Estimating biophysical variable dependences with kernels

This paper introduces a nonlinear measure of dependence between random variables in the context of remote sensing data analysis. The Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) is a kernel method for evaluating statistical dependence. HSIC is based on computing the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the cross-covariance operator of mapped samples in the corresponding Hilbert spaces. The HSIC empirical estimator is very easy to compute and has good theoretical and practical properties. We exploit the capabilities of HSIC to explain nonlinear dependences in two remote sensing problems: temperature estimation and chlorophyll concentration prediction from spectra. Results show that, when the relationship between random variables is nonlinear or when few data are available, the HSIC criterion outperforms other standard methods, such as the linear correlation or mutual information.

Backflow-induced asymmetric collapse of disclination lines in liquid crystals

We present experiments where opposed pairs of planar parallel disclination lines of topological strength s=±1 move due to their mutual attraction. Our measurements show that their motion is clearly asymmetric, with +1 defects moving up to twice as fast as -1 ones. This is a clear indication of backflow, given the intrinsic isotropic elasticity of our system. A phenomenological model is able to account for the experimental observations by renormalizing the orientational diffusivity estimated from the velocity of each defect.

Consommation de cannabis : quels sont les risques ?

Abstract - Cannabis: what are the risks ? Cannabinoids from cannabis have a dual use and display often opposite pharmacological properties depending on the circumstances of use and the administered dose. Cannabinoids constitute mainly a recreative or addictive substance, but also a therapeutic drug. They can be either neurotoxic or neuroprotector, carcinogenic or an anti-cancer drug, hyperemetic or antiemetic, pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory... Improvement in in-door cultivation techniques and selection of high yield strains have resulted in a steadily increase of THC content. Cannabis is the most frequently prohibited drug used in Switzerland and Western countries. About half of teenagers have already experimented cannabis consumption. About 10% of cannabis users smoke it daily and can be considered as cannabis-dependant. About one third of these cannabis smokers are chronically intoxicated. THC, the main psychoactive drug interacts with the endocannnabinoid system which is made of cellular receptors, endogenous ligands and a complex intra-cellular biosynthetic, degradation and intra-cellular messengers machinery. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the fine tuning of the nervous system. It is thought to be important in memory, motor learning, and synaptic plasticity. At psychoactive dose, THC impairs psychomotor and neurocognitive performances. Learning and memory abilities are diminished. The risk to be responsible of a traffic car accident is slightly increased after administration of cannabis alone and strongly increased after combined use of alcohol and cannabis. With the exception of young children, cannabis intake does not lead to potentially fatal intoxication. However, cannabis exposure can act as trigger for cardiovascular accidents in rare vulnerable people. Young or vulnerable people are more at risk to develop a psychosis at adulthood and/or to become cannabis-dependant. Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk to develop a schizophrenia at adulthood is increased for cannabis smokers, especially for those who are early consumers. Likewise for the risk of depression and suicide attempt. Respiratory disease can be worsen after cannabis smoking. Pregnant and breast-feeding mothers should not take cannabis because THC gets into placenta and concentrates in breast milk. The most sensitive time-period to adverse side-effects of cannabis starts from foetus and extends to adolescence. The reason could be that the endocannabinoid system, the main target of THC, plays a major role in the setup of neuronal networks in the immature brain. The concomitant use of other psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or cocaine should be avoided because of possible mutual interactions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that a cross-sensitisation exists between most addictive drugs at the level of the brain reward system. Chronic use of cannabis leads to tolerance and withdrawals symptoms in case of cannabis intake interruption. Apart from the aforementioned unwanted side effects, cannabis displays useful and original medicinal properties which are currently under scientific evaluation. At the moment the benefit/risk ratio is not yet well assessed. Several minor phytocannabinoids or synthetic cannabinoids devoid of psychoactive properties could find their way in the modern pharmacopoeia (e.g. ajulemic acid). For therapeutic purposes, special cannabis varieties with unique cannabinoids composition (e.g. a high cannabidiol content) are preferred over those which are currently used for recreative smoking. The administration mode also differs in such a way that inhalation of carcinogenic pyrolytic compounds resulting from cannabis smoking is avoided. This can be achieved by inhaling cannabis vapors at low temperature with a vaporizer device. Résumé Les cannabinoïdes contenus dans la plante de cannabis ont un double usage et possèdent des propriétés opposées suivant les circonstances et les doses employées. Les cannabinoïdes, essentiellement drogue récréative ou d'abus pourraient, pour certains d'entre eux, devenir des médicaments. Selon les conditions d'utilisation, ils peuvent être neurotoxiques ou neuroprotecteurs, carcinogènes ou anticancéreux, hyper-émétiques ou antiémétiques, pro-inflammatoires ou anti-inflammatoires... Les techniques de culture sous serre indoor ainsi que la sélection de variétés de cannabis à fort potentiel de production ont conduit à un accroissement notable des taux de THC. Le cannabis est la drogue illégale la plus fréquemment consommée en Suisse et ailleurs dans le monde occidental. Environ la moitié des jeunes ont déjà expérimenté le cannabis. Environ 10 % des consommateurs le fument quotidiennement et en sont devenus dépendants. Un tiers de ces usagers peut être considéré comme chroniquement intoxiqué. Le THC, la principale substance psychoactive du cannabis, interagit avec le "système endocannabinoïde". Ce système est composé de récepteurs cellulaires, de ligands endogènes et d'un dispositif complexe de synthèse, de dégradation, de régulation et de messagers intra-cellulaires. Le système endocannabinoïde joue un rôle clé dans le réglage fin du système nerveux. Les endocannabinoïdes régulent la mémorisation, l'apprentissage moteur et la plasticité des liaisons nerveuses. À dose psychoactive, le THC réduit les performances psychomotrices et neurocognitives. Les facultés d'apprentissage et de mémorisation sont diminuées. Le risque d'être responsable d'un accident de circulation est augmenté après prise de cannabis, et ceci d'autant plus que de l'alcool aura été consommé parallèlement. À l'exception des jeunes enfants, la consommation de cannabis n'entraîne pas de risque potentiel d'intoxication mortelle. Toutefois, le cannabis pourrait agir comme facteur déclenchant d'accident cardiovasculaire chez de rares individus prédisposés. Les individus jeunes, et/ou vulnérables ont un risque significativement plus élevé de développer une psychose à l'âge adulte ou de devenir dépendant au cannabis. Des études épidémiologiques ont montré que le risque de développer une schizophrénie à l'âge adulte était augmenté pour les consommateurs de cannabis et ceci d'autant plus que l'âge de début de consommation était précoce. Il en va de même pour le risque de dépression. Les troubles respiratoires pourraient être exacerbés par la prise de cannabis. Les femmes enceintes et celles qui allaitent ne devraient pas consommer de cannabis car le THC traverse la barrière hémato-placentaire, en outre, il se concentre dans le lait maternel. La période de la vie la plus sensible aux effets néfastes du cannabis correspond à celle allant du foetus à l'adolescent. Le système endocannabinoïde sur lequel agit le THC serait en effet un acteur majeur orchestrant le développement des réseaux neuronaux dans le cerveau immature. La prise concomitante d'autres psychotropes comme l'alcool, les benzodiazépines ou la cocaïne conduit à des renforcements mutuels de leurs effets délétères. De plus, il a été montré l'existence d'une sensibilité croisée pour la majorité des psychotropes qui agissent sur le système de la récompense, le cannabis y compris, ce qui augmente ainsi le risque de pharmacodépendance. La prise régulière de doses élevées de cannabis entraîne l'apparition d'une tolérance et de symptômes de sevrage discrets à l'arrêt de la consommation. À part les effets négatifs mentionnés auparavant, le cannabis possède des propriétés médicales originales qui sont l'objet d'études attentives. Plusieurs cannabinoïdes mineurs naturels ou synthétiques, comme l'acide ajulémique, pourraient trouver un jour une place dans la pharmacopée. En usage thérapeutique, des variétés particulières de cannabis sont préférées, par exemple celles riches en cannabidiol non psychoactif. Le mode d'administration diffère de celui utilisé en mode récréatif. Par exemple, la vaporisation des cannabinoïdes à basse température est préférée à l'inhalation du "joint".

Psychometrics of the Dyadic Coping Inventory in three language groups

This article introduces the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI; Bodenmann, 2008) and aims (1) to investigate the reliability and aspects of the validity of the Italian and French versions of the DCI, and (2) to replicate its factor structure and reliabilities using a new Swiss German sample. Based on 216 German-, 378 Italian-, and 198 French-speaking participants, the factor structure of the original German inventory was able to be replicated by using principal components analysis in all three groups after excluding two items in the Italian and French versions. The latter were shown to be as reliable as the German version with the exception of the low reliabilities of negative dyadic coping in the French group. Confirmatory factor analyses provided additional support for delegated dyadic coping and evaluation of dyadic coping. Intercorrelations among scales were similar across all three languages groups with a few exceptions. Previous findings could be replicated in all three groups, showing that aspects of dyadic coping were more strongly related to marital quality than to dyadic communication. The use of the dyadic coping scales in the actor-partner interdependence model, the common fate model, and the mutual influence model is discussed.

Thrombin-sensitive dual fluorescence imaging and therapeutic agent for detection and treatment of synovial inflammation in murine rheumatoid arthritis.

We have developed a thrombin-sensitive polymeric photosensitizer prodrug (T-PS) to selectively image and eradicate inflammatory lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thrombin is a serine protease up-regulated in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. T-PS consists of a polymeric backbone, to which multiple photosensitizer (PS) units are tethered via short thrombin-cleavable peptide linkers. Fluorescence emission and phototoxicity of the prodrug are efficiently quenched due to the interaction of neighboring photosensitizer units. The prodrug is passively delivered to the inflammation site via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Subsequent site-selective proteolytic cleavage of the peptide linkers restores its photoactivity by increasing the mutual distance between PS. Whole animal imaging in murine collagen-induced arthritis, an experimental model of RA revealed a dose-dependent fluorescence increase in arthritic paws after systemic prodrug injection. In addition, administration of T-PS resulted in much higher fluorescence selectivity for arthritic joints as compared to the free PS. Irradiation of the arthritic joints induced light dose dependent phototoxic effects such as apoptosis, vascular damage and local hemorrhage. Long-term observations showed complete regression of the latter. Irradiated non-arthritic tissues or non-irradiated arthritic tissues showed no histological effects after photodynamic therapy with T-PS. This illustrates that T-PS can localize inflammatory lesions with excellent selectivity and induce apoptosis and vascular shut down after irradiation.

Mental Causation : Investigating the mind's powers in a natural world

4.6 Summary and Conclusion In this chapter, we have first tried to make precise the distinctions between the concepts of parthood and coincidence and the concepts of causation and causal influence. These distinc-tions had never been made entirely explicit in the debate on mental causation before, despite the fact that they constantly figure in its background. Section 4.2 then demonstrated that the at-tained definitions are both compatible with all the solutions elaborated in chapters 2 and 3 and that they are even of great help in clarifying both what precisely the mentioned accounts are claiming respectively and what their mutual connections are. In sections 4.3. and 4.4, we have then tried to explore two possible solutions to the problem of mental causation that, at least in these particular versions, have not been explicitly defended in the literature. These solutions we dubbed "overdeteiminationism lite" and "plural determinism". We found the accounts both to bear impressive explanatory capabilities and to be vulnerable to far fewer problems than is commonly supposed. We also found out that they have many corresponding aspects and that their theoretical costs stand in a relation of a relative mutual balance. Our final discussion in section 4.5 revealed, however, that overdetenninationism lite should probably be considered the more successful theory. The fact that it needs to endorse the existence of two kinds of causation, although not unproblematic itself, did not appear as a commitment as strong as that of an ontological hierarchy that extends over all time, which at least the broad version of plural determinism was forced to make.

Calling and career preparation: Investigating developmental patterns and temporal precedence

The presence of a calling and career development are assumed to be closely related. However, the nature of and reason for this relationship have not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized the existence of reciprocal effects between calling and three dimensions of career preparation and assessed the change of the presence of a calling, career planning, decidedness, and self-efficacy with three waves of a diverse sample of German university students (N = 846) over one year. Latent growth analyses revealed that the intercepts of calling showed a significant positive correlation with the intercepts of all career preparation measures. The slope of calling was positively related to those of decidedness and self-efficacy but not to planning. Cross-lagged analyses showed that calling predicted a subsequent increase in planning and self-efficacy. Planning and decidedness predicted an increase in the presence of a calling. The results suggest that calling and career preparation are related due to mutual effects but that effects differ for different career preparation dimensions.

Parasites and sociality in ants

SUMMARY : Parasites and sociality in ants This thesis investigates the complex relationships between sociality, defences against parasites and the regulation of social structures. We studied how fungal parasites influenced colony organization, collective defences and social immunity in the ant Formica selysi. We first describe the diversity and prevalence of fungal pathogens associated with ant nests. The richness of fungal parasites community may increase the risk of multiple infections and select for a diversification of anti-parasitic defences in ants. Collective defences are powerful means to combat parasites, but can also increase the risk of disease transmission. Here, we showed that allo-grooming (mutual cleaning) was directed towards every returning individuals, be they contaminated or not. This collective behaviour removed conidia more efficiently than self-grooming but did not improve the survival of contaminated individuals. This suggests that allo-grooming may rather protect the group than cure contaminated individuals. It may also permit "social vaccination" if a contact with contaminated ants protects groomers frorn a second fungal exposure. Social transfer of immunity is an emerging theme in insect immunology. Here, we showed that ants in contact with an ant from a different genetic lineage had a higher disease resistance. We also found that naïve ants had a higher resistance after a contact with an immunized ant. This suggests that a transfer of resistance is possible and that "social vaccination" may improve the resistance of the group. However, it remains unclear whether repeated exposure to parasites may also increase the resistance of infected individuals themselves. lmmune memory in invertebrates is still debated. We tested whether immune priming against fungal parasite arose in ants and whether it was strain-specific. We found no evidence of immune priming. Naïve and immunized ants had a similar survival when infected. Together with our previous results, this suggests that ants have evolved efficient collective anti-fungal defences but that these defences aim at protecting the group rather than the contaminated individuals. ln colonies of our study population, there is a strong variation in the number of breeders. This is associated with important changes in life-history traits like demography or queen and worker body size. In the second part of the thesis, we investigated how social structures evolved and were maintained. We showed that queens from monogyne and polygyne colonies were able to found new colonies both alone or in association. We also found that there was no difference between monogyne and polygyne colonies in the acceptance of additional queens. These results suggest that a high plasticity has been maintained in this population, which may permit to adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. RESUME : Parasites et socialité chez les fourmis Durant cette thèse, nous avons étudié comment la socialité apporte de nouvelles réponses a des problèmes complexes telle que la défense contre les parasites ou l'organisation de la vie en groupe. Nous avons choisi comme modèle la fourmi Formica selysi et ses champignons pathogènes. Nous avons d'abord montré que la diversité et la prévalence de champignons pathogènes associés aux nids de fourmis étaient très élevées. Cela a pu pousser les fourmis à diversifier le champ de leur défenses anti-parasitaires afin d'éviter les infections multiples, La socialité a en particulier permis l'évolution de défenses collectives qui pourraient être plus efficaces que les défenses individuelles. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés de plus près aux défenses collectives et avons étudié quels en étaient les coûts et les bénéfices pour le groupe et pour ses membres. Nous avons trouvé que les fourmis nettoyaient tous les individus entrant dans la colonie, qu'ils soient contaminés ou non. Cela permettait d'ôter plus de spores que le nettoyage individuel et n'augmentait pas la transmission de maladie. Cependant, le nettoyage mutuel n'augmentait pas non plus la survie des individus contaminés. ll se pourrait donc que ce comportement serve plutôt a éviter une dissémination de la maladie qu'à soigner les individus contaminés. Le nettoyage mutuel pourrait aussi permettre aux individus sains d'avoir un premier contact non-létal avec un parasite et d'être vaccinés contre une future exposition. Cette hypothèse a été soutenue par une expérience dans laquelle nous avons montré que le contact avec une fourmi immunisée permettait d'augmenter la résistance d'individus naïfs. Les fourmis avaient aussi une meilleure résistance lorsqu'elles étaient en contact avec une fourmi provenant d'une autre lignée génétique. Cette "vaccination sociale" pourrait permettre d'une part d'augmenter le nombre d'espèce de parasites contre lesquelles le groupe serait protégé et d'autre part de faire l'économie d'autres défenses individuelles telles que la réponse immunitaire. Nous avons testé si les fourmis étaient elles-mêmes "vaccinées", c'est-à-dire, si elles exprimaient une mémoire immunitaire après un premier contact avec un champignon parasite. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune différence de survie entre les individus naïfs et immunisés ce qui suggère les fourmis favorisent d'autres défenses que la mémoire immunitaire contre les champignons entomopathogènes. Cela suggère également que les comportements coopératifs anti-parasitaires pourraient compléter, voire remplacer les défenses individuelles. La socialité telle qu'elle est pratiquée par les fourmis pose un autre problème de poids qui est celui de savoir combien d'individus se reproduisent. En effet, si les ouvrières sont stériles, le nombre de reines assurant la reproduction peut varier considérablement. Dans la population de E sebrsi étudiée, les colonies monogynes (une reine) co-existent avec des colonies polygynes (plusieurs reines) dans le même habitat. Nous nous sommes demandés si ces structures sociales étaient fixes ou si un changement de l'une à l'autre était possible. Pour cela nous avons comparé la fondation de nouvelles colonies par les jeunes reines issues de colonies monogynes et polygynes. Nous avons également observé si l'acceptation de nouvelles reines était possible dans les deux types de colonies. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune différence entre les deux types de colonies. Cela suggère qu'un changement est possible et que l'évolution des structures sociales est un processus dynamique. Cela pourrait être dû à l'habitat particulièrement changeant dans lequel se trouve notre population qui exigerait d'être capable de s'adapter très rapidement a de nouvelles conditions.

Decision-making with distance measures and inducedaggregation operators

[spa] Se presenta un nuevo modelo para la toma de decisiones basado en el uso de medidas de distancia y de operadores de agregación inducidos. Se introduce la distancia media ponderada ordenada inducida (IOWAD). Es un nuevo operador de agregación que extiende el operador OWA a través del uso de distancias y un proceso de reordenación de los argumentos basado en variables de ordenación inducidas. La principal ventaja el operador IOWAD es la posibilidad de utilizar una familia parametrizada de operadores de agregación entre la distancia individual máxima y la mínima. Se estudian algunas de sus principales propiedades y algunos casos particulares. Se desarrolla un ejemplo numérico en un problema de toma de decisiones sobre selección de inversiones. Se observa que la principal ventaja de este modelo en la toma de decisiones es la posibilidad de mostrar una visión más completa del proceso, de forma que el decisor está capacitado para seleccionar la alternativa que está más cerca de sus intereses.

Decision-making with distance measures and inducedaggregation operators

[spa] Se presenta un nuevo modelo para la toma de decisiones basado en el uso de medidas de distancia y de operadores de agregación inducidos. Se introduce la distancia media ponderada ordenada inducida (IOWAD). Es un nuevo operador de agregación que extiende el operador OWA a través del uso de distancias y un proceso de reordenación de los argumentos basado en variables de ordenación inducidas. La principal ventaja el operador IOWAD es la posibilidad de utilizar una familia parametrizada de operadores de agregación entre la distancia individual máxima y la mínima. Se estudian algunas de sus principales propiedades y algunos casos particulares. Se desarrolla un ejemplo numérico en un problema de toma de decisiones sobre selección de inversiones. Se observa que la principal ventaja de este modelo en la toma de decisiones es la posibilidad de mostrar una visión más completa del proceso, de forma que el decisor está capacitado para seleccionar la alternativa que está más cerca de sus intereses.

La lectura compartida: una eina per l'aprenentatge de la lecto-escriptura en equips cooperatius

L’estudi de cas que es presenta l’hem realitzat a Cicle inicial (CI) de l’escola els Castanyers de Viladrau. Hem portat a terme un projecte per tal d’estudiar la lectura compartida tot utilitzant equips cooperatius (Pujolàs, 2008). Els objectius d’aquest treball són: en primer lloc, ensenyar els alumnes a aprendre de manera cooperativa, és a dir, saber treballar conjuntament, tenir respecte mutu, escoltar als companys, proporcionar ajudes a la resta de l’equip i respectar els punts de vista dels altres, i, en segon lloc, millorar la comprensió dels texts; millorar la lectura i l’escriptura, saber realitzar les tasques i rols, saber seleccionar informació, aprendre a realitzar preguntes. Per portar-lo a terme vam realitzar set sessions en les qual la lectura compartida i els equips cooperatius eren les bases de totes elles. El conjunts de les activitats ens ha permès evidenciar una cohesió del grup-classe més elevada que abans de realitzar-les, així com una lleugera millora en els aspectes relacionats amb la comprensió lectora.

The number of planar central configurations for the 4-body problem is finite when 3 mass positions are fixed

In the n{body problem a central con guration is formed when the position vector of each particle with respect to the center of mass is a common scalar multiple of its acceleration vector. Lindstrom showed for n = 3 and for n > 4 that if n ? 1 masses are located at xed points in the plane, then there are only a nite number of ways to position the remaining nth mass in such a way that they de ne a central con guration. Lindstrom leaves open the case n = 4. In this paper we prove the case n = 4 using as variables the mutual distances between the particles.

Parametric Approach to Blind Deconvolution of Nonlinear Channels

A parametric procedure for the blind inversion of nonlinear channels is proposed, based on a recent method of blind source separation in nonlinear mixtures. Experiments show that the proposed algorithms perform efficiently, even in the presence of hard distortion. The method, based on the minimization of the output mutual information, needs the knowledge of log-derivative of input distribution (the so-called score function). Each algorithm consists of three adaptive blocks: one devoted to adaptive estimation of the score function, and two other blocks estimating the inverses of the linear and nonlinear parts of the channel, (quasi-)optimally adapted using the estimated score functions. This paper is mainly concerned by the nonlinear part, for which we propose two parametric models, the first based on a polynomial model and the second on a neural network, while [14, 15] proposed non-parametric approaches.