Diversity and quantitative analysis of Archaea in aggressive periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects

P>Aim To investigate the diversity, levels and proportions of Archaea in the subgingival biofilm of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP; n=30) and periodontally healthy (PH; n=30) subjects. Materials and methods Diversity was determined by sequencing archaeal 16S rRNA gene libraries from 20 samples (10/group). The levels and proportions of Archaea were analysed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in four and two samples/subject in GAgP and PH groups, respectively. Results Archaea were detected in 27/28 subjects and 68% of the sites of the GAgP group, and in 26/30 subjects and 58.3% sites of the PH group. Methanobrevibacter oralis was found in all 20 samples studied, Methanobacterium curvum/congolense in three GAgP and six PH samples, and Methanosarcina mazeii in four samples from each group. The levels and proportions of Archaea were higher in GAgP than in PH, whereas no differences were observed between the two probing depth category sites from the GAgP group. Conclusion Archaea were frequently found in subjects with periodontal health and GAgP, especially M. oralis. However, the higher levels and proportions (Archaea/total prokaryotes) of this domain observed in GAgP in comparison with PH subjects indicate a possible role of some of these microorganisms as an environmental modifier in GAgP.

Screening for endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Brazilian sugar cane varieties used in organic farming and description of Stenotrophomonas pavanii sp. nov.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated ICB 89(T), was isolated from stems of a Brazilian sugar cane variety widely used in organic farming. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain ICB 89(T) belonged to the genus Stenotrophomonas and was most closely related to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LMG 958(T), Stenotrophomonas rhizophila LMG 22075(T), Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens L2(T), [Pseudomonas] geniculata ATCC 19374(T), [Pseudomonas] hibiscicola ATCC 19867(T) and [Pseudomonas] beteli ATCC 19861(T). DNA-DNA hybridization together with chemotaxonomic data and biochemical characteristics allowed the differentiation of strain ICB 89(T) from its nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, strain ICB 89(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Stenotrophomonas pavanii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICB 89(T) (=CBMAI 564(T) =LMG 25348(T)).

A DNA Vaccine Encoding the Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli Shiga-Like Toxin 2 A(2) and B Subunits Confers Protective Immunity to Shiga Toxin Challenge in the Murine Model

Production of verocytotoxin or Shiga-like toxin (Stx), particularly Stx2, is the basis of hemolytic uremic syndrome, a frequently lethal outcome for subjects infected with Stx2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains. The toxin is formed by a single A subunit, which promotes protein synthesis inhibition in eukaryotic cells, and five B subunits, which bind to globotriaosylceramide at the surface of host cells. Host enzymes cleave the A subunit into the A(1) peptide, endowed with N-glycosidase activity to the 28S rRNA, and the A(2) peptide, which confers stability to the B pentamer. We report the construction of a DNA vaccine (pStx2 Delta AB) that expresses a nontoxic Stx2 mutated form consisting of the last 32 amino acids of the A(2) sequence and the complete B subunit as two nonfused polypeptides. Immunization trials carried out with the DNA vaccine in BALB/c mice, alone or in combination with another DNA vaccine encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, resulted in systemic Stx-specific antibody responses targeting both A and B subunits of the native Stx2. Moreover, anti-Stx2 antibodies raised in mice immunized with pStx2 Delta AB showed toxin neutralization activity in vitro and, more importantly, conferred partial protection to Stx2 challenge in vivo. The present vector represents the second DNA vaccine so far reported to induce protective immunity to Stx2 and may contribute, either alone or in combination with other procedures, to the development of prophylactic or therapeutic interventions aiming to ameliorate EHEC infection-associated sequelae.

A quantitative TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma suis

Aim: To develop a TaqMan probe-based, highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of Mycoplasma suis in the blood of pigs. Methods and Results: Primers and probes specific to Myc. suis 16S rRNA gene were designed. The qPCR assay`s specificity, detection limit, intra- and inter-assay variability were evaluated and its performance was compared with a Myc. suis conventional PCR assay (cPCR). Blood of two experimentally infected pigs, 40 Indiana pigs, 40 Brazilian sows and 28 peccaries were tested. The assay detected as few as ten copies of Myc. suis plasmids and was 100-fold more sensitive than the cPCR. No cross-reactivity with nontarget pig mycoplasmas was observed. An average of 1.62 x 10(11) and 2.75 x 10(8) target copies ml(-1) of blood were detected in the acutely and chronically infected pigs, respectively. Three (7.5%) pigs and 32 (80.0%) sows were positive while all peccaries were negative for Myc. suis. Conclusion: The developed qPCR assay is highly sensitive and specific for Myc. suis detection and quantification. Significance and Impact of the Study: TaqMan qPCR is an accurate and quick test for detection of Myc. suis infected pigs, which can be used on varied instrumentation platforms.

Characterization of spliced leader genes of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri: phylogeographical analysis of Brazilian isolates from cattle supports spatial clustering of genotypes and parity with ribosomal markers

Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri from cattle and trypanosomes of other artiodactyls form a clade of closely related species in analyses using ribosomal sequences. Analysis of polymorphic sequences of a larger number of trypanosomes from broader geographical origins is required to evaluate the Clustering of isolates as suggested by previous studies. Here, we determined the sequences of the spliced leader (SL) genes of 21 isolates from cattle and 2 from water buffalo from distant regions of Brazil. Analysis of SL gene repeats revealed that the 5S rRNA gene is inserted within the intergenic region. Phylogeographical patterns inferred using SL sequences showed at least 5 major genotypes of T. theileri distributed in 2 strongly divergent lineages. Lineage TthI comprises genotypes IA and IB from buffalo and cattle, respectively, from the Southeast and Central regions, whereas genotype IC is restricted to cattle from the Southern region. Lineage Tth II includes cattle genotypes IIA, which is restricted to the North and Northeast, and IIB, found in the Centre, West, North and Northeast. PCR-RFLP of SL genes revealed valuable markers for genotyping T. theileri. The results of this study emphasize the genetic complexity and corroborate the geographical structuring of T. theileri genotypes found in cattle.

Phylogenetic Validation of the Genera Angomonas and Strigomonas of Trypanosomatids Harboring Bacterial Endosymbionts with the Description of New Species of Trypanosomatids and of Proteobacterial Symbionts

We comparatively examined the nutritional, molecular and optical and electron microscopical characteristics of reference species and new isolates of trypanosomatids harboring bacterial endosymbionts. Sequencing of the V7V8 region of the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene distinguished six major genotypes among the 13 isolates examined. The entire sequences of the SSU rRNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes were obtained for phylogenetic analyses. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the symbiont-harboring species clustered as a major clade comprising two subclades that corresponded to the proposed genera Angomonas and Strigomonas. The genus Angomonas comprised 10 flagellates including former Crithidia deanei and C. desouzai plus a new species. The genus Strigomonas included former Crithidia oncopelti and Blastocrithidia cuiicis plus a new species. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and size polymorphism of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles revealed considerable genetic heterogeneity within the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequences demonstrated that all of the endosymbionts belonged to the Betaproteobacteria and revealed three new species. The congruence of the phylogenetic trees of trypanosomatids and their symbionts support a co-divergent host-symbiont evolutionary history. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Genes of cathepsin L-like proteases in Trypanosoma rangeli isolates: Markers for diagnosis, genotyping and phylogenetic relationships

We have sequenced genes encoding cathepsin L-like (CatL-like) cysteine proteases from isolates of Trypanosoma rangeli from humans, wild mammals and Rhodnius species of Central and South America. Phylogenetic trees of sequences encoding mature CatL-like enzymes of T rangeli and homologous genes from other trypanosomes, Leishmania spp. and bodonids positioned sequences of T rangeli (rangelipain) closest to T cruzi (cruzipain). Phylogenetic tree of kinetoplastids based on sequences of CatL-like was totally congruent with those derived from SSU rRNA and gGAPDH genes. Analysis of sequences from the CatL-like catalytic domains of 17 isolates representative of the overall phylogenetic diversity and geographical range of T rangeli supported all the lineages (A-D) previously defined using ribosomal and spliced leader genes. Comparison of the proteolytic activities of T rangeli isolates revealed heterogeneous banding profiles of cysteine proteases in gelatin gels, with differences even among isolates of the same lineage. CatL-like sequences proved to be excellent targets for diagnosis and genotyping of T rangeli by PCR. Data from CatL-like encoding genes agreed with results from previous studies of kDNA markers, and ribosomal and spliced leader genes, thereby corroborating clonal evolution, independent transmission cycles and the divergence of T rangeli lineages associated with sympatric species of Rhodnius. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genotyping, physiological features and proteolytic activities of a potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba sp isolated from tap water in Brazil

Acanthamoeba spp., known to cause keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis in humans, are frequently isolated from a variety of water sources. Here we report for the first time the characterization of an Acanthamoeba sp. (ACC01) isolated from tap water in Brazil. This organism is currently being maintained in an axenic growth medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rRNA gene sequences positioned the new isolate in genotype T4, closest to the keratitis-causing isolate, A. polyphaga ATCC 30461 (similar to 99% similarity). Acanthamoeba ACC01 and A. polyphaga 30461 both grew at 37 degrees C and were osmotically resistant, multiplying in hyperosmolar medium. Both isolates secreted comparable amounts of proteolytic enzymes, including serine peptidases that were optimally active at a near neutral/alkaline pH and resolved identically in gelatin gels. Incubation of gels at pH 4.0 with 2 mM DTT also indicated the secretion of similar cysteine peptidases. Altogether, the results point to the pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba ACC01. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bacterial Community Composition in Brazilian Anthrosols and Adjacent Soils Characterized Using Culturing and Molecular Identification

Microbial community composition was examined in two soil types, Anthrosols and adjacent soils, sampled from three locations in the Brazilian Amazon. The Anthrosols, also known as Amazonian dark earths, are highly fertile soils that are a legacy of pre-Columbian settlement. Both Anthrosols and adjacent soils are derived from the same parent material and subject to the same environmental conditions, including rainfall and temperature; however, the Anthrosols contain high levels of charcoal-like black carbon from which they derive their dark color. The Anthrosols typically have higher cation exchange capacity, higher pH, and higher phosphorus and calcium contents. We used culture media prepared from soil extracts to isolate bacteria unique to the two soil types and then sequenced their 16S rRNA genes to determine their phylogenetic placement. Higher numbers of culturable bacteria, by over two orders of magnitude at the deepest sampling depths, were counted in the Anthrosols. Sequences of bacteria isolated on soil extract media yielded five possible new bacterial families. Also, a higher number of families in the bacteria were represented by isolates from the deeper soil depths in the Anthrosols. Higher bacterial populations and a greater diversity of isolates were found in all of the Anthrosols, to a depth of up to 1 m, compared to adjacent soils located within 50-500 m of their associated Anthrosols. Compared to standard culture media, soil extract media revealed diverse soil microbial populations adapted to the unique biochemistry and physiological ecology of these Anthrosols.

Cwc24p, a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear ring finger protein, affects pre-snoRNA U3 splicing

U3 snoRNA is transcribed from two intron-containing genes in yeast, snR17A and snR17B. Although the assembly of the U3 snoRNP has not been precisely determined, at least some of the core box C/D proteins are known to bind pre-U3 co-transcriptionally, thereby affecting splicing and 3 `-end processing of this snoRNA. We identified the interaction between the box C/D assembly factor Nop17p and Cwc24p, a novel yeast RING finger protein that had been previously isolated in a complex with the splicing factor Cef1p. Here we show that, consistent with the protein interaction data, Cwc24p localizes to the cell nucleus, and its depletion leads to the accumulation of both U3 pre-snoRNAs. U3 snoRNA is involved in the early cleavages of 35 S pre-rRNA, and the defective splicing of pre-U3 detected in cells depleted of Cwc24p causes the accumulation of the 35 S precursor rRNA. These results led us to the conclusion that Cwc 24p is involved in pre-U3 snoRNA splicing, indirectly affecting pre-rRNA processing.

Characterization and Identification of Proteolytic Bacteria From the Gut of the Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The characterization and identification of proteolytic bacteria from the gut of the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) were the objectives of this study. Twelve aerobic and anaerobic isolates of proteolytic bacteria were obtained from the caterpillar gut in calcium caseinate agar. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) of proteolytic bacteria was higher when the bacteria were extracted from caterpillars reared on artificial diet rather than on soybean leaves (1.73 +/- 0.35 X 10(3) and 0.55 +/- 0.22 X 10(3) CFU/mg gut, respectively). The isolated bacteria were divided into five distinct groups, according to their polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism profiles. After molecular analysis, biochemical tests and fatty acid profile determination, the bacteria were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus mundtii, and Staphylococcus xylosus. Bacterial proteolytic activity was assessed through in vitro colorimetric assays for (general) proteases, serine proteases, and cysteine proteases. The isolated bacteria were able of hydrolyzing all tested substrates, except Staphylococcus xylosus, which did not exhibit serine protease activity. This study provides support for the hypothesis that gut proteases from velvetbean caterpillar are not exclusively secreted by the insect cells but also by their symbiotic gut bacteria. The proteolytic activity from gut symbionts of the velvetbean caterpillar is suggestive of their potential role minimizing the potentially harmful consequences of protease inhibitors from some of this insect host plants, such as soybean, with implications for the management of this insect pest species.

Salmoninae Commensal Bacteria Show a Positive Correlation Between Antibiotic Resistance and Mercury Resistance Profiles

Bacterial isolates from natural sites with high toxic and heavy metal contamination more frequently contain determinants for resistance to antimicrobials. Natural strains were isolated from the ingesta and external slime of Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758) and Salvelinusjontinalis (Mitchell, 1814). Fish specimens were acquired from Casco Bay hatcheries, Casco, ME where there is no history of antibiotic use. Seventy-nine bacterial strains, including many well-documented salmonid commensals (an association from which the fish derives no benefit), were identified using 165 rRNA gene sequencing. Mercury resistant isolates were selected for initially on 25μM HgCI2. Strains were then grown at 20-24°C on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plates containing 0-1000μM HgCl2 or 0-130μM Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA). Mercury in the hatchery feed water due to ubiquitous non-point source deposition has selected for the mercury resistance observed in bacterial strains. Antibiotic resistance determinations, as measured by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC) assays were performed on the 79 bacterial isolates using Sensititrel antimicrobial susceptibility panels. A positive linear correlation between the mercury (pMA and HgCl2) MIC's and antibiotic resistance for all observed strains was demonstrated. Conjugation experiments with Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Azomonas donors confirmed phenotypic transfer of penicillin and cephem resistances to Escherichia coli DH5a recipients. Conjugation experiments with Pseudomonas donors showed minimal transfer of tetracycline and minoglycoside resistances to Escherichia coli DH5a recipients. Our study suggests that the accumulation of antimicrobial resistances observed in these natural bacterial populations may be due to the indirect selective pressure exerted by environmental mercury.

Filogeografia e sistemática molecular de répteis de alguns arquipélagos africanos do Atlântico oriental

Os répteis, nomeadamente os lagartos, lagartixas e osgas, constituem um dos grupos de vertebrados com maior sucesso de colonização das ilhas oceânicas. Juntamente com as aves, devem constituir o grupo que naturalmente melhor se disseminou pelas ilhas oceânicas. Os mamíferos e anfíbios que aí possam existir são na sua maioria de introdução antropogénica. Como são bons colonizadores constituem bons modelos para o estudo de fenómenos e padrões de colonização das ilhas sobretudo tendo em conta que possuem ainda baixa dispersão dentro de cada ilha. Neste trabalho utilizamos marcadores do DNA mitocondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, citocromo b), marcadores do DNA nuclear (c-mos e enolase) assim como marcadores enzimáticos, para estudar os padrões de colonização, as relações entre espécies, a detecção de espécies introduzidas, a importância dos dados moleculares em relação a outro tipo de dados, nos répteis terrestres dos Arquipélagos da Madeira, Selvagens e Cabo Verde, e ilhas do Golfo da Guiné (São Tomé, Príncipe e Annobon). As sequências de DNA quer mitocondrial quer nuclear permitiram revelar a existência de uma estrutura geográfica em Mabuya spp. de São Tomé (de natureza intraespecífica) e de Cabo Verde (interespecífica) bem como em Lacerta dugesii (intraespecífica) do Arquipélago da Madeira. Esta estrutura é mais evidente em Lacerta dugesii, que apresenta haplótipos típicos e exclusivos de cada um dos quatro grupos principais de ilhas (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas e Selvagens), sem que se tivessem observado haplótipos comuns a mais do que um grupo de ilhas. Os dados moleculares obtidos permitem ainda inferir os casos de expansões demográficas recentes como no caso das populações de Lacerta dugesii da Madeira e Porto Santo ou pelo contrário indicativas de subdivisão geográfica da população como no Arquipélago das Selvagens. Nesta espécie apenas terá ocorrido um evento de colonização, e os nossos dados não corroboram a possibilidade de introdução nas Ilhas Selvagens mediada pelo homem. Mabuya spp. de Cabo Verde também forma um grupo monofilético, subentendendo a exemplo de L.dugesii um evento de colonização mas bem mais antigo, dando origem a eventos de radiação evolutiva, tendo-se formado novas espécies que por sua vez terão sido actores na colonização entre ilhas. Usando como modelo os Arquipélagos das Canárias e Cabo Verde, o número de eventos de colonização é menor nos escincídeos do que nos geconídeos. As ilhas do Golfo da Guiné parecem introduzir uma excepção à regra. Assim Mabuya spp. do Golfo da Guiné (São Tomé, Príncipe e Annobon) serão resultantes de 4 eventos de colonização, sendo dois responsáveis pelo aparecimento de M. maculilabris (uma forma no Príncipe e outra em São Tomé), M. ozorii (Annobon) e M. affinis (Príncipe). A exemplo de Lacerta dugesii, Mabuya maculilabris apresenta uma forte estruturação geográfica. Fazendo recurso a sequências já publicadas no GenBank, podemos propor um novo arranjo taxonómico no género Mabuya, não se devendo considerar quatro grupos (sensu Mausfeld), mas sim cinco, em que se adiciona um novo grupo que contempla as espécies do Norte de África e Turquia. As osgas em Cabo Verde, a exemplo das Canárias, apresentam grande variabilidade e terão sido resultado de maior número de eventos de colonização do que os Escincídeos. A nossa análise revela que existem em Cabo Verde maior número de grupos geneticamente distintos do género Tarentola, do que havia sido registado anteriormente. Os Hemidactylus também devem ter sido resultantes de mais do que um evento de colonização: um para Hemidactylus bouvieri e um para Hemidactylus brooki da Ilha do Sal. Hemidactylus brooki existente nas restantes ilhas bem como Hemidactylus mabouia são muito provavelmente de introdução antropogénica. No Golfo da Guiné o número de eventos de colonização não é maior nas osgas do que nos Escincídeos, constituindo assim uma excepção à regra, sendo os Hemidactylus resultantes de pelo menos dois eventos de colonização (quatro em Mabuya). Utilizando Lacerta dugesii como modelo, não encontramos qualquer congruência entre dados enzimáticos, morfológicos e moleculares. Com a aplicação de técnicas moleculares foi possível identificar espécies introduzidas como Hemidactylus mabouia na Madeira, Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe e Annobon bem como Ramphotyphlops braminus em Annobon. Estas espécies caracterizam-se por serem geneticamente homogéneas. Foi ainda possível verificar o estatuto taxonómico das várias espécies. Em Lacerta dugesii as três subespécies não deverão ser omitidas. Em Mabuya de Cabo Verde dever-se–ão manter as espécies consideradas e as relações estabelecidas. Em Tarentola spp. uma nova subespécie de Tarentola gigas deverá ser considerada e alvo de novas investigações. Os restantes grupos obtidos, geneticamente distintos, são em maior número do que havia sido registado, e deverão ser alvo dum estudo exaustivo.Confirmou-se a presença duma Mabuya em Annobon, muito provavelmente Mabuya ozorii, espécie esquecida ou omitida em muitas listas de espécies como na “EMBL Reptile database”. Duas formas de M. maculilabris em São Tomé e Príncipe, deixam transparecer a possibilidade da existência dum complexo de espécies. A análise de dados moleculares permitiu também referir que M. maculilabris não parece ter sido introduzida pelo homem nestas ilhas. Do ponto de vista conservacionista é fundamental monitorizar as espécies introduzidas pois podem levar à extinção de espécies indígenas, e monitorizar a manutenção dos vários grupos geneticamente distintos encontrados, muitos deles com distribuições restritas. Por fim, ao testar o c-mos na filogenia de Lacerta dugesii, podemos dizer que este gene nuclear pode também ser utilizado sob determinadas condições, ao nível intraespecífico. A região controle do DNA mitocondrial revelou-se também adequada na estimativa das relações filogenéticas. Verificou-se que esta estrutura é em Lacerta dugesii, bem menos variável que o gene do citocromo b (também mitocondrial). Mostra ainda uma variação entre populações e apresenta aspectos curiosos relacionados com a sua estrutura no contexto do que é conhecido actualmente dentro dos vertebrados.

Deteção e caracterização molecular das estirpes de Wolbachia nos afídeos

A Wolbachiapertence a um grupo de bactérias intracelulares, transmitidas maternalmente, que se encontram amplamente distribuídas nos artrópodes. Estes endossimbiontes encontram-se normalmente nos tecidos do sistema reprodutor dos artrópodes e têm a capacidade manipular a sua reproduçãode modo a garantir a sua transmissão à descendência e rápida dispersão na população.A capacidade de manipulação reprodutiva da Wolbachia tornou-a o alvo de diversos estudos para uma maior e melhor perceção da sua implicação em processos biológicos e evolutivos e por acreditar-se que esta bactéria é uma promissora ferramenta no controlo de populações de insetos que são pragas agrícolas. Os afídeos são um grupo de insetos associados às plantas que podem ter um efeito devastador nas culturas agrícolas e hortícolas pois não só retiram nutrientes às plantas como podem ser vetores de doenças. Embora durante muito tempo se pensasse que estes insetos não albergavam a Wolbachia estudos recentes mostram que são várias as espécies de afídeos infetados com esta bactéria. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a prevalência de infeção por Wolbachia assim como a caracterização das suas estirpes em amostras de afídeos dos Arquipélagos da Madeira e dos Açores. Neste estudo foram analisadas 545 amostras de afídeos, 361 provenientes do Arquipélago da Madeira e 184 dos Açores. Utilizando a técnica da “Polymerase Chain Reaction” (reação em cadeia da polimerase) amplificou-se o gene 16S rRNA (RNA ribossomal) e verificou-se que 32 destas amostras encontravam-se infetadas com Wolbachia sendo a maior parte das amostras infetadas provenientes dos Açores. Para determinar a estirpe que infeta estes afídeos utilizou-se a tipagem sequencial multilocus (MLST) com os genesglutamil-tRNA amidotransferase, subunidade B (gatB), citocromo c oxidase, subunidade I (coxA), proteína hipotética conservativa (hcpA) e proteína da divisão celular (ftsZ). A análise filogenética realizada para os diferentes genes mostrou que grande parte das amostras analisadas estão incluídas em dois dos novos supergrupos descobertos para Wolbachia, supergrupo M e N.Foi detetada a presença da mesma estirpe de Wolbachia, supergrupo N, em duas espécies diferentes de afídeos, Neophyllaphis podocarpi e Aphis spiraecola da mesma planta hospedeira, Podocarpus macrophyllus. Esta infeção reforça a ideia de que a Wolbachia não recorre só a transmissão vertical para se difundir na população mas utiliza também a transmissão horizontal. A deteção e caracterização das estirpes de Wolbachia é essencial para um maior entendimento sobre a sua origem e forma de disseminação. Esta informação é importante para desenvolvimento de estratégias de controlo de pestes recorrendo a estes endossimbiontes.

Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis

SIQUEIRA JR. et al. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., v. 104, n. 1, p. 122-130, 2007.