Surface and subsurface decomposition of a desiccated grass pasture biomass related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE

Erosion is deleterious because it reduces the soil's productivity capacity for growing crops and causes sedimentation and water pollution problems. Surface and buried crop residue, as well as live and dead plant roots, play an important role in erosion control. An efficient way to assess the effectiveness of such materials in erosion reduction is by means of decomposition constants as used within the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation - RUSLE's prior-land-use subfactor - PLU. This was investigated using simulated rainfall on a 0.12 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study area had been covered by native grass pasture for about fifteen years. By the middle of March 1996, the sod was mechanically mowed and the crop residue removed from the field. Late in April 1996, the sod was chemically desiccated with herbicide and, about one month later, the following treatments were established and evaluated for sod biomass decomposition and soil erosion, from June 1996 to May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) and (b) soil without tillage, with surface residue and dead roots; (c) soil without tillage, with dead roots only; (d) soil tilled conventionally every two-and-half months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue; and (e) soil tilled conventionally every six months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue. Simulated rainfall was applied with a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at an intensity of 63.5 mm h-1 for 90 min, eight to nine times during the experimental period (about every two-and-half months). Surface and subsurface sod biomass amounts were measured before each rainfall test along with the erosion measurements of runoff rate, sediment concentration in runoff, soil loss rate, and total soil loss. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using an exponential and a power model. Surface sod biomass decomposition was better depicted by the exponential model, while subsurface sod biomass was by the power model. Subsurface sod biomass decomposed faster and more than surface sod biomass, with dead roots in untilled soil without residue on the surface decomposing more than dead roots in untilled soil with surface residue. Tillage type and frequency did not appreciably influence subsurface sod biomass decomposition. Soil loss rates increased greatly with both surface sod biomass decomposition and decomposition of subsurface sod biomass in the conventionally tilled soil, but they were minimally affected by subsurface sod biomass decomposition in the untilled soil. Runoff rates were little affected by the studied treatments. Dead roots plus incorporated residues were effective in reducing erosion in the conventionally tilled soil, while consolidation of the soil surface was important in no-till. The residual effect of the turned soil on erosion diminished gradually with time and ceased after two years.

Self-Expanding Versus Balloon-Expandable Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the APPOSITION II Study: Self-Expanding Stents in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate whether self-expanding stents are more effective than balloon-expandable stents for reducing stent malapposition at 3 days after implantation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction is associated with vasoconstriction and large thrombus burden. Resolution of vasoconstriction and thrombus load during the first hours to days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention may lead to stent undersizing and malapposition, which may subsequently lead to stent thrombosis or restenosis. In addition, aggressive stent deployment may cause distal embolization. METHODS: Eighty patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to receive a self-expanding stent (STENTYS, STENTYS SA, Paris, France) (n = 43) or a balloon-expandable stent (VISION, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, California; or Driver, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) (n = 37) at 9 European centers. The primary endpoint was the proportion of stent strut malapposition at 3 days after implantation measured by optical coherence tomography. Secondary endpoints included major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, emergent bypass surgery, or clinically driven target lesion revascularization). RESULTS: At 3 days after implantation, on a per-strut basis, a lower rate of malapposed stent struts was observed by optical coherence tomography in the self-expanding stent group than in the balloon-expandable group (0.58% vs. 5.46%, p < 0.001). On a per-patient basis, none of the patients in the self-expanding stent group versus 28% in the balloon-expandable group presented ≥5% malapposed struts (p < 0.001). At 6 months, major adverse cardiac events were 2.3% versus 0% in the self-expanding and balloon-expandable groups, respectively (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Strut malapposition at 3 days is significantly lower in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients allocated to self-expanding stents when than in those allocated to balloon-expandable stents. The impact of this difference on clinical outcome and the risk of late stent thrombosis need to be evaluated further. (Randomized Comparison Between the STENTYS Self-expanding Coronary Stent and a Balloon-expandable Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction [APPOSITION II]; NCT01008085).

Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences

Gesneriaceae are represented in the New World (NW) by a major clade (c. 1000 species) currently recognized as subfamily Gesnerioideae. Radiation of this group occurred in all biomes of tropical America and was accompanied by extensive phenotypic and ecological diversification. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from three plastid loci to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Gesnerioideae and to investigate its relationship with other lineages of Gesneriaceae and Lamiales. Our molecular data confirm the inclusion of the South Pacific Coronanthereae and the Old World (OW) monotypic genus Titanotrichum in Gesnerioideae and the sister-group relationship of this subfamily to the rest of the OW Gesneriaceae. Calceolariaceae and the NW genera Peltanthera and Sanango appeared successively sister to Gesneriaceae, whereas Cubitanthus, which has been previously assigned to Gesneriaceae, is shown to be related to Linderniaceae. Based on molecular dating and biogeographical reconstruction analyses, we suggest that ancestors of Gesneriaceae originated in South America during the Late Cretaceous. Distribution of Gesneriaceae in the Palaeotropics and Australasia was inferred as resulting from two independent long-distance dispersals during the Eocene and Oligocene, respectively. In a short time span starting at 34 Mya, ancestors of Gesnerioideae colonized several Neotropical regions including the tropical Andes, Brazilian Atlantic forest, cerrado, Central America and the West Indies. Subsequent diversification within these areas occurred largely in situ and was particularly extensive in the mountainous systems of the Andes, Central America and the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Only two radiations account for 90% of the diversity of Gesneriaceae in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, whereas half of the species richness in the northern Andes and Central America originated during the last 10 Myr from a single radiation.

Traducción técnica del capítulo III del libro Advanced Data Warehouse design: from conventional to spatial and temporal applications

The proposal to work on this final project came after several discussions held with Dr. Elzbieta Malinowski Gadja, who in 2008 published the book entitled Advanced Data Warehouse Design: From Conventional to Spatial and Temporal Applications (Data-Centric Systems and Applications). The project was carried out under the technical supervision of Dr. Malinowski and the direct beneficiary was the University of Costa Rica (UCR) where Dr. Malinowski is a professor at the Department of Computer Science and Informatics. The purpose of this project was twofold: First, to translate chapter III of said book with the intention of generating educational material for the use of the UCR and, second, to venture in the field of technical translation related to data warehouse. For the first component, the goal was to generate a final product that would eventually serve as an educational tool for the post-graduate courses of the UCR. For the second component, this project allowed me to acquire new skills and put into practice techniques that have helped me not only to perfom better in my current job as an Assistant Translator of the Inter-American BAnk (IDB), but also to use them in similar projects. The process was lenggthy and required torough research and constant communication with the author. The investigation focused on the search of terms and definitions to prepare the glossary, which was the basis to start the translation project. The translation process itself was carried out by phases, so that comments and corrections by the author could be taken into account in subsequent stages. Later, based on the glossary and the translated text, illustrations had been created in the Visio software were translated. In addition to the technical revision by the author, professor Carme Mangiron was in charge of revising the non-technical text. The result was a high-quality document that is currently used as reference and study material by the Department of Computer Science and Informatics of Costa Rica.

Eliminació d'artefactes en EGG mitjançant l'ús de la Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition

La tècnica de l’electroencefalograma (EEG) és una de les tècniques més utilitzades per estudiar el cervell. En aquesta tècnica s’enregistren els senyals elèctrics que es produeixen en el còrtex humà a través d’elèctrodes col•locats al cap. Aquesta tècnica, però, presenta algunes limitacions a l’hora de realitzar els enregistraments, la principal limitació es coneix com a artefactes, que són senyals indesitjats que es mesclen amb els senyals EEG. L’objectiu d’aquest treball de final de màster és presentar tres nous mètodes de neteja d’artefactes que poden ser aplicats en EEG. Aquests estan basats en l’aplicació de la Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition, que és una nova tècnica utilitzada per al processament de senyal. Els mètodes de neteja proposats s’apliquen a dades EEG simulades que contenen artefactes (pestanyeigs), i un cop s’han aplicat els procediments de neteja es comparen amb dades EEG que no tenen pestanyeigs, per comprovar quina millora presenten. Posteriorment, dos dels tres mètodes de neteja proposats s’apliquen sobre dades EEG reals. Les conclusions que s’han extret del treball són que dos dels nous procediments de neteja proposats es poden utilitzar per realitzar el preprocessament de dades reals per eliminar pestanyeigs.

Variabilidade espacial e temporal da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração em áreas com e sem manejo químico localizado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das variabilidades (espacial e temporal) por meio da técnica de escalonamento de semivariogramas, da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP) nas camadas de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3 m, para os anos de 1999 a 2001, sob duas formas de manejo: com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML). Os resultados demonstraram que a variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade espacial com comportamento distinto, conforme a camada e o ano de estudo. A variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade temporal tanto nas parcelas CML quanto nas parcelas SML. As duas formas de manejo (com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML)) não influenciaram o comportamento espacial da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP). O escalonamento dos semivariogramas reduziu o tempo computacional de ajuste dos modelos, não apresentando diferenças no comportamento e amplitude da variabilidade espacial em relação aos semivariogramas não escalonados.

Análise espaço-temporal do uso da terra em parte do semi-árido cearense

A cobertura vegetal exerce papel imprescindível à proteção e conservação dos recursos naturais, principalmente no que diz respeito aos solos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e analisar a dimensão espacial e temporal da ação antrópica na cobertura vegetal de parte do semi-árido cearense, utilizando imagens LANDSAT TM-5, de 1985 e 1994, e técnicas de geoprocessamento, para verificar a hipótese de que a degradação ambiental vem sendo intensificada. Foram confeccionadas cartas de vegetação, uso da terra, solos e hidrografia, obtendo-se cartas de sobreposição, por meio das quais se constatou o aumento de áreas degradadas nas diferentes unidades fitoecológicas. No período de uma década, comprovou-se o processo progressivo da degradação nas áreas dos municípios de Independência, Pedra Branca, Mombaça e Tauá, tendo as áreas do município de Pedra Branca apresentado menor degradação. A unidade fitoecológica mais degradada, dentre as estudadas, foi a Caatinga Arbórea Aberta, desencadeando processos de degradação e transformação das unidades circunvizinhas. Grande parte da área foi atingida por processos de degradação ambiental, com forte pauperização da biodiversidade, acompanhados por um rebaixamento geral das formações vegetais.

Variabilidade temporal da resistência à penetração de um latossolo argiloso sob semeadura direta com rotação de culturas

O desenvolvimento radicular é afetado pela resistência mecânica do solo e altera o potencial de produção das culturas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência à penetração de um solo argiloso com distintos sistemas de cultura em semeadura direta. O experimento foi realizado no campo tecnológico da Cotrijuí, no município de Ijuí (RS), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico com 0,68 kg kg-1 de argila, manejado sob semeadura direta, com quatro seqüências de culturas: sucessão soja/trigo, milho/aveia/milho + guandu/trigo/soja/trigo, guandu/trigo/soja/trigo/soja/aveia e crotalária/trigo/soja/aveia/milho/trigo. A resistência à penetração (RP), a umidade e a densidade do solo foram avaliadas em distintas épocas e profundidades. Em todos os sistemas de culturas no Latossolo argiloso com semeadura direta, o maior estado de compactação foi verificado na camada em torno de 0,1 m de profundidade e o menor na camada até 0,07 m. A RP teve grande variação temporal e foi associada à variação do teor de água para cada condição de densidade do solo ou estado de compactação. Durante o ciclo das culturas, valores de RP restritivos ao crescimento das plantas foram atingidos na camada de cerca de 0,03 a 0,23 m de profundidade, quando o teor de água do solo variou de 0,14 a 0,28 kg kg-1. O efeito de plantas de cobertura de estação quente, com sistema radicular abundante e formador de poros biológicos, na redução da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração não foi observado no tempo estudado.

Estabilidade temporal da distribuição espacial da armazenagem de água em um solo cultivado com citros

O presente trabalho objetivou quantificar e caracterizar a variabilidade espaço-temporal e a estabilidade temporal da armazenagem da água em um Latossolo Amarelo argissólico cultivado com citros. A parcela experimental foi montada em um solo sob uma cultura de citros com 10 anos de idade, consistindo de 40 pontos de observação ao longo de duas transeções, com espaçamento de 4 x 7 m, isto é, duas transeções 1 e 2 (coincidentes com duas linhas de plantas) paralelas e distantes entre si de 7 m e cada uma delas com 20 pontos, separados um do outro de 4 m, delimitando uma área de terreno de dimensões 80 x 14 m (40 plantas). Cada ponto localizava-se no centro da distância entre duas plantas (2 m do tronco) na linha de plantas. Os pontos de observação da transecão 1 foram enumerados de 1 a 20 e os da transecão 2 de 21 a 40 no sentido aposto. Em cada ponto de observação, foi instalado um tubo de acesso à sonda de nêutrons até a profundidade de 1,20 m. As medições foram feitas ao longo de dois anos, em períodos compreendidos entre novembro e julho do ano seguinte, semanalmente. Em cada ponto de observação, foram retiradas amostras de solo com estrutura deformada para a quantificação das frações granulométricas ao longo do perfil. A estabilidade temporal foi observada pelo comportamento dos valores nos 40 pontos ao longo do tempo, os quais mantiveram a sua característica, independentemente do tempo de amostragem, o que pôde ser comprovado por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson utilizado entre datas de observação. Por meio da técnica da diferença relativa, foi possível identificar os pontos que, independentemente de tempo, estimaram a média real do campo, os mais secos e os mais úmidos. O ponto 28 foi escolhido, em decorrência do valor da diferença relativa, como o ponto representativo da média, e identificou-se o ponto 15 como o mais seco e o 05 como o mais úmido.

Multiresolution-based image fusion with additive wavelet decomposition

The standard data fusion methods may not be satisfactory to merge a high-resolution panchromatic image and a low-resolution multispectral image because they can distort the spectral characteristics of the multispectral data. The authors developed a technique, based on multiresolution wavelet decomposition, for the merging and data fusion of such images. The method presented consists of adding the wavelet coefficients of the high-resolution image to the multispectral (low-resolution) data. They have studied several possibilities concluding that the method which produces the best results consists in adding the high order coefficients of the wavelet transform of the panchromatic image to the intensity component (defined as L=(R+G+B)/3) of the multispectral image. The method is, thus, an improvement on standard intensity-hue-saturation (IHS or LHS) mergers. They used the ¿a trous¿ algorithm which allows the use of a dyadic wavelet to merge nondyadic data in a simple and efficient scheme. They used the method to merge SPOT and LANDSATTM images. The technique presented is clearly better than the IHS and LHS mergers in preserving both spectral and spatial information.

Estabilidade temporal de medidas do teor e do potencial mátrico da água no solo em uma transeção

O elevado nível de variabilidade espacial de observações experimentais de campo da condutividade hidráulica do solo dificulta o planejamento de amostragem e a utilização e extrapolação de valores médios, em estudos de campo de dinâmica da água no solo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a estabilidade temporal de medidas do teor e do potencial mátrico da água no solo e sua aplicação como ferramenta para racionalizar a estratégia de amostragem para avaliação da condutividade hidráulica do solo em condições de campo. O experimento de drenagem foi desenvolvido num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo em Piracicaba (SP), numa parcela experimental com 50 pontos de observação distanciados de 1 m entre si, nos quais foram medidos o teor de água (com TDR) e o potencial mátrico (com tensiômetros) durante três semanas de redistribuição da água no solo. Os resultados mostraram que o método da estabilidade temporal permite identificar, com exatidão, os locais mais adequados para as amostragens, possibilitando a redução do número de amostras necessárias e do custo de execução do esforço amostral para o planejamento de sistemas de uso e manejo de água na agricultura.

Immunotherapy with Bet v 1 derived contiguous overlapping peptides leads to long-term immunoregulatory responses

Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy with whole pollen extract may induce anaphylaxis, is poorly standardized and of long duration.We thus designed a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II clinical trial in volunteers with birch pollen allergic rhinitis and asthma to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a novel immunotherapy based on contiguous overlapping peptides (COPs) derived from Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen. Methods: A mixture of three COPs (AllerT™, Anergis SA, Switzerland) spanning the whole Bet v 1 molecule was selected for its inability to bind IgE. Prior to the pollen season, AllerT (in Alum) was injected subcutaneously to 15 adult volunteers at D0 (57 g), D7, D14, D21 and D51 (95 g each). Control volunteers (n = 5) only received the adjuvant. Results: Overall AllerT was safe. No serious adverse events and no immediate allergic reactions were reported. AllerT induced a vigorous early Bet v 1 specific immune response marked by vaccine associated INF- and IL- 10 secretion. This contributed to a strong anti-Bet v 1-specific IgG4 enhancement. Moreover, 2 months after the second season post treatment (July 2010), serum Bet v 1 specific IgG4 response was still markedly increased as compared to pre-treatment values and to placebo whereas post seasonal Bet v 1 specific IgE titers were similar to baseline values. Conclusion: Our data indicate that immunotherapy with a mixture of three COPs derived from Bet v 1 (AllerT) was safe and immunogenic, and led to long-term immunological memory.