and societal risks are also estimated at different locations. Mapping of threat zones due to different incident outcome cases from different MAH industries is done with the help of Are GIS.Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is an established technique for hazard evaluation. This technique has the advantage of being both qualitative and quantitative, if the probabilities and frequencies of the basic events are known. However it is often difficult to estimate precisely the failure probability of the components due to insufficient data or vague characteristics of the basic event. It has been reported that availability of the failure probability data pertaining to local conditions is surprisingly limited in India. This thesis outlines the generation of failure probability values of the basic events that lead to the release of chlorine from the storage and filling facility of a major chlor-alkali industry located in the area using expert elicitation and proven fuzzy logic. Sensitivity analysis has been done to evaluate the percentage contribution of each basic event that could lead to chlorine release. Two dimensional fuzzy fault tree analysis (TDFFTA) has been proposed for balancing the hesitation factor invo1ved in expert elicitation .

Efficient Transmitter/Receiver Architectures for High Performance Wireless Applications

The thesis focuses on efficient design methods and reconfiguration architectures suitable for higher performance wireless communication .The work presented in this thesis describes the development of compact,inexpensive and low power communication devices that are robust,testable and capable of handling multiple communication standards.A new multistandard Decimation Filter Design Toolbox is developed in MATLAB GUIDE environment.RNS based dual-mode decimation filters reconfigurable for WCDMA/WiMAX and WCDMA/WLANa standards are designed and implemented.It offers high speed operation with lesser area requirement and lower dynamic power dissipation.A novel sigma-delta based direct analog-to-residue converter that reduces the complexity of RNS conversion circuitry is presented.The performance of an OFDM communication system with a new RRNS-convolutional concatenated coding is analysed and improved BER performance is obtained under different channel conditions. Easily testable MAC units for filters are presented using Reed-Muller logic for realization.

A Quasi-Omnidirectional Antenna for Modern Wireless Communication Gadgets

A compact, planar, wideband antenna designed by modifying the coplanar waveguide is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna finds a wide range of applications including advanced wireless systems (AWS), DCS-1800, DCS-1900/PCS/PHS, WiBro, BlueTooth/WLAN/WiBree/ZigBee, DMB, Global Star Satellite Phones, and digital cordless phones. Wide bandwidth > 75% centered at 2.50 GHz, quasi-omnidirectional radiation coverage along with moderate gain and efficiency are the salient features of the antenna. A prototype fabricated on a substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm occupies an area of (31times 64) mm2. Details of antenna design and discussions on the effect of various antenna parameters on the radiation characteristics are presented.

Compact Coplanar Waveguide Fed Ground Meandered Antenna for Wireless Application

A compact Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna operating at 2.4GHz with 300MHz 2:1 VSWR bandwidth is presented. Compared to a conventional quarter wavelength CPW fed monopole antenna, the aperture area reduction of the present antenna is 85%. The prototype antenna fabricated on a substrate of εr = 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm is only 22x10x1.6mm3. This much size reduction and impedance matching is achieved by adjusting the signal to ground plane separation and meandering the ground plane of a 50Ω CPW transmission line

Local Hadley circulation over the Asian monsoon region associated with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation

The Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO), a major interannual variation phenomenon in the Indo-Pacific region, is the result of strong ocean-atmosphere coupling over the Asian-Australian monsoon area. Along with other meteorological and oceanographic parameters, the tropical circulation also exhibits interannual oscillations. Even though the TBO is the result of strong air–sea interaction, the circulation cells during TBO years are, as yet, not well understood. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the interannual variability of the mean meridional circulation and local monsoon circulation over south Asia in connection with the TBO. The stream function computed from the zonal mean meridional wind component of NCEP=NCAR reanalysis data for the years 1950–2003 is used to represent the meanmeridional circulation. Mean meridional mass transport in the topics reverses from a weak monsoon to a strong monsoon in the presence of ENSO, but in normal TBO yearsmean transport remains weak across the Northern Hemisphere. The meridional temperature gradient, which drives the mean meridional circulation, also shows no reversal during the normal TBO cycle. The local Hadley circulation over the monsoon area follows the TBO cycle with anomalous ascent (descent) in strong (weak) monsoon years. During normal TBO years, the Equatorial region and Indian monsoon areas exhibit opposite local Hadley circulation anomalies

Uncover the Concealed Link: Gender & Ethnicity-Divided Local Knowledge on the Agro-Ecosystem of a Forest Margin

This research is a study about knowledge interface that aims to analyse knowledge discontinuities, the dynamic and emergent characters of struggles and interactions within gender system and ethnicity differences. The cacao boom phenomenon in Central Sulawesi is the main context for a changing of social relations of production, especially when the mode of production has shifted or is still underway from subsistence to petty commodity production. This agrarian change is not only about a change of relationship and practice, but, as my previous research has shown, also about the shift of knowledge domination, because knowledge construes social practice in a dialectical process. Agroecological knowledge is accumulated through interaction, practice and experience. At the same time the knowledge gained from new practices and experiences changes mode of interaction, so such processes provide the arena where an interface of knowledge is manifested. In the process of agro-ecological knowledge interface, gender and ethnic group interactions materialise in the decision-making of production and resource allocation at the household and community level. At this point, power/knowledge is interplayed to gain authority in decision-making. When authority dominates, power encounters resistance, whereas the dominant power and its resistance are aimed to ensure socio-economic security. Eventually, the process of struggle can be identified through the pattern of resource utilisation as a realisation of production decision-making. Such processes are varied from one community to another, and therefore, it shows uniqueness and commonalities, especially when it is placed in a context of shifting mode of production. The focus is placed on actors: men and women in their institutional and cultural setting, including the role of development agents. The inquiry is informed by 4 major questions: 1) How do women and men acquire, disseminate, and utilise their agro ecological knowledge, specifically in rice farming as a subsistence commodity, as well as in cacao farming as a petty commodity? How and why do such mechanisms construct different knowledge domains between two genders? How does the knowledge mechanism apply in different ethnics? What are the implications for gender and ethnicity based relation of production? ; 2) Using the concept of valued knowledge in a shifting mode of production context: is there any knowledge that dominates others? How does the process of domination occur and why? Is there any form of struggle, strategies, negotiation, and compromise over this domination? How do these processes take place at a household as well as community level? How does it relate to production decision-making? ; 3) Putting the previous questions in two communities with a different point of arrival on a path of agricultural commercialisation, how do the processes of struggle vary? What are the bases of the commonalities and peculiarities in both communities?; 4) How the decisions of production affect rice field - cacao plantation - forest utilisation in the two villages? How does that triangle of resource use reflect the constellation of local knowledge in those two communities? What is the implication of this knowledge constellation for the cacao-rice-forest agroecosystem in the forest margin area? Employing a qualitative approach as the main method of inquiry, indepth and dialogic interviews, participant observer role, and document review are used to gather information. A small survey and children’s writing competition are supplementary to this data collection method. The later two methods are aimed to give wider information on household decision making and perception toward the forest. It was found that local knowledge, particularly knowledge pertaining to rice-forest-cacao agroecology is divided according to gender and ethnicity. This constellation places a process of decision-making as ‘the arena of interface’ between feminine and masculine knowledge, as well as between dominant and less dominant ethnic groups. Transition from subsistence to a commercial mode of production is a context that frames a process where knowledge about cacao commodity is valued higher than rice. Market mechanism, as an external power, defines valued knowledge. Valued knowledge defines the dominant knowledge holder, and decision. Therefore, cacao cultivation becomes a dominant practice. Its existence sacrifices the presence of rice field and the forest. Knowledge about rice production and forest ecosystem exist, but is less valued. So it is unable to challenge the domination of cacao. Various forms of struggles - within gender an ethnicity context - to resist cacao domination are an expression of unequal knowledge possession. Knowledge inequality implies to unequal access to withdraw benefit from market valued crop. When unequal knowledge fails to construct a negotiated field or struggles fail to reveal ‘marginal’ decision, e.g. intensification instead of cacao expansion to the forest, interface only produces divergence. Gender and ethnicity divided knowledge is unabridged, since negotiation is unable to produce new knowledge that accommodates both interests. Rice is loaded by ecological interest to conserve the forest, while cacao is driven by economic interest to increase welfare status. The implication of this unmediated dominant knowledge of cacao production is the construction of access; access to the forest, mainly to withdraw its economic benefit by eliminating its ecological benefit. Then, access to cacao as the social relationship of production to acquire cacao knowledge; lastly, access to defend sustainable benefit from cacao by expansion. ‘Socio-economic Security’ is defined by Access. The convergence of rice and cacao knowledge, however, should be made possible across gender and ethnicity, not only for the sake of forest conservation as the insurance of ecological security, but also for community’s socio-economic security. The convergence might be found in a range of alternative ways to conduct cacao sustainable production, from agroforestry system to intensification.

Local food security and principle of organic farming (from farm to fork) in context of food culture in Indonesia: Minangkabau's case study

The basic idea behind improving local food security consists of two paths; first, accessibility (price, stock) and second, availability (quantity and biodiversity); both are perquisites to the provision of nutrients and a continuous food supply with locally available resources. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate if indigenous knowledge still plays an important role in traditional farming in the Minangkabau`s culture, thus supporting local food security. If the indigenous knowledge still plays a role in food culture in the Minangkabau`s culture which is linked to the matrilineal role and leads to a sound nutrition. Further, it should be tested if marantau influences traditional farming and food culture in Minangkabau`s, and if the local government plays a role in changing of traditional farming systems and food culture. Furthermore this thesis wants to prove if education and gender are playing a role in changing traditional farming system and food culture, and if the mass media affects traditional farming systems and food culture for the Minangkabau. The study was completed at four locations in West Sumatera; Nagari Ulakan (NU) (coastal area), Nagari Aia Batumbuak (NAB) (hilly area), Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo (NPLM) (lake area), Nagari Pandai Sikek (NPS) (hilly area). The rainfall ranged from 1400- 4800 mm annually with fertile soils. Data was collected by using PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) to investigate indigenous knowledge (IK) and its interactions, which is also combining with in depth-interview, life history, a survey using semi-structured-questionnaire, pictures, mapping, and expert interview. The data was collected from June - September 2009 and June 2010. The materials are; map of area, list of names, questionnaires, voices recorder, note book, and digital camera. The sampling method was snowball sampling which resulted in the qualitative and quantitative data taken. For qualitative data, ethnography and life history was used. For quantitative, a statistical survey with a semi-structured questionnaire was used. 50 respondents per each site participated voluntarily. Data was analyzed by performing MAXQDA 10, and F4 audio analysis software (created and developed by Philip-University Marburg). The data is clustered based on causality. The results show that; the role of IK on TFS (traditional farming system) shown on NPLM which has higher food crop biodiversity in comparison to the other three places even though it has relatively similar temperature and rainfall. This high food crop biodiversity is due to the awareness of local people who realized that they lived in unfavourable climate and topography; therefore they are more prepared for any changes that may occur. Carbohydrate intake is 100 % through rice even though they are growing different staple crops. Whereas most of the people said in the interviews that not eating rice is like not really eating for them. In addition to that, mothers still play an important role in kitchen activities. But when the agriculture income is low, mothers have to decide whether to change the meals or to feel insecure about their food supply. Marantau yields positive impact through the remittances it provides to invest on the farm. On the other hand, it results in fewer workers for agriculture, and therefore a negative impact on the transfer of IK. The investigation showed that the local government has a PTS (Padi Tanam Sabatang) programme which still does not guarantee that the farmers are getting sufficient revenue from their land. The low agricultural income leads to situation of potential food insecurity. It is evident that education is equal among men and women, but in some cases women tend to leave school earlier because of arranged marriages or the distances of school from their homes. Men predominantly work in agriculture and fishing, while women work in the kitchen. In NAB, even though women work on farmland they earn less then men. Weaving (NPS) and kitchen activity is recognized as women’s work, which also supports the household income. Mass media is not yielding any changes in TFS and food culture in these days. The traditional farming system has changed because of intensive agricultural extension which has introduced new methods of agriculture for the last three decades (since the 1980’s). There is no evidence that they want to change any of their food habits because of the mass media despite the lapau activity which allows them to get more food choices, instead preparing traditional meal at home. The recommendations of this thesis are: 1) The empowerment of farmers. It is regarding the self sufficient supply of manure, cooperative seed, and sustainable farm management. Farmers should know – where are they in their state of knowledge – so they can use their local wisdom and still collaborate with new sources of knowledge. Farmers should learn the prognosis of supply and demand next prior to harvest. There is a need for farm management guidelines; that can be adopted from both their local wisdom and modern knowledge. 2) Increase of non-agricultural income Increasing the non-agricultural income is strongly recommended. The remittances can be invested on non-agricultural jobs. 3) The empowerment of the mother. The mother plays an important role in farm to fork activities; the mother can be an initiator and promoter of cultivating spices in the backyard. Improvement of nutritional knowledge through information and informal public education can be done through arisan ibu-ibu and lapau activity. The challenges to apply these recommendations are: 1) The gap between institutions and organizations of local governments. There is more than one institution involved in food security policy. 2) Training and facilities for field extension agriculture (FEA) is needed because the rapid change of interaction between local government and farmer’s dependent on this agency.

Influencia de la implantación del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo en los procesos de planeación local. Estudio de caso: Fase 1 y 2- Metrolínea en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Periodo 2003-2011.

Esta investigación le permite al lector entender la influencia que tuvo la implantación del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo (SITM) sobre la gestión del ordenamiento territorial en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga. El documento explica y analiza las posibles transformaciones que se podrían generar en los alrededores del sistema, partiendo de reconocer que existen unas áreas denominadas centralidades y otras operaciones estratégicas que son catalogadas no solamente por el rol que cumplen en un contexto municipal y metropolitano, sino también por las posibilidades que ofrecen para el desarrollo de servicios, equipamientos y empleo, que finalmente contribuirán a alcanzar el deseo de un modelo desarrollo policéntrico en el área metropolitana.

A motivação empreendedora e a satisfação com o desempenho organizacional em empresas de pequeno e médio porte de Blumenau: uma análise da indústria local

The current study arose from previous studies made by McClelland (1972), Namam; Slevin (1993), Kuratko; Hornsby; Naffziger (1997), Hoeltgebaum; Kato (2002); Hoeltgebaum;Debastini (2003), Hoeltgebaum; Santos; Loesch (2003) and Hoeltgebaum; Santos (2003). Its objective is to understand the reasons that that lead an entrepreneur to open his ownbusiness, his degree of satisfaction and to perceive if there is a relation between entrepreneurial motivation and the performance of companies. In order to concretize the objective, a descriptive qualitative/quantitative research was realized, amounting to 88 questions of a closed type, statistically ordered. Data collection was achieved by means of a questionnaire divided into 4 parts. Once responses to the questionnaires were obtained, analysis was performed on them, using LHSTAT software. Among the principal results, it was evident in the analysis of the questionnaires that there were a variety of motivations for opening a new business present among the interviewed, with a small, distinct difference in the frequency of the responses. When the satisfaction of the respondents regarding the performance of the company was analyzed, it was perceived that the greatest satisfaction derived from gross and net profit margin and return on investment. Several interdependencies between motivation and satisfactionand performance were evident in the research, with three in particular being the strongest. It was decided to include a category regarding behavioral characteristics of entrepreneurs tothe objectives of the project in which, according to the interviewees, these have a strong entrepreneurial profile; results showed that all the characteristics are well developed. It wasconcluded that the intrinsic motivations are more evident in the entrepreneurs interviewed and that the greatest satisfaction among them lies in the area of gross and net profit margin andin return over investment. It was perceived that there are clear relationships between the motivation of entrepreneurs and satisfaction with the performance of companies.

El desenvolupament local en l'espai en xarxa: xarxes socials i milieu a l'àrea urbana de Manresa

The paper focuses on the question of local development and applies the local territorial systems model to the urban area of Manresa (Barcelona). The concept of local development is discussed first, as well as the change in place's position within the network derived from metropolitan expansion processes. The role of Manresa's social agents and its development policies are explained, to stress the relevance of the position of places in the network and, foremost, of the role and capability of local actors in putting into value theirs milieu's resources

Slopes of Avian Species-Area Relationships, Human Population Density, and Environmental Factors

There is increasing interest in how humans influence spatial patterns in biodiversity. One of the most frequently noted and marked of these patterns is the increase in species richness with area, the species–area relationship (SAR). SARs are used for a number of conservation purposes, including predicting extinction rates, setting conservation targets, and identifying biodiversity hotspots. Such applications can be improved by a detailed understanding of the factors promoting spatial variation in the slope of SARs, which is currently the subject of a vigorous debate. Moreover, very few studies have considered the anthropogenic influences on the slopes of SARs; this is particularly surprising given that in much of the world areas with high human population density are typically those with a high number of species, which generates conservation conflicts. Here we determine correlates of spatial variation in the slopes of species–area relationships, using the British avifauna as a case study. Whilst we focus on human population density, a widely used index of human activities, we also take into account (1) the rate of increase in habitat heterogeneity with increasing area, which is frequently proposed to drive SARs, (2) environmental energy availability, which may influence SARs by affecting species occupancy patterns, and (3) species richness. We consider environmental variables measured at both local (10 km × 10 km) and regional (290 km × 290 km) spatial grains, but find that the former consistently provides a better fit to the data. In our case study, the effect of species richness on the slope SARs appears to be scale dependent, being negative at local scales but positive at regional scales. In univariate tests, the slope of the SAR correlates negatively with human population density and environmental energy availability, and positively with the rate of increase in habitat heterogeneity. We conducted two sets of multiple regression analyses, with and without species richness as a predictor. When species richness is included it exerts a dominant effect, but when it is excluded temperature has the dominant effect on the slope of the SAR, and the effects of other predictors are marginal.

Nest Boxes Facilitate Local-Scale Conservation of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) in Alberta, Canada

We tested the general predictions of increased use of nest boxes and positive trends in local populations of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) following the large-scale provision of nest boxes in a study area of central Alberta over a 16-year period. Nest boxes were rapidly occupied, primarily by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead, but also by European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). After 5 years of deployment, occupancy of large boxes by Common Goldeneye was 82% to 90% and occupancy of small boxes by Bufflehead was 37% to 58%. Based on a single-stage cluster design, experimental closure of nest boxes resulted in significant reductions in numbers of broods and brood sizes produced by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead. Occurrence and densities of Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead increased significantly across years following nest box deployment at the local scale, but not at the larger regional scale. Provision of nest boxes may represent a viable strategy for increasing breeding populations of these two waterfowl species on landscapes where large trees and natural cavities are uncommon but wetland density is high.

Are polyphagous geometrid moths with flightless females adapted to budburst phenology of local host species?

The majority of studies demonstrating local adaptation of insect herbivores involve sessile species, particularly those with a parthenogentic phase to their life history or endophagous "parasites" of plants. Current arguments suggest the strength of selection determines whether local adaptation can or cannot take place. Therefore local adaptation should not be limited to species with such traits. We studied the ability of three polyphagous geometrid moths with flightless adult females (Erannisdefoliaria, Operophtera brumata and O. fagata) to synchronise their egg hatching with the budburst of a local host species in north east Scotland. A strong selection for hatching time is expected among generalist moths given the large variation in budburst phenology and an inability to hatch in synchrony with budburst decreases moth fitness substantially. In two successive seasons, we trapped emerging females from patches of five host species and recorded the temperature sum needed for 50% egg hatch of each brood laid by the trapped females. The hatching times of broods were compared against the average budburst time of the maternal host species in the study area. In addition, the trapping dates of each female were recorded. Only O. brumata showed synchrony with egg hatch and budburst which suggests local phenological adaptation to different host species. This could be maintained by selection and partial reproductive isolation between populations dwelling on different host species. No phenological adaptation was found in the other common geometrids of the study area