Experiencing Youth Justice: Process, Meaning and Legitimacy

Reform of the youth justice system, including the wide incorporation of restorative justice approaches, was a central component of the Criminal Justice Review (2000). Following the devolution of policing and justice powers to the Assembly, the Youth Justice Review (2011) made a series of recommendations for further reforms. These included proposals for the introduction of a statutory time limit in youth cases to tackle avoidable delay. Strengthening legitimacy and advancing rights-based approaches are key themes underpinning the recommendations of Youth Justice Review (2011). Young people’s views of justice within the system are critical to our understanding of how such aims can be achieved. This presentation is based on findings from a longitudinal qualitative study exploring young people’s experiences of transitions into and from custody in the Juvenile Justice Centre. Using a life-history approach young people’s experiences of justice at various stages of the criminal justice process and in the wider context of their lives is explored. Key issues such as social contexts, legitimacy and perceptions of fairness are highlighted and the implications of this for system reform are critically examined.

Learning from the QUEST multicentre feasibility randomization trials in breast reconstruction after mastectomy

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction aims to improve health-related quality of life after mastectomy. However, evidence guiding patients and surgeons in shared decision-making concerning the optimal type or timing of surgery is lacking.

METHODS: QUEST comprised two parallel feasibility phase III randomized multicentre trials to assess the impact of the type and timing of latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction on health-related quality of life when postmastectomy radiotherapy is unlikely (QUEST A) or highly probable (QUEST B). The primary endpoint for the feasibility phase was the proportion of women who accepted randomization, and it would be considered feasible if patient acceptability rates exceeded 25 per cent of women approached. A companion QUEST Perspectives Study (QPS) of patients (both accepting and declining trial participation) and healthcare professionals assessed trial acceptability.

RESULTS: The QUEST trials opened in 15 UK centres. After 18 months of recruitment, 17 patients were randomized to QUEST A and eight to QUEST B, with overall acceptance rates of 19 per cent (17 of 88) and 22 per cent (8 of 36) respectively. The QPS recruited 56 patients and 51 healthcare professionals. Patient preference was the predominant reason for declining trial entry, given by 47 (53 per cent) of the 88 patients approached for QUEST A and 22 (61 per cent) of the 36 approached for QUEST B. Both trials closed to recruitment in December 2012, acknowledging the challenges of achieving satisfactory patient accrual.

CONCLUSION: Despite extensive efforts to overcome recruitment barriers, it was not feasible to reach timely recruitment targets within a feasibility study. Patient preferences for breast reconstruction types and timings were common, rendering patients unwilling to enter the trial.

Using Graph Components Derived from an Associative Concept Dictionary to Predict fMRI Neural Activation Patterns that Represent the Meaning of Nouns

In this study, we introduce an original distance definition for graphs, called the Markov-inverse-F measure (MiF). This measure enables the integration of classical graph theory indices with new knowledge pertaining to structural feature extraction from semantic networks. MiF improves the conventional Jaccard and/or Simpson indices, and reconciles both the geodesic information (random walk) and co-occurrence adjustment (degree balance and distribution). We measure the effectiveness of graph-based coefficients through the application of linguistic graph information for a neural activity recorded during conceptual processing in the human brain. Specifically, the MiF distance is computed between each of the nouns used in a previous neural experiment and each of the in-between words in a subgraph derived from the Edinburgh Word Association Thesaurus of English. From the MiF-based information matrix, a machine learning model can accurately obtain a scalar parameter that specifies the degree to which each voxel in (the MRI image of) the brain is activated by each word or each principal component of the intermediate semantic features. Furthermore, correlating the voxel information with the MiF-based principal components, a new computational neurolinguistics model with a network connectivity paradigm is created. This allows two dimensions of context space to be incorporated with both semantic and neural distributional representations.

Step by step: reconstruction of terrestrial animal movement paths by dead-reckoning

BACKGROUND: Research on wild animal ecology is increasingly employing GPS telemetry in order to determine animal movement. However, GPS systems record position intermittently, providing no information on latent position or track tortuosity. High frequency GPS have high power requirements, which necessitates large batteries (often effectively precluding their use on small animals) or reduced deployment duration. Dead-reckoning is an alternative approach which has the potential to 'fill in the gaps' between less resolute forms of telemetry without incurring the power costs. However, although this method has been used in aquatic environments, no explicit demonstration of terrestrial dead-reckoning has been presented.

RESULTS: We perform a simple validation experiment to assess the rate of error accumulation in terrestrial dead-reckoning. In addition, examples of successful implementation of dead-reckoning are given using data from the domestic dog Canus lupus, horse Equus ferus, cow Bos taurus and wild badger Meles meles.

CONCLUSIONS: This study documents how terrestrial dead-reckoning can be undertaken, describing derivation of heading from tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial magnetometer data, correction for hard and soft iron distortions on the magnetometer output, and presenting a novel correction procedure to marry dead-reckoned paths to ground-truthed positions. This study is the first explicit demonstration of terrestrial dead-reckoning, which provides a workable method of deriving the paths of animals on a step-by-step scale. The wider implications of this method for the understanding of animal movement ecology are discussed.

Competency-Based Theory For Achieving Innovation: The Case Of Post-Disaster Reconstruction

For those working in the humanitarian sector, achieving positive outcomes for postdisaster communities through reconstruction projects is a pressing concern. In the wake of recent natural disasters, NGOs have become increasingly involved in the permanent reconstruction of affected communities. They have encountered significant barriers as they implement reconstruction programmes and this paper argues that it is important to address the visible lack of innovation that is partially to blame. The theoretical bedrock of a current research project will be used as the starting point for this argument, the overall goal of which is to design a competency-based framework model that can be used by NGOs in post-disaster reconstruction projects. Drawing on established theories of management, a unique perspective has been developed from which a competency-based reconstruction theory emerges. This theoretical framework brings together 3 distinct fields; Disaster Management, Strategic Management and Project Management, each vital
to the success of the model. The objectives of this paper are a) to investigate the role of NGOs in post-disaster reconstruction and establish the current standard of practice b) to determine the extent to which NGOs have the opportunity to contribute to sustainable community development through reconstruction c) to outline the main factors of a theoretical framework first proposed by Von Meding et al. 2009 and d) to identify the innovative measures that can be taken by NGOs to achieve more positive outcomes in their interventions. It is important that NGOs involved in post-disaster reconstruction become familiar with concepts and strategies such as those contained in this paper. Competency-based organizational change on the basis of this theory has the potential to help define the standard of best practice to which future NGO projects might align themselves.

An analysis of International NGOs design decision making for housing reconstruction in developing country contexts

The purpose of this paper is to explore the current design decision making process of selected foreign international non governmental organisations (INGO’s) operating in the field of housing and post disaster housing design and delivery in developing countries. The study forms part of a wider on-going study relation to a decision making in relation to affordable and sustainable housing in developing
countries. The paper highlights the main challenges and opportunities in relation to the design and delivery of low cost sustainable housing in developing countries as identified in current literature on the subject. Interviews and case studies with INGO’s highlight any specific challenges faced by foreign INGO’s operating in a developing country. The preliminary results of this research study provide a concise insight into the design decision making process of leading foreign INGO’s operating in developing countries and will be beneficial to policy makers, NGOs, government bodies and community organisations in practice as it offers unique evidence based insights into international bodies housing design decision making process.

A Community Driven Approach to Reconstruction Management

Without human beings, and human activities, hazards can strike but disasters cannot occur, they are not just natural phenomena but a social event (Van Der Zon, 2005). The rapid demand for reconstruction after disastrous events can result in the impacts of projects not being carefully considered from the outset and the opportunity to improve long-term physical and social community structures being neglected. The events that struck Banda Aceh in 2004 have been described as
a story of ‘two tsunamis’, the first being the natural hazard that struck and the second being the destruction of social structures that occurred as a result of unplanned, unregulated and uncoordinated response (Syukrizal et al, 2009). Measures must be in place to ensure that, while aiming to meet reconstruction
needs as rapidly as possible, the risk of re-occurring disaster impacts are reduced through both the physical structures and the capacity of the community who inhabit them. The paper explores issues facing reconstruction in a post-disaster scenario, drawing on the connections between physical and social reconstruction in order to address long term recovery solutions. It draws on a study of relevant literature and a six week pilot study spent in Haiti exploring the progress of recovery in the Haitian capital and the limitations still restricting reconstruction efforts. The study highlights the need for recovery management strategies that recognise the link between social and physical reconstruction and the significance of community based initiatives that see local residents driving recovery in terms of debris handling and rebuilding. It demonstrates how a community driven approach to physical reconstruction could also address the social impacts of events that, in the case of places such as Haiti, are still dramatically restricting recovery efforts.

Beyond Typologies: Foregrounding Meaning and Motive in Domestic Violence Perpetration

Within the study of domestic violence typological approaches have gained prominence in part as a response to the wider feminist canon that presumes perpetrators are all simply motivated by male power. In this article we use a single case study to query the presumption inherent in the most commonly used typological approaches that offender motivations remain largely static overtime and can be read off easily from self-reports or official records. We conclude by pointing to the need, both for academics and practitioners, to engage interpretively with the specific meanings acts of violence hold for domestic violence perpetrators - informed as they can be by sexist values, perceptions of entitlement and a specific history of conflict, suspicion or grievance – that can change who they are and the way they behave in the aftermath of assaults and breakups, as the foreground of crime is reincorporated into a background narrative.

Desenvolvimento profissional e educação em línguas: potencialidades e constrangimentos em contexto escolar

Este trabalho, desenvolvido por uma professora em contexto académico, movida por uma vontade de intervenção em contexto escolar para melhoria da qualidade do desempenho profissional e das aprendizagens dos alunos, assenta: por um lado, num entendimento de desenvolvimento profissional (DP) enquanto processo contínuo que se articula com e inscreve na prática do quotidiano docente; e, por outro lado, num entendimento da educação em línguas como um processo que valoriza a diversidade e enfatiza o plurilinguismo como valor e competência, enriquecendo os repertórios linguístico-comunicativos dos sujeitos, de modo a facilitar a abertura ao Outro, num processo de construção e recriação de significado sobre o mundo e sobre si na relação com esse Outro. Pretendeu-se, neste estudo, compreender o processo de desenvolvimento profissional de professores de línguas, tentando identificar potencialidades e constrangimentos que se colocam a esse desenvolvimento profissional em contexto. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um projecto de formação para a educação plurilingue numa escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico com um grupo de cinco professoras ao longo de dois anos. A formação, promovida através de um Centro de Formação de Escolas e acreditada pelo Conselho- Científico da Formação Contínua desenvolveu-se em duas fases. A primeira fase (2004/2005), na modalidade Oficina de Formação com 10 sessões de formação num total de 50 horas, e a segunda fase (2005/2006), na modalidade Projecto com nove sessões de formação, num total de 50 horas. O estudo seguiu uma metodologia de cariz qualitativo e de inspiração interpretativa/fenomenológica, pretendendo colocar em evidência o sujeito e sublinhando a interacção que estabelece consigo e com os outros, a partir das práticas discursivas que vai construindo. A estratégia investigativa desenhou-se em torno do estudo de caso no qual procurámos analisar a (des/re)construção de conhecimento profissional no contexto de um grupo de professoras em formação. Esta análise assumiu duas vertentes, uma tomando a interacção entre o grupo como alvo de análise, outra olhando para o percurso de cada formanda na sua singularidade. Os dados recolhidos e analisados incluem um inquérito por questionário inicial, a transcrição das sessões de formação e as reflexões escritas ao longo das duas fases da formação, bem como um inquérito por entrevista semiestruturada, após o terminus da formação, em Julho de 2007. Os resultados da análise indicam que os processos formativos que promovem o questionamento de si e das suas práticas, ajudando a identificar representações e a analisar o modo como as representações interferem ou não nas práticas para, em seguida, estas poderem ser reconstruídas, são facilitadores de DP. Evidenciaram-se, nestes processos, dois tempos de formação distintos, mas complementares, o tempo da observação e da análise e o tempo da apropriação e da acção, que englobam espaços de trabalho individual e colectivo. Nestes dois tempos de formação identificámos quatro modos facilitadores da reconstrução do conhecimento profissional, nomeadamente: a articulação da teoria com a prática; a tomada do objecto de trabalho em objecto de análise e de experimentação, incluindo a visualização, a análise e a reflexão sobre as experiências realizadas; a colocação do aluno no centro do processo de ensino; e o alargamento da consciencialização do trabalho com as línguas e das suas finalidades educativas. Estes quatro modos constituem-se como impulsionadores ou inibidores de DP, dependendo a sua percepção de factores, tanto de carácter individual como de carácter colectivo. Os factores de carácter individual dizem respeito ao comprometimento, ao empenho, ao modo como cada sujeito se vê como pessoa e como profissional, bem como à fase da carreira em que se situa. Os factores de carácter colectivo dizem respeito aos contextos nos quais o sujeito se move, nomeadamente a cultura da escola em que exerce funções, às relações interpessoais e profissionais que estabelece com os colegas de trabalho e às possibilidades e espaços de formação que cada sujeito encontra com os outros. Tendo constatado que o desenvolvimento profissional é fruto da intersecção da acção individual com a acção colectiva, concluímos que, na constituição de ambientes facilitadores de DP, importa ter em conta seis componentes: a apropriação individual da construção do conhecimento profissional pelos sujeitos, a construção de oportunidades de desenvolvimento, a construção da capacidade de intervenção em contexto, a promoção da colegialidade, a monitorização e avaliação de processos e resultados do trabalho no âmbito do DP e a criação de espaços e tempos próprios para esse trabalho. Os resultados da análise indicam também que a formação em contexto permite iniciar um trabalho de DP porque cria condições de auto/hetero/eco e coformação que incluem um potencial de aprendizagem profissional transformativa. Enquanto constrangimentos ao DP em contexto destacam-se aspectos contextuais que se relacionam com o tempo e a sua gestão, bem como com a visibilidade, o reconhecimento e o impacto do trabalho realizado no contexto. Através da descrição e análise de uma experiência de formação contínua em contexto, este trabalho revela possibilidades de ultrapassar os constrangimentos contextuais, sublinhando as potencialidades de desenvolvimento profissional em contexto, pelo modo como professoras, predispostas à mudança e comprometidas com a profissão, onde os alunos têm um papel particular, são capazes de inscrever transformação nas suas práticas, evidenciando a urgência não só de um apoio concreto e explícito, mas também de reconhecimento do trabalho desenvolvido em cada sala de aula, com cada turma, à descoberta de si e do outro, através das línguas para a construção de um mundo mais plural.

Molecular reconstruction of a genetic code alteration

The genetic code establishes the rules that govern gene translation into proteins. It was established more than 3.5 billion years ago and it is one of the most conserved features of life. Despite this, several alterations to the standard genetic code have been discovered in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, namely in the fungal CTG clade where a unique seryl transfer RNA (tRNACAG Ser) decodes leucine CUG codons as serine. This tRNACAG Ser appeared 272±25 million years ago through insertion of an adenosine in the middle position of the anticodon of a tRNACGA Ser gene, which changed its anticodon from 5´-CGA-3´ to 5´-CAG-3´. This most dramatic genetic event restructured the proteome of the CTG clade species, but it is not yet clear how and why such deleterious genetic event was selected and became fixed in those fungal genomes. In this study we have attempted to shed new light on the evolution of this fungal genetic code alteration by reconstructing its evolutionary pathway in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this, we have expressed wild type and mutant versions of the C. albicans tRNACGA Ser gene into S. cerevisiae and evaluated the impact of the mutant tRNACGA Ser on fitness, tRNA stability, translation efficiency and aminoacylation kinetics. Our data demonstrate that these mutants are expressed and misincorporate Ser at CUGs, but their expression is repressed through an unknown molecular mechanism. We further demonstrate, using in vivo forced evolution methodologies, that the tRNACAG Ser can be easily inactivated through natural mutations that prevent its recognition by the seryl-tRNA synthetase. The overall data show that repression of expression of the mistranslating tRNACAG Ser played a critical role on the evolution of CUG reassignment from Leu to Ser. In order to better understand the evolution of natural genetic code alterations, we have also engineered partial reassignment of various codons in yeast. The data confirmed that genetic code ambiguity affects fitness, induces protein aggregation, interferes with the cell cycle and results in nuclear and morphologic alterations, genome instability and gene expression deregulation. Interestingly, it also generates phenotypic variability and phenotypes that confer growth advantages in certain environmental conditions. This study provides strong evidence for direct and critical roles of the environment on the evolution of genetic code alterations.

Improved line/edge detection and visual reconstruction

Lines and edges provide important information for object categorization and recognition. In addition, one brightness model is based on a symbolic interpretation of the cortical multi-scale line/edge representation. In this paper we present an improved scheme for line/edge extraction from simple and complex cells and we illustrate the multi-scale representation. This representation can be used for visual reconstruction, but also for nonphotorealistic rendering. Together with keypoints and a new model of disparity estimation, a 3D wireframe representation of e.g. faces can be obtained in the future.

Ecologic zonation model of the benthic foraminifera and thecamoebians of Guadiana river estuary and application in paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar ( Processos de Ecossistemas Marinhos), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2012