Simulation of lime calcination in normal shaft an parallel flow regenerative kilns

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2012

Tracer studies in the coffee plant (Coffea arabica L.)

Due to the great importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy, a good deal of the work carried out in the "Laboratório de Isótopos", E. E. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, was dedicated to the study of some problems involving that plant. The first one was designed to verify a few aspects of the control of zinc deficiency which is common in many types of soils in Brazil. An experiment conducted in nutrient solution showed that the leaf absorption of the radiozinc was eight times as high as the root uptake; the lower surface of the leaves is particularly suited for this kind of absorption. Among the heavy metal micronutrients, only iron did not affect the absorption of the radiozinc; manganese, copper, and molybdenum brought about a decrease of fifty per cent in total uptake. In another pot experiment in which two soils typical of the coffee growing regions were used, namely, a sandy soil called "arenito de Bauru" and a heavy one, "terra roxa", only O.l and 0.2 per cent of the activity supplied to the roots was recovered", respectively. This indicates that under field conditions the farmer should not attempt to correct zinc deficiency by applying zinc salts to the soil: leaf sprays should be used wherever necessary. In order to find out the most suitable way to supply phosphatic fertilizers to the coffee plant, under normal farm conditions, an experiment with tagged superphosphate was carried out with the following methods of distribution of this material: (1) topdressed in a circular area around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a 15 cm deep furrow made around the plant; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow, as in the previous treatment; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. It was verified that in the first case, circa 10 per cent of the phosphorus in the leaves came from the superphosphate; for the other treatments, the results ware, respectively: 2.4, 1.7, and 38.0 per cent. It is interesting to mention that the first and the last methods of distribution were those less used by the farmers; now they are being introduced in many coffee plantations. In a previous trial it was demonstrated that urea sprays were an adequate way to correct nitrogen deficiency under field conditions. An experiment was then set up in which urea-C14 was used to study the metabolism of this fertilizer in coffee leaves. In was verified that in a 9 hours period circa 95 per cent of the urea supplied to the leaves had been absorbed. The distribution of the nitrogen of the urea was followed by standard chemical procedures. On the other hand the fate of the carbonic moiety was studied with the aid of the radiochromatographic technique. Thus, the incorporation of C14 in aminoacids, sugars and organic acids was ascertained. Data obtained in this work gave a definite support to the idea that in coffee leaves, as in a few other higher plants, a mechanism similar to the urea cycle of animals does exist.

Avaliação da capacidade de fixação de fósforo pelo solo

Phosphate "fixation" is the convertion of soluble into insoluble phosphate in the soil. There are many factors conditioning phosphate fixation by soil such as reactions originating less soluble compounds (phosphates of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, etc.), PO4-3 adsorption by the colloidal fraction of soils, PO4-3 absorption by the soil microflora, etc. Certain soils of the state of São Paulo (Brazil) are relatively rich in both iron and aluminum oxides. PO4-3 fixation, using P31 and P32 has been verified by researchers, specially with "Terra Roxa". The known methods for fixation evaluation are conventional as this depends on phosphate solution concentration, pH, time of contact between soil and solution, relation of sample weight to solution volume, shaking time, etc. In this experiment, the following conventional method was used: 4 g of soil were shaken for 15 minutes at 30-40 rpm, in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask in a Wagner shaking machine, together with 100 ml of 0,03 normal phosphate solution (being 0,01 normal as PO4-3 contributed by H8PO4 and 0,02 normal as PO4-3 from KH2PO4). After shaking it was set aside for 24 hours and then filtered. Phosphate was determined in a suitable aliquot of both the original solution (blank) and the soil extract, by the vanadomolibidic-phosphoric acid method. From phosphate concentration in the blank minus phosphate concentration in the soil stract the rate of fixation by 100 g of soil was calculated. The data obtained show that "Terra Roxa" and "Terra Roxa Misturada" have a fairly high PO4-3 fixation capacity, varying from 10 to 24 milliequivalents of PO4-3 per 100 g of soil.

Mathematical model to analyze the heat transfer in tunnel kilns for burning of ceramics

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2013

Modeling the inelastic behavior of heat exchangers accounting for fluid-structure interactions

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2013

Extração de diversos íons do solo com solução normal de KCl

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo extrair e determinar diversos íons, como o alumínio, hidrogênio, cálcio e magnésio que se acham ligados aos colóides do solo por eletrovalência, em alguns solos do Município de Piracicaba. Além disso, constitui também finalidade dêste trabalho relacionar as diversas características dos solos estudados a fim de esclarecer vários aspectos considerados importantes na química do solo. Trinta e seis amostras de solos, correspondentes aos horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais de dez séries do citado Município, foram submetidas à extração com solução 1 N de KCl e no extrato foram determinados os cátions já mencionados, além de determinar o pH em suspensão da solução 1 N em KCl. Nas mesmas amostras foram determinados: pH em suspensão aquosa, carbono total, cálcio, magnésio e potássio extraídos com solução 0,05 N de HNO3 e hidrogênio extraído com solução 1 N de acetato de cálcio com pH = 7,0. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que a carga negativa permanente dos colóides dos solos estudados é muito baixa e que uma fração elevada da mesma é neutralizada pelo alumínio, em muitas das amostras analisadas. Verificou-se, também, que o teor de alumínio trocável correlaciona-se tanto com o pH determinado em suspensão aquosa, como com o determinado em suspensão de solução 1 N de CKl e com o hidrogênio, extraído com solução de acetato de cálcio 1 N com pH = 7,0. A porcentagem de saturação de bases, calculada em função da carga permanente e a calculada em função da extração das bases com solução de HNO3 0,05 N e da extração do hidrogênio com solução de acetato de cálcio 1N, pH = 7,0, correlacionam-se com o pH do solo. Finalmente, constatou-se que o teor de cálcio mais magnésio extraído com solução 1 N de KCl é equivalente ao extraído com solução 0,05 N de HNO3, indicando que, provàvelmente, os solos estudados não apresentam minerais silicatados ou carbonatados dos mencionados cátions.

Analysis study of the axial transport and heat transfer of a flighted rotary drum operated at optimum loading

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2015

Development of a new method for the characterisation of bioreactors concerning heat and mass transfer

Since the specific heat transfer coefficient (UA) and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) play an important role for the design of biotechnological processes, different techniques were developed in the past for the determination of these parameters. However, these approaches often use imprecise dynamic methods for the description of stationary processes and are limited towards scale and geometry of the bioreactor. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to develop a new method, which overcomes these restrictions. This new approach is based on a permanent production of heat and oxygen by the constant decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in continuous mode. Since the degradation of H2O2 at standard conditions only takes place by the support of a catalyst, different candidates were investigated for their potential (regarding safety issues and reaction kinetic). Manganese-(IV)-oxide was found to be suitable. To compensate the inactivation of MnO2, a continuous process with repeated feeds of fresh MnO2 was established. Subsequently, a scale-up was successfully carried out from 100 mL to a 5 litre glass bioreactor (UniVessel®)To show the applicability of this new method for the characterisation of bioreactors, it was compared with common approaches. With the newly established technique as well as with a conventional procedure, which is based on an electrical heat source, specific heat transfer coefficients were measured in the range of 17.1 – 24.8 W/K for power inputs of about 50 – 70 W/L. However, a first proof of concept regarding the mass transfer showed no constant kLa for different dilution rates up to 0.04 h-1.Based on this, consecutive studies concerning the mass transfer should be made with higher volume flows, due to more even inflow rates. In addition, further experiments are advisable, to analyse the heat transfer in single-use bioreactors and in larger common systems.

Aplicação de reguladores de crescimento em figos produzidos fora da época normal

Fez-se a aplicação de giberelinas (50 e 100 ppm) e de clorofenoxipropionamida (250, 500 e 1000 ppm) sobre figos em vários estádios de desenvolvimento, de plantas podadas em dezembro, visando-se à produção de figos fora da época normal. Os resultados demostraram que as giberelinas a 50 ppm provocaram alongamento no comprimento dos figos. O tratamento com clorofenoxipropionamida (Fruitone CPA) a 1000 ppm resultou em frutos mais pesados, porém, estes valores não diferiram estatisticamente daqueles do tratamento controle. O peso médio dos figos foi de 50,0 gramas, para as primeiras oito semanas de colheita, período considerado no experimento.

Contribuição para a determinação do nível normal de componentes do sangue bovino canchim

Conduziu-se um experimento na Fazenda Canchim, em São Carlos, SP, para se verificar se determinados componentes do sangue de bovinos jovens refletiriam diferentes estados nutricionais. 0 delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados. Empregaram - se 36 bovinos canchim desmamados, inteiros, em regime de pasto exclusivo (T1), ou confinados, recebendo feno de soja e rolão de milho (T2), torta de algodão e cana-de-açúcar (T3), ou ração completa (T4), de março a setembro de 1973, e em seguida somente pasto, até março de 1974. No período de confinamento, as pesagens e coletas de sangue foram a cada 2 semanas, passando para 4no período seguinte. Embora os tratamentos houvessem proporcionado diferentes níveis de consumo, de ganho de peso e de conversão, não houve variação correspondente nos diversos componentes de sangue analisados, talvez porque os intervalos de coleta e de pesagens deveriam ter sido mais curtos, para que se relacionassem melhor, pois os primeiros dados corresponderam às médias diárias do intervalo entre pesagens, enquanto que as dosagens correspondiam a uma única determinação do dia da coleta. A utilização de "kits" para análise do sangue comprovou-se plenamente satisfatória, mais simples e rápida em relação ao sistema convencional. Foram assumidos como normais os níveis médios para os seguintes parâmetros do sangue: uréia, 11,1 a 16,1 mg;proteínas totais, 5,92 a 6,32 g; fósforo, 6,24 a 7,11 mg; Ca, 11,01 a 12,66 mg; e hemoglobina, 10,14 a 10,55 g por decilitro.

Lipoides do plasma normal

1. In a series of 21 normal cases we found for fatty acids per 100 cc. of plasma an average of 332 mgm., being 314 mgm. for the male sex and 350 mgm. for the female sex. 2.- For lecithin, in four normal cases we found per 100 cc. of plasma 182 mgm. estimated by the contents is phosphorus which ranged from 6.12 to 9.0 mgrs. 3.- Cholesterol in 20 normal cases showed 172 mgm. per 100 cc. of plasma. The averages were 151 mgm. for men and 194 mgm. for women. 4.- The readings of the fractions were 2.01 for the ratio fatty acids divided by lecithins 0.90 for lecithin divided by cholesterol and 1.93 for fatty acids divided by cholesterol. 5.- On comparing the results obtained by us with those reported in foreign literature an absolute conformity is noted chiefly with the values supplied by Bloor and Horiuchi for the ratios among the various lipoid fractions. The average for Cholesterol is comparable with that obtained by Myers but is slightly under that of Bloor's. The lecithin contents found by us did not reach such high values as those supplied by foreign authors.

The human genetic mutant cell repository : list of genetic variants, chromosomal aberrations and normal cell cultures submitted to the repository / Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey.

4th ed.

Aspectos parasitários observados no local inoculado com esporozoitos de Plasmodium Gallinaceum

The following is a summary of the studies made on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites inoculated into normal chicks. Initially large numbers of laboratory reared Aëdes aegypti were fed on pullets heavily infected with gametocytes. Following the infectious meal the mosquitoes were kept on a diet of sugar and water syrup until the appearance of the sporozoites in the salivary glands. Normal chicks kept in hematophagous arthropod proof cages were then inoculated either by bite of the infected mosquitoes or by subcutaneous inoculations of salivary gland suspensions. By the first method ten mosquitoes fed to engorgement on each normal chick and were then sacrificed immediately afterwards to determine the sporozoite count. By the second method five pairs of salivary glands were dissected out at room temperature, triturated in physiological saline and inoculated subcutaneously. The epidermis and dermis at the site of inoculation were excised from six hours after inoculation to forty eight hours after appearance of the parasites in the blood stream and stretched out on filter paper with the epithelial surface downward. The dermis was then curretted. Slides were made of the scrapings consisting of connective tissue and epithelial cells of the basal layers which were fixed by metyl alcohol and stained with Giemsa for examination under the oil immersion lens. Skin fragments removed from normal chicks and from regions other than the site of inoculation in the infected chicks were used as controls. In these, only the normal histological aspect was ever encountered. In the biopsy made at the earliest period following inoculation clearly defined elongated forms with eight or more chromatin granules arranged in rosary formation were found. The author believes these to be products of the sporozoite evolution. Search for transition stages between these forms and sporozoites is planned in biopsies to be taken immediately following inoculation and at given intervals up to the six hour period. 1.) 6 and 12 hour periods. The bodies referred to above found in the first period in great abundance, apparently in proportion to the large numbers of sporozoites inoculated, were perceptibly reduced in numbers in the second period. 2.) 18 hour period. Only one biopsy was examined. This presented a binuclear body shown in Fig. 1, having a more or less hyaline protoplasm staining an intense blue and a narrow vacuole delimiting the cell boundaries. The two chromatin grains were quite large presenting a clearly defined nuclear texture. 3.) 24 hour period. A similar body to that above (Fig. 2) was seen in the only preparation examined. 4.) 60 hour period. The exoerythrocytic schizonts were found more frequently from this period onward. Several such were found no longer to contain the previously described vacuoles (Fig. 3). 5.) 84 hour period. Cells bearing eight or more schizonts were frequently encountered here. That these are apparently not bodies in process of division may be seen in Fig. 4. From this time onward small violet granules similar to volutine grains appeared constantly in the schizont nucleus and protoplasm. These are definitely not hemozoin. The above observations fell within the incubation period as repeated examinations of the peripheral and visceral blood were negative. Exoery-throcytic parasites also were never encountered in the viscera at this time. Exoerythrocytic schizonts searched for at site of inoculation 1, 24 and 48 hours after the incubation period were present in large number at all three times with apparent tendency to diminish as the number within the blood stream increased. Many of them presented the violet granules mentioned above. The appearance of the chromatin and the intensity of staining of the protoplasm varied from body to body which doubtless corresponds to the evolutionary stage of each. This diversity of aspect may frequently be seen in the parasites of the same host cell (Fig. 5.). These findings lend substance to the theory that the exoerythrocytic forms are the link between the sporozoites and the pigmented parasites of the red blood corpuscles. The explanation of their continued presence in the organism after infection of the blood stream takes place and their presence in cases infected by the inoculation blood does not come within the scope of this work. Large scale observations shortly to be undertaken will be reported in more detail particularly observations on the first evolutionary phases of the sporozoite within the organism of the vertebrate host.

Imunidade e permeabilidade celular

After going through the more important theories on cellular permeability, researches were undertaken with the purpose of proving the actual influence of the various degrees of cellular permeability on the phenomena of organic resistance against infections, and on the production of antibodies. Three groups of substances known to have action on cellular permeability were used; the first consisting of the following permeable substances: testos-terona, acetylcholine, and the spreading-factor of the staphyloccocus. The second group included substances which help in developing low cellular permeability: atropin, adrenalin and calcium. Finally, the third group consisted of a substance which helps to maintain normal permeability: cortin (an extract of the suprarenal cortex). In order to study the process developed by these elements with regard to organic resistance against infections, adult mice were inoculated with the following germs: K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. enteriditis and D. pneumoniae, in the smallest possible amount capable of starting a mortal sep infection in approximately 24 hours, exception made of D. pneumonias which causes death in 48 hours. The animals were divided into groups of 10, a before taking the injections containing the germs, they were given the sub lances under observation, through their peritoneum of intramuscularly. T. animals that died were autopsied and blood was taken from their hearts an aseptic process so as not to introduce extraneous organisms. For the purpose of determining the development of antibodies (hem lysins, precipitins and aglutinins), rabbits were used, which had been prep ously immunized by a treatment consisting of 6 intravenous injections of polyvolent antigen made of sheep blood cells, fresh human serum, and of suspension of S. enteriditis. It was concluded that: Cellular permeability plays a very important part in the development infections. Permeable substances help the development of germ infections. Substances helping to develop low permeability proved not to have any influence worth mentioning. Substances helping to maintain normal permeability, such as coffin, it crease resistance against infections. The different substances used which have action on cellular permeability had no influence worth mentioning on the development of certain ant bodies (hemolysins, precipitins and aglutinins). It was admitted that the phenomena under study relative to resistance against infections are closely connected to the dynamics of the cellular elements, which circumstance is basically dependent on the permeability of Citations of cells.