Time-dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs

In this thesis is studied the long-term behaviour of steel reinforced slabs paying particular attention to the effects due to shrinkage and creep. Despite the universal popularity of using this kind of slabs for simply construction floors, the major world codes focus their attention in a design based on the ultimate limit state, restraining the exercise limit state to a simply verification after the design. For Australia, on the contrary, this is not true. In fact, since this country is not subjected to seismic effects, the main concern is related to the long-term behaviour of the structure. Even if there are a lot of studies about long-term effects of shrinkage and creep, up to date, there are not so many studies concerning the behaviour of slabs with a cracked cross section and how shrinkage and creep influence it. For this reason, a series of ten full scale reinforced slabs was prepared and monitored under laboratory conditions to investigate this behaviour. A wide range of situations is studied in order to cover as many cases as possible, as for example the use of a fog room able to reproduce an environment of 100% humidity. The results show how there is a huge difference in terms of deflections between the case of slabs which are subjected to both shrinkage and creep effects soon after the partial cracking of the cross section, and the case of slabs which have already experienced shrinkage effects for several weeks, when the section has not still cracked, and creep effects only after the cracking.

Ponte ad arco con impalcato metallico sospeso analisi sismica in presenza di dispositivi di isolamento

Il ponte oggetto di studio è costituito da un arco parabolico al quale è sospeso un impalcato metallico. Questo arco è costituito da due arcate che si generano da un'unica imposta in asse all'impalcato, divergono in corrispondenza della sua mezzeria, per confluire nuovamente in un unico punto, configurazione che risulta insolita rispetto alla norma, dove le due arcate solitamente hanno imposte distinte. Il sito dove si prevede di realizzare questo manufatto è una zona ad alta sismicità. Lo studio tratta dell'instabilità fuori dal piano dell'arco, e dei benefici derivanti da un isolamento dell'impalcato rispetto alla sottostruttura

Fattori di riduzione delle forze sismiche per strutture caratterizzate da elevato smorzamento

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è il calcolo del fattore di struttura R che può essere adottato in funzione delle caratteristiche della struttura: periodo naturale T, duttilità richiesta mu_r ed indice di smorzamento csi. Il modello adottato per rappresentare la struttura è l’oscillatore semplice elastico - perfettamente plastico. Operativamente, scelto un sisma registrato, si considera una struttura caratterizzata da un determinato periodo T e, a parità di livello di sicurezza (cioè a parità di duttilità richiesta), tramite un procedimento iterativo si procede al calcolo di R_5 relativo ad uno smorzamento pari al 5% e di R_csi relativo ad un generico smorzamento csi>5%; il confronto fra questi due valori è espresso dal parametro alpha_csi=R_csi/R_5. I risultati ottenuti dal calcolo vengono inseriti in un database. A seguire vengono implementate una serie di analisi (anche di tipo statistico) sui dati raccolti nel database per comprendere l’influenza delle varie caratteristiche della struttura sul valore del fattore di riduzione delle forze sismiche.

Steel and macro-synthetic self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete, experimental study on the long-term deformations

Experimental study on the long-term deformations of the fibre reinforced concrete. Steel and macro-synthetic fibers were used to evaluate the shrinkage, creep, mid-span deflection, cracking and rupture analysis of three different types of samples. At the end the main topics of ACI guidelines were analyzed in order to perform an overview of design.

Hybrid foundations for offshore wind turbines

Nowadays offshore wind turbines represents a valid answer for energy production but with an increasing in costs mainly due to foundation technology required. Hybrid foundations composed by suction caissons over which is welded a tower supporting the nacelle and the blades allows a strong costs reduction. Here a monopod configuration is studied in a sandy soil in a 10 m water depth. Bearing capacity, sliding resistance and pull-out resistance are evaluated. In a second part the installation process occurring in four steps is analysed. considering also the effect of stress enhancement due to frictional forces opposing to penetration growing at skirt sides both inside and outside. In a three dimensional finite element model using Straus7 the soil non-linearity is considered in an approximate way through an iterative procedure using the Yokota empirical decay curves.

Opere di sostegno in terra rinforzata con geosintetici: Linee Guida per la progettazione in campo statico.

Proposta di Linee Guida Italiane per la progettazione di opere di sostegno in terra rinforzata con geosintetici

Pushover analysis of an existing reinforced concrete bridge:Jamboree Road Overcrossing in Irvine, California

The work for the present thesis started in California, during my semester as an exchange student overseas. California is known worldwide for its seismicity and its effort in the earthquake engineering research field. For this reason, I immediately found interesting the Structural Dynamics Professor, Maria Q. Feng's proposal, to work on a pushover analysis of the existing Jamboree Road Overcrossing bridge. Concrete is a popular building material in California, and for the most part, it serves its functions well. However, concrete is inherently brittle and performs poorly during earthquakes if not reinforced properly. The San Fernando Earthquake of 1971 dramatically demonstrated this characteristic. Shortly thereafter, code writers revised the design provisions for new concrete buildings so to provide adequate ductility to resist strong ground shaking. There remain, nonetheless, millions of square feet of non-ductile concrete buildings in California. The purpose of this work is to perform a Pushover Analysis and compare the results with those of a Nonlinear Time-History Analysis of an existing bridge, located in Southern California. The analyses have been executed through the software OpenSees, the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation. The bridge Jamboree Road Overcrossing is classified as a Standard Ordinary Bridge. In fact, the JRO is a typical three-span continuous cast-in-place prestressed post-tension box-girder. The total length of the bridge is 366 ft., and the height of the two bents are respectively 26,41 ft. and 28,41 ft.. Both the Pushover Analysis and the Nonlinear Time-History Analysis require the use of a model that takes into account for the nonlinearities of the system. In fact, in order to execute nonlinear analyses of highway bridges it is essential to incorporate an accurate model of the material behavior. It has been observed that, after the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, one of the most damaged elements on highway bridges is a column. To evaluate the performance of bridge columns during seismic events an adequate model of the column must be incorporated. Part of the work of the present thesis is, in fact, dedicated to the modeling of bents. Different types of nonlinear element have been studied and modeled, with emphasis on the plasticity zone length determination and location. Furthermore, different models for concrete and steel materials have been considered, and the selection of the parameters that define the constitutive laws of the different materials have been accurate. The work is structured into four chapters, to follow a brief overview of the content. The first chapter introduces the concepts related to capacity design, as the actual philosophy of seismic design. Furthermore, nonlinear analyses both static, pushover, and dynamic, time-history, are presented. The final paragraph concludes with a short description on how to determine the seismic demand at a specific site, according to the latest design criteria in California. The second chapter deals with the formulation of force-based finite elements and the issues regarding the objectivity of the response in nonlinear field. Both concentrated and distributed plasticity elements are discussed into detail. The third chapter presents the existing structure, the software used OpenSees, and the modeling assumptions and issues. The creation of the nonlinear model represents a central part in this work. Nonlinear material constitutive laws, for concrete and reinforcing steel, are discussed into detail; as well as the different scenarios employed in the columns modeling. Finally, the results of the pushover analysis are presented in chapter four. Capacity curves are examined for the different model scenarios used, and failure modes of concrete and steel are discussed. Capacity curve is converted into capacity spectrum and intersected with the design spectrum. In the last paragraph, the results of nonlinear time-history analyses are compared to those of pushover analysis.