Enhancement of oleic acid and vitamin E concentrations of bovine milk using dietary supplements of whole rapeseed and vitamin E

With the aim of reducing the degree of saturation and increasing the C18:1 cis fatty acid content of milk fat, the effects of feeding high levels of whole cracked rapeseed to dairy cows was investigated together with the effect of increasing dietary intake of vitamin E on the vitamin E content of milk. Using a 3 x 3 factorial design, 90 Holstein dairy cows were fed one of three levels of whole cracked rapeseed (0 (ZR), 134 (MR) and 270 g . kg(-1) diet dry matter (DM) (HR)) in combination with one of three intakes of supplementary vitamin E (0 (ZE), 2 (ME) and 4 g . cow(-1) . d(-1) (HE)). Supplementing with up to almost 2 kg . d(-1) of rapeseed oil (diet HR) significantly (P < 0.001) increased C18: 1cis in milk fat, from 181 (ZR) to over 400 g &BULL; kg(-1) (HR) of total milk fatty acids. Concentrations of C18: 0, C18: 2 and C18: 3 fatty acids were also increased ( P < 0.001) but by a much lesser degree, and the saturated fatty acids C4: 0 to C16: 0 decreased substantially. Vitamin E supplementation increased ( P < 0.01) milk vitamin E concentrations from 1.29 (ZE) to 1.68 mg &BULL; kg(-1) whole milk (HE). Thus substantial changes in milk fat composition with potentially beneficial effects on human health were achieved and without any adverse effects on milk taste. However, these improvements must be offset against the substantial reductions ( P < 0.001) observed in voluntary feed DM consumption (ZR, 20.6; HR, 15.2 kg DM . d(-1)), milk yield (ZR, 22.9; HR, 13.2 kg . d(-1)) and milk fat concentration (ZR, 42.1; HR, 33.4 g . kg(-1)) which would not be commercially sustainable unless a considerable premium was paid for this modified milk. It seems likely that the optimum dose of dietary rapeseed is lower than used in this study.

Conjugated linoleic acid and human health-related outcomes

There has been increasing interest in health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) based on findings with laboratory animals. Some human studies have also suggested health benefits of CLA, but because of the mixes used these could not be readily associated with a particular isomer of CLA. A recent study examined the separate effects of near-pure cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) or trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA) on health-related outcomes in healthy young males. The CLA isomers were provided in capsules and at three doses (up to about 2.5 g/day) each for 8 weeks. Both c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA were incorporated in a dose–response fashion into blood lipids and cells. At the doses and durations used, neither isomer of CLA affected bodyweight, body mass index or body composition, insulin sensitivity, immune function or markers of inflammation. However, at the doses and durations used, c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA had opposing effects on blood lipid concentrations. Altered dairy cow-feeding practices were used to produce c9,t11 CLA-rich milk and, from this ultra heat-treated milk, cheese and butter were produced. The milk and the dairy products made from it had ninefold higher contents of c9,t11 CLA, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids and lower contents of total fat and of saturated fatty acids. They also contained much higher contents of trans-vaccenic acid (tVA). The modified dairy products were used in a 6-week controlled dietary intervention study in healthy middle-aged males. c9,t11 CLA and tVA were incorporated from dairy products into blood lipids and cells. Consumption of the CLA-rich (and tVA-rich) dairy products did not affect bodyweight or body mass index, insulin sensitivity or inflammatory markers. However, there were some detrimental effects on blood lipids. These effects may be due to tVA rather than to c9,t11 CLA, as they are consistent with the effects of trans fatty acids and not consistent with the effects of c9,t11 CLA identified in the earlier study with c9,t11 CLA in capsules.

The impact of EPA and DHA on blood lipids and lipoprotein metabolism: influence of apoE genotype

Fish and fish oil-rich sources of long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been shown to be cardio-protective, through a multitude of different pathways including effects on arrythymias, endothelial function, inflammation and thrombosis, as well as modulation of both the fasting and postprandial blood lipid profile. To date the majority of studies have examined the impact of EPA and DHA fed simultaneously as fish or fish oil supplements. However, a number of recent studies have compared the relative biopotency of EPA v. DHA in relation to their effect on blood lipid levels. Although many beneficial effects of fish oils have been demonstrated, concern exists about the potential deleterious impact of EPA and DHA on LDL-cholesterol, with a highly-heterogenous response of this lipid fraction reported in the literature. Recent evidence suggests that apoE genotype may be in part responsible. In the present review the impact of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk and the blood lipoprotein profile will be considered, with a focus on the apoE gene locus as a possible determinant of lipid responsiveness to fish oil intervention.

Effect of incremental levels of fish oil in the diet on ruminal lipid metabolism in growing steers

Based on the potential benefits to human health, there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies to enhance the concentration of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in ruminant-derived foods. Four Aberdeen Angus steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21 d experimental periods to examine the potential of fish oil (FO) in the diet to enhance the supply of 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 available for absorption in growing cattle. Treatments consisted of total mixed rations based on maize silage fed at a rate of 85 g DM/kg live weight0·75/d containing 0, 8, 16 and 24 g FO/kg diet DM. Supplements of FO reduced linearly (P < 0·01) DM intake and shifted (P < 0·01) rumen fermentation towards propionate at the expense of acetate and butyrate. FO in the diet enhanced linearly (P < 0·05) the flow of trans-16 : 1, trans-18 : 1, trans-18 : 2, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3, and decreased linearly (P < 0·05) 18 : 0 and 18 : 3n-3 at the duodenum. Increases in the flow of trans-18 : 1 were isomer dependent and were determined primarily by higher amounts of trans-11 reaching the duodenum. In conclusion, FO alters ruminal lipid metabolism of growing cattle in a dose-dependent manner consistent with an inhibition of ruminal biohydrogenation, and enhances the amount of long-chain n-3 fatty acids at the duodenum, but the increases are marginal due to extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen.

Fish oil intakes providing dietary attainable levels of EPA and DHA reduces blood pressure in adults with systolic hypertension in a retrospective analysis

Background: Although a large number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the impact of the n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) on blood pressure and vascular function, the majority have used doses of EPA+DHA of > 3 g per d,which are unlikely to be achieved by diet manipulation. Objective: The objective was to examine, using a retrospective analysis from a multi-center RCT, the impact of recommended, dietary achievable EPA+DHA intakes on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and microvascular function in UK adults. Design: Healthy men and women (n = 312) completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT consuming control oil, or fish oil providing 0.7 g or 1.8 g EPA+DHA per d in random order each for 8 wk. Fasting blood pressure and microvascular function (using Laser Doppler Iontophoresis) were assessed and plasma collected for the quantification of markers of vascular function. Participants were retrospectively genotyped for the eNOS rs1799983 variant. Results: No impact of n-3 fatty acid treatment or any treatment * eNOS genotype interactions were evident in the group as a whole for any of the clinical or biochemical outcomes. Assessment of response according to hypertension status at baseline indicated a significant (P=0.046) fish oil-induced reduction (mean 5 mmHg) in systolic blood pressure specifically in those with isolated systolic hypertension (n=31). No dose response was observed. Conclusions: These findings indicate that, in those with isolated systolic hypertension, daily doses of EPA+DHA as low as 0.7 g bring about clinically meaningful blood pressure reductions which, at a population level, would be associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk. Confirmation of findings in an RCT where participants are prospectively recruited on the basis of blood pressure status is required to draw definite conclusions. The Journal of Nutrition NUTRITION/2015/220475 Version 4

Anti-inflammatory effect of parenteral fish oil lipid emulsion on human activated mononuclear leukocytes

Background & aim: To compare the effect of fish oil-based (FO) lipid emulsions (LE) for parenteral administration with standard LE and a new FO containing LE composed of four different oils on the antigen presentation and inflammatory variables. Methods: Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated human mononuclear leukocytes were cultured with different LE - Control: without LE; SO: soybean oil; SO/FO: soybean and FO (4:1); MCT/SO: medium chain triglycerides and SO (1:1); MCT/SO/FO: MCT/SO and FO (4:1) and SMOF: a new LE containing FO. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA, the expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory surface molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry and lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by H(3)-Thymidine incorporation, after tetanus toxoid-induced activation. Results: All LE decreased the HLA-DR and increased CD28 and CD152 expression on monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes surface (p < 0.05). SO/FO and MCT/SO/FO decreased lymphocyte proliferation (p<0.05). All LE decreased IL-2 product ion, but this effect was enhanced with MCT/SO/FO and SMOF (p < 0.05). MCT/SOTO decreased IL-6 and increased IL-10, whereas SO had the opposite effect (p < 0.05). Conclusion: FO LE inhibited lymphocyte proliferation and had an anti-inflammatory effect. These effects seem to be enhanced when FO is mixed with MCT/SO. SMOF had a neutral impact on lymphocyte proliferation and IL-6 and IL-10 production.

Hematologia de tilápias-do-nilo alimentadas com dietas com óleos vegetais e estimuladas pelo frio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de dietas com diferentes relações entre ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-6 e ômega-3 nos parâmetros hematológicos e lipídeos plasmáticos de tilápias-do-nilo, antes e após estímulo pelo frio. Foram utilizados 320 alevinos invertidos para macho (±7,5 g), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 40 tanques (250 L) e alimentados com oito dietas: basal (sem adição de óleo), 6% de óleo de girassol (OG), 5% de OG + 1% de óleo de linhaça (OL), 4% de OG + 2% OL, 3% de OG + 3% de OL, 2% de OG + 4% de OL, 1% de OG + 5% de OL e 6% de OL. Os parâmetros hematológicos e os lipídeos plasmáticos foram determinados ao final de 85 dias de cultivo e após três dias de estímulo pelo frio. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre nenhuma das variáveis analisadas no período anterior ao estímulo. O número de leucócitos foi reduzido em peixes alimentados com a dieta 6% de OL, após estímulo pelo frio. O estímulo pelo frio provocou um declínio do estado geral de saúde, como leucopenia. Tilápias-do-nilo alimentadas com dietas com 6% de OL apresentaram menor resistência ao frio.

Quantificação de ácidos graxos de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleos vegetais

The present work aimed to quantify the fatty acids in total lipids of Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with different sources of vegetable oils mechanically extracted. Were used 320 tilapias (O. niloticus) with average initial weight and average total initial length of 2.55±0.57 g and 5.59±0.43 cm, respectively, fed for a period of 60 days, in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. The diets were prepared with 320 g/kg crude protein and 3.500 kcal of digestible energy per kg of feed enriched with eight different oils: sunflower, canola, sesame, linseed, peanut, Para's nut soy and macadamia, with an addition of 4%. Among the major fatty acids the oleic, palmitic, linolenic and linoleic were obtained in higher concentration (mg/g of LT) in fish from all treatments. The sums of polyunsaturated fatty acids after 60 days of cultivation had increased in all treatments compared to the 30 days of the experiment. This is due to the addition of oils with high contents of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The fatty acids in the carcass are a reflection of the energy source of oil used. As a conclusion it is recommended the use of linseed oil in the diet of tilapia fingerlings due to great improvement in the relationship between n-6/n-3.

Avaliação nutricional de diferentes fontes de gordura e do uso de lecitina em alimentos extrusados para gatos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ação do extrato de alecrim e fontes de óleo na qualidade de filés de tilápia do Nilo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Capacidade funcional em cavalos de salto suplementados com linhaça

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of linseed as an omega-3 fatty acid supplier on the functional capacity of jumping horses. 6 horses disposed in two 3 x 3 balanced Latin squares were used. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of linseed mixed with flour and linseed oil in a ratio of 75:25, respectively, resulting in 0g (control), 60g and 120g on a daily basis per horse. The horses were supplemented for 30 days. Physical activity was jumping at riding class level. The functional parameters measured were lameness index, stride length and joint metacarpophalangeal (MCP) biometry (circumference and flexion angle). A significant linseed supplementation effect for doses of 60 and 120g was observed on the lameness index. Feeding 120g of linseed increased stride length while trotting (P<0.05). An increment of 0.5cm on MCP circumference was found in horses that received the control diet when compared to those horses that consumed 120g of linseed. Thus, supplementation of jumping horses with 120g/day of linseed promoted greater stride length at a trot and reduced swelling in the metacarpophalangeal joint, improving their functional capabilities.

Óleo de linhaça na terminação de novilhos Nelore: qualidade da carne

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Compostos bioativos benéficos presentes em castanhas e nozes

Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between nuts, including walnuts, intakes and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The nuts contain phenolics compounds and flavonoids and are rich in tocopherol, phytosterols, and squalene. They are sources of carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and minerals. Since walnuts contain high levels of n-3 fatty acids and low unsaturated fatty acids, high levels of vitamin E, pholyphenols, flavonoids, arginine and fiber. The compounds possible beneficial effects are due to their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, which are linked to a reduced risk for developing atherosclerosis and cancer. In recent years, the consumers have been showing an increased interest in nuts and walnuts because of their nutritional qualities and their potential beneficial effects on people’s health This review aims to describe the importance of beneficial bioactive compounds present in nuts and walnuts.

Determination of bioactive and potentially toxic compounds in food: raw material analysis and shelf life evaluation

"Bioactive compounds" are extranutritional constituents that typically occur in small quantities in food. They are being intensively studied to evaluate their effects on health. Bioactive compounds include both water soluble compounds, such as phenolics, and lipidic substances such as n-3 fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols. Phenolic compounds, tocopherols and sterols are present in all plants and have been studied extensively in cereals, nuts and oil. n-3 fatty acids are present in fish and all around the vegetable kingdom. The aim of the present work was the determination of bioactive and potentially toxic compounds in cereal based foods and nuts. The first section of this study was focused on the determination of bioactive compounds in cereals. Because of that the different forms of phytosterols were investigated in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats. Hexaploid cultivars were the best source of esterified sterols (40.7% and 37.3% of total sterols for Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta, respectively). Significant amounts of free sterols (65.5% and 60.7% of total sterols for Triticum durum and Triticum dicoccon, respectively) were found in the tetraploid cultivars. Then, free and bound phenolic compounds were identified in barley flours. HPLCESI/ MSD analysis in negative and positive ion mode established that barley free flavan-3- ols and proanthocyanidins were four dimers and four trimers having (epi)catechin and/or (epi)gallocatechin (C and/or GC) subunits. Hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives were the main bound phenols in barley flours. The results obtained demonstrated that barley flours were rich in phenolic compounds that showed high antioxidant activity. The study also examined the relationships between phenolic compounds and lipid oxidation of bakery. To this purpose, the investigated barley flours were used in the bakery production. The formulated oven products presented an interesting content of phenolic compounds, but they were not able to contain the lipid oxidation. Furthermore, the influence of conventional packaging on lipid oxidation of pasta was evaluated in n-3 enriched spaghetti and egg spaghetti. The results proved that conventional packaging was not appropriated to preserve pasta from lipid oxidation; in fact, pasta that was exposed to light showed a high content of potentially toxic compounds derived from lipid oxidation (such as peroxide, oxidized fatty acids and COPs). In the second section, the content of sterols, phenolic compounds, n-3 fatty acids and tocopherols in walnuts were reported. Rapid analytical techniques were used to analyze the lipid fraction and to characterize phenolic compounds in walnuts. Total lipid chromatogram was used for the simultaneous determination of the profile of sterols and tocopherols. Linoleic and linolenic acids were the most representative n-6 and n-3 essential dietary fatty acids present in these nuts. Walnuts contained substantial amounts of γ- and δ-tocopherol, which explained their antioxidant properties. Sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol and campesterol were the major free sterols found. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to DAD and microTOF was utilized to determine phenolic content of walnut. A new compound in walnut ((2E,4E)- 8-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-2,4-decadiene-1,10-dioic acid 6-O-β-D-glucopiranosyl ester, [M−H]− 403.161m/z) with a structure similar to glansreginins was also identified. Phenolic compounds corresponded to 14–28% of total polar compounds quantified. Aglycone and glycosylated ellagic acid represented the principal components and account for 64–75% of total phenols in walnuts. However, the sum of glansreginins A, B and ((2E,4E)-8-hydroxy- 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-decadiene-1,10-dioic acid 6-O-β-D-glucopiranosyl ester was in the range of 72–86% of total quantified compounds.

Lifestyle and stroke risk: a review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent years, many epidemiological studies have given new insights into old and new lifestyle factors that influence the risk of cerebrovascular events. In this review, we refer to the most important articles to highlight recent advances, especially those important for stroke prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: This review focuses on the most recent studies that show the association of environmental factors, nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, education, lifestyle and behavior with the risk of vascular disease, including ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage. The link between air pollution and stroke risk has become evident. Low education levels and depression are established as risk factors. This is also true for heavy alcohol consumption, although moderate drinking may be protective. Active and passive smoking are independent risk factors, and a smoking ban in public places has already reduced cardiovascular events in the short term. Physical activity reduces stroke risk; overweight increases it. However, clinical trials to assess the effect of weight reduction on stroke risk are still lacking. Fruits, vegetables, fish, fibers, low-fat dairy products, potassium and low sodium consumption are known and recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk. Data on omega 3 fatty acid, folic acid and B vitamins are inconsistent, and antioxidants are not recommended. SUMMARY: Stroke can be substantially reduced by an active lifestyle, cessation of smoking and a healthy diet. Both public and professional education should promote the awareness that a healthy lifestyle and nutrition have the potential to reduce the burden of stroke.