982 resultados para histone H3 acetylation
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1 | Introduction | 1 |
1.1 | What is an Adiabatic Shear Band? | 1 |
1.2 | The Importance of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 6 |
1.3 | Where Adiabatic Shear Bands Occur | 10 |
1.4 | Historical Aspects of Shear Bands | 11 |
1.5 | Adiabatic Shear Bands and Fracture Maps | 14 |
1.6 | Scope of the Book | 20 |
2 | Characteristic Aspects of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 24 |
2.1 | General Features | 24 |
2.2 | Deformed Bands | 27 |
2.3 | Transformed Bands | 28 |
2.4 | Variables Relevant to Adiabatic Shear Banding | 35 |
2.5 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in Non-Metals | 44 |
3 | Fracture and Damage Related to Adiabatic Shear Bands | 54 |
3.1 | Adiabatic Shear Band Induced Fracture | 54 |
3.2 | Microscopic Damage in Adiabatic Shear Bands | 57 |
3.3 | Metallurgical Implications | 69 |
3.4 | Effects of Stress State | 73 |
4 | Testing Methods | 76 |
4.1 | General Requirements and Remarks | 76 |
4.2 | Dynamic Torsion Tests | 80 |
4.3 | Dynamic Compression Tests | 91 |
4.4 | Contained Cylinder Tests | 95 |
4.5 | Transient Measurements | 98 |
5 | Constitutive Equations | 104 |
5.1 | Effect of Strain Rate on Stress-Strain Behaviour | 104 |
5.2 | Strain-Rate History Effects | 110 |
5.3 | Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain Behaviour | 114 |
5.4 | Constitutive Equations for Non-Metals | 124 |
6 | Occurrence of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 125 |
6.1 | Empirical Criteria | 125 |
6.2 | One-Dimensional Equations and Linear Instability Analysis | 134 |
6.3 | Localization Analysis | 140 |
6.4 | Experimental Verification | 146 |
7 | Formation and Evolution of Shear Bands | 155 |
7.1 | Post-Instability Phenomena | 156 |
7.2 | Scaling and Approximations | 162 |
7.3 | Wave Trapping and Viscous Dissipation | 167 |
7.4 | The Intermediate Stage and the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 171 |
7.5 | Late Stage Behaviour and Post-Mortem Morphology | 179 |
7.6 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in Multi-Dimensional Stress States | 187 |
8 | Numerical Studies of Adiabatic Shear Bands | 194 |
8.1 | Objects, Problems and Techniques Involved in Numerical Simulations | 194 |
8.2 | One-Dimensional Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Banding | 199 |
8.3 | Simulation with Adaptive Finite Element Methods | 213 |
8.4 | Adiabatic Shear Bands in the Plane Strain Stress State | 218 |
9 | Selected Topics in Impact Dynamics | 229 |
9.1 | Planar Impact | 230 |
9.2 | Fragmentation | 237 |
9.3 | Penetration | 244 |
9.4 | Erosion | 255 |
9.5 | Ignition of Explosives | 261 |
9.6 | Explosive Welding | 268 |
10 | Selected Topics in Metalworking | 273 |
10.1 | Classification of Processes | 273 |
10.2 | Upsetting | 276 |
10.3 | Metalcutting | 286 |
10.4 | Blanking | 293 |
Appendices | 297 | |
A | Quick Reference | 298 |
B | Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity | 301 |
C | Thermal Softening and Related Temperature Dependence | 312 |
D | Materials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands | 335 |
E | Specification of Selected Materials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands | 341 |
F | Conversion Factors | 357 |
References | 358 | |
Author Index | 369 | |
Subject Index | 375 |
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第一章 引论
1.1 计算流体力学及其特征
1.2 计算流体力学的发展
1.3 本书的目的和内容
参考文献
习题
第二章 流体力学方程及模型方程
2.1 流体力学基本方程
2.2 模型方程及其数学性质
2.3 双曲型方程组的初边值问题
2.4 Riemann间断解
参考文献
习题
第三章 偏微分方程的数值解法
3.1 有限差分法
3.2 偏微分方程的全离散
3.3 有限体积法
3.4 有限元方法
3.5 谱方法
参考文献
习题
第四章 高精度有限差分法及数值解的行为分析
4.1 模型方程及半离散化方程
4.2 高精度差分逼近式
4.3 数值解的精度及分辨率分析
4.4 数值解中的耗散效应与色散效应
4.5 数值解的群速度
4.6 数值解行为的进一步分析
4.7 时间离散的色散与耗散效应
参考文献
习题
第五章 代数方程的求解
5.1 Gauss消去法
5.2 标量追赶法
5.3 矩阵追赶法及LU分解法
5.4 迭代法求解代数方程
5.5 交替方向追赶法
5.6 非线性方程的求解
5.7 时间关系法及局部时间步长法
参考文献
习题
第六章 可压缩流体力学方程组的离散
6.1 一维流体力学方程及Jacobian系数矩阵的分裂
6.2 一维Euler方程的离散
6.3 Godunov间断分解法
6.4 Roe格式与Roe分解
6.5 多维问题的差分逼近
6.6 粘性项的差分逼近
参考文献
习题
第七章激波高分辨率差分格式
7.1 数值解中的非物理振荡
7.2 一阶TVD格式
7.3 二阶TVD格式
7.4 TVD格式在流体力学中的应用
7.5 MUSCL格式
7.6 其他类型的高分辨率格式
参考文献
习题
第八章 不可压Navier-Stokes方程的差分逼近
8.1 控制方程
8.2 求解定常N-S方程的人工压缩性方法
8.3 非定常原始变量N-S方程的求解
8.4 涡量-流函数法
参考文献
习题
第九章 网格技术
9.1 网格生成技术
9.2 非结构网格
9.3 基于非等距网格的有限差分法
习题
专业名词索引
外国人名译名对照表
Synopsis
Contents
作者简介
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<h3>内容简介h3>
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本书介绍当前在计算固体和结构力学中广泛研究和应用的四种计算方法:有限元法、加权余量法、边界元法和无网络法,并系统论述了这四种方法的理论基础和相应的离散方法。
<h3 class="productDescriptionSource">目录h3>1.1 弹性力学的基本方程和边界条件
1.2 弹性力学的变分原理
1.2.1 应变能和应变余能
1.2.2 虚位移原理和最小势能原理
1.2.3 虚应力原理和最小余能原理
1.2.4 Hellinger-Reissner变分原理
1.2.5 胡海昌-鹫津久一郎变分原理
1.2.6 参数变分原理
1.3 变分原理的应用实例
1.4 里茨法和伽辽金法
第二章 有限元法
2.1 协调模型——位移元
2.2 平衡模型Ⅰ
2.3 平衡模型Ⅱ
2.4 杂交应力模型
2.5 杂交位移模型
2.6 混合模型
第三章 常用的有限元单元
3.1 三角形单元族
3.2 等参数单元
3.3 奇异性单元
3.4 板壳单元
3.4.1 三角形薄板单元和薄壳单元
3.4.2 厚板单元和厚壳单元
第四章 材料非线性有限元法
4.1 弹塑性有限元分析
4.1.1 材料的屈服准则
4.1.2 强化理论
4.1.3 塑性本构关系
4.1.4 塑性流动理论的变分原理
4.1.5 弹塑性问题的有限元解法
4.2 蠕变的有限元分析
4.3 弹黏塑性的有限元分析
第五章 几何非线性有限元分析
5.1 有限应变与应力
5.2 变形率和本构关系
5.3 几何非线性有限元方程的建立
5.3.1 全拉格朗日列式法
5.3.2 更新的拉格朗日列式法
5.3.3 任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述法
第六章 热传导和热应力的有限元分析
6.1 热传导问题的有限元分析
6.1.1 导热的基本方程
6.1.2 稳态温度场的有限元解
6.1.3 瞬态温度场的有限元解
6.2 热弹性应力问题的有限元分析
第七章 弹性动力学问题的有限元法
第八章 加权余量法
第九章 边界元法
第十章 无网格法
第十一章 代数方程组的解法
参考文献
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<h3>h3>
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水动力学讲义手稿》是1958年钱学森先生在清华大学给第一届力学研究班学员讲授《水动力学》课程用的备课笔记。钱先生选材简赅精切,遴的内容具有基础性、经典性,整个手稿清晰耐读,详略得体,推演细腻,覆盖全面。
《水动力学讲义手稿》可供科技人员、教研人员及广大师生研究和学习之用。
基本方程式
平面波
在深水中驻波
进行波
第二讲 表面波(续)
另一研究行波的方法
群速度
在有限深度液体中的波
在空气与水交界面上的波
风力生波的问题
第三讲 波阻
波的能量
能量的转移
波阻
在自由面下的旋
第四讲 水面滑行的平板
作用在自由面上的力F
以仰角α运行的平板
船舶造波阻力的计算
第五讲 浅水中的长波
基本方程式
写成气动力学的形式
高速气流的水流模型
特征线解法
水跃
第六讲 河流水动力学
河道和明渠中的流动
定常流、合流问题
洪峰、不定常流
特征线法
第七讲 空化
空泡、空蚀现象
局部的空蚀
完全的空泡情况
完全空泡中的平板(任意攻角)
正迎水流的平板
正迎水的平板(另一推演)
第八讲 非线性自由面及交界问题
基本方程式
自由面问题
一种转换
异重流
水库的异重流问题
第九讲 泥沙问题
渠道中泥沙的输移
悬沙浓度的分布
浅水情况下的沙涟波长
注释与说明
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In this thesis, we test the electroweak sector of the Standard Model of particle physics through the measurements of the cross section of the simultaneous production of the neutral weak boson Z and photon γ, and the limits on the anomalous Zγγ and ZZγ triple gauge couplings h3 and h4 with the Z decaying to leptons (electrons and muons). We analyze events collected in proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 inverse femtobarn. The analyzed events were recorded by the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2011.
The production cross section has been measured for hard photons with transverse momentum greater than 15 GeV that are separated from the the final state leptons in the eta-phi plane by Delta R greater than 0.7, whose sum of the transverse energy of hadrons over the transverse energy of the photon in a cone around the photon with Delta R less than 0.3 is less than 0.5, and with the invariant mass of the dilepton system greater than 50 GeV. The measured cross section value is 5.33 +/- 0.08 (stat.) +/- 0.25 (syst.) +/- 0.12 (lumi.) picobarn. This is compatible with the Standard Model prediction that includes next-to-leading-order QCD contributions: 5.45 +/- 0.27 picobarn.
The measured 95 % confidence-level upper limits on the absolute values of the anomalous couplings h3 and h4 are 0.01 and 8.8E-5 for the Zγγ interactions, and, 8.6E-3 and 8.0E-5 for the ZZγ interactions. These values are also compatible with the Standard Model where they vanish in the tree-level approximation. They extend the sensitivity of the 2012 results from the ATLAS collaboration based on 1.02 inverse femtobarn of data by a factor of 2.4 to 3.1.
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A novel method for gene enrichment has been developed and applied to mapping the rRNA genes of two eucaryotic organisms. The method makes use of antibodies to DNA/RNA hybrids prepared by injecting rabbits with the synthetic hybrid poly(rA)•poly(dT). Antibodies which cross-react with non-hybrid nucleic acids were removed from the purified IgG fraction by adsorption on columns of DNA-Sepharose, oligo(dT)-cellulose, and poly(rA)-Sepharose. Subsequent purification of the specific DNA/RNA hybrid antibody was carried out on a column of oligo(dT)-cellulose to which poly(rA) was hybridized. Attachment of these antibodies to CNBr-activated Sepharose produced an affinity resin which specifically binds DNA/RNA hybrids.
In order to map the rDNA of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, R-loops were formed using unsheared nuclear DNA and the 178 and 268 rRNAs of this organism. This mixture was passed through a column containing the affinity resin, and bound molecules containing R- loops were eluted by high salt. This purified rDN A was observed directly in the electron microscope. Evidence was obtained that there is a physical end to Dictyostelium rDN A molecules approximately 10 kilobase pairs (kbp) from the region which codes for the 268 rRNA. This finding is consistent with reports of other investigators that the rRNA genes exist as inverse repeats on extra-chromosomal molecules of DNA unattached to the remainder of the nuclear DNA in this organism.
The same general procedure was used to map the rRNA genes of the rat. Molecules of DNA which contained R-loops formed with the 188 and 288 rRNAs were enriched approximately 150- fold from total genomal rat DNA by two cycles of purification on the affinity column. Electron microscopic measurements of these molecules enabled the construction of an R-loop map of rat rDNA. Eleven of the observed molecules contained three or four R-loops or else two R-loops separated by a long spacer. These observations indicated that the rat rRNA genes are arranged as tandem repeats. The mean length of the repeating units was 37.2 kbp with a standard deviation of 1.3 kbp. These eleven molecules may represent repeating units of exactly the same length within the errors of the measurements, although a certain degree of length heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. If significantly shorter or longer repeating units exist, they are probably much less common than the 37.2 kbp unit.
The last section of the thesis describes the production of antibodies to non-histone chromosomal proteins which have been exposed to the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The presence of low concentrations of SDS did not seem to affect either production of antibodies or their general specificity. Also, a technique is described for the in situ immunofluorescent detection of protein antigens in polyacrylamide gels.
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The Barton laboratory has established that octahedral rhodium complexes bearing the sterically expansive 5,6-chrysene diimine ligand can target thermodynamically destabilized sites, such as base pair mismatches, in DNA with high affinity and selectivity. These complexes approach DNA from the minor groove, ejecting the mismatched base pairs from the duplex in a binding mode termed metalloinsertion. In recent years, we have shown that these metalloinsertor complexes also exhibit cytotoxicity preferentially in cancer cells that are deficient in the mismatch repair (MMR) machinery.
Here, we establish that a sensitive structure-activity relationship exists for rhodium metalloinsertors. We studied the relationship between the chemical structures of metalloinsertors and their effect on biological activity for ten complexes with similar DNA binding affinities, but wide variation in their lipophilicity. Drastic differences were observed in the selectivities of the complexes for MMR-deficient cells. Compounds with hydrophilic ligands were highly selective, exhibiting preferential cytotoxicity in MMR-deficient cells at low concentrations and short incubation periods, whereas complexes with lipophilic ligands displayed poor cell-selectivity. It was discovered that all of the complexes localized to the nucleus in concentrations sufficient for mismatch binding; however, highly lipophilic complexes also exhibited high mitochondrial uptake. Significantly, these results support the notion that mitochondrial DNA is not the desired target for our metalloinsertor complexes; instead, selectivity stems from targeting mismatches in genomic DNA.
We have also explored the potential for metalloinsertors to be developed into more complex structures with multiple functionalities that could either enhance their overall potency or impart mismatch selectivity onto other therapeutic cargo. We have constructed a family of bifunctional metalloinsertor conjugates incorporating cis-platinum, each unique in its chemical structure, DNA binding interactions, and biological activity. The study of these complexes in MMR-deficient cells has established that the cell-selective biological activity of rhodium metalloinsertors proceeds through a critical cellular pathway leading to necrosis.
We further explored the underlying mechanisms surrounding the biological response to mismatch recognition by metalloinsertors in the genome. Immunofluorescence assays of MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient cells revealed that a critical biomarker for DNA damage, phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX) rapidly accumulates in response to metalloinsertor treatment, signifying the induction of double strand breaks in the genome. Significantly, we have discovered that our metalloinsertor complexes selectively inhibit transcription in MMR-deficient cells, which may be a crucial checkpoint in the eventual breakdown of the cell via necrosis. Additionally, preliminary in vivo studies have revealed the capability of these compounds to traverse the complex environments of multicellular organisms and accumulate in MMR-deficient tumors. Our ever-increasing understanding of metalloinsertors, as well as the development of new generations of complexes both monofunctional and bifunctional, enables their continued progress into the clinic as promising new chemotherapeutic agents.
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Recently, the amino acid sequences have been reported for several proteins, including the envelope glycoproteins of Sindbis virus, which all probably span the plasma membrane with a common topology: a large N-terminal, extracellular portion, a short region buried in the bilayer, and a short C-terminal intracellular segment. The regions of these proteins buried in the bilayer correspond to portions of the protein sequences which contain a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and which have other common characteristics, as discussed. Reasons are also described for uncertainty, in some proteins more than others, as to the precise location of some parts of the sequence relative to the membrane.
The signal hypothesis for the transmembrane translocation of proteins is briefly described and its general applicability is reviewed. There are many proteins whose translocation is accurately described by this hypothesis, but some proteins are translocated in a different manner.
The transmembraneous glycoproteins E1 and E2 of Sindbis virus, as well as the only other virion protein, the capsid protein, were purified in amounts sufficient for biochemical analysis using sensitive techniques. The amino acid composition of each protein was determined, and extensive N-terminal sequences were obtained for E1 and E2. By these techniques E1 and E2 are indistinguishable from most water soluble proteins, as they do not contain an obvious excess of hydrophobic amino acids in their N-terminal regions or in the intact molecule.
The capsid protein was found to be blocked, and so its N-terminus could not be sequenced by the usual methods. However, with the use of a special labeling technique, it was possible to incorporate tritiated acetate into the N-terminus of the protein with good specificity, which was useful in the purification of peptides from which the first amino acids in the N-terminal sequence could be identified.
Nanomole amounts of PE2, the intracellular precursor of E2, were purified by an immuno-affinity technique, and its N-terminus was analyzed. Together with other work, these results showed that PE2 is not synthesized with an N-terminal extension, and the signal sequence for translocation is probably the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein. This N-terminus was found to be 80-90% blocked, also by Nacetylation, and this acetylation did not affect its function as a signal sequence. The putative signal sequence was also found to contain a glycosylated asparagine residue, but the inhibition of this glycosylation did not lead to the cleavage of the sequence.
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Os materiais poliméricos tem sido uma das causas dos problemas ambientais discutidos em todo mundo nos últimos tempos. Como uma das soluções para esse problema, estão os polímeros biodegradáveis que são materiais que se degradam pela ação de microorganismos. Uma Indústria sediada no Brasil lançou recentemente um poliéster biodegradável que surge boa alternativa para o crescimento no mercado dos polímeros biodegradáveis, principalmente por possuir em sua composição matéria prima de fonte renovável. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos com matriz de poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco verde com e sem modificação química por acetilação em misturador interno Haake. Foi estudada a biodegradabilidade em solo simulado do polímero puro e de seus compósitos e foram avaliadas as propriedades térmicas, morfológicas e mecânicas do polímero puro e de alguns de seus compósitos. O teste de biodegradabilidade foi feito pelo enterro das amostras em solo simulado por períodos distintos, variando de duas a dezessete semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 03. Após cada período de teste, as amostras foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e análise mecânica de tração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que tanto o polímero puro quanto os seus compósitos sofreram biodegradação, a presença da fibra apenas atrasa o processo de biodegradação, as fibras de coco tiveram uma boa afinidade com a matriz polimérica, a incorporação de 5% fibra de coco na matriz torna o compósito mais rígido e a incorporação da fibra e o processo de biodegradação alteram as características da fase cristalina no material polimérico.
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I. It was not possible to produce anti-tetracycline antibody in laboratory animals by any of the methods tried. Tetracycline protein conjugates were prepared and characterized. It was shown that previous reports of the detection of anti-tetracycline antibody by in vitro-methods were in error. Tetracycline precipitates non-specifically with serum proteins. The anaphylactic reaction reported was the result of misinterpretation, since the observations were inconsistent with the known mechanism of anaphylaxis and the supposed antibody would not sensitize guinea pig skin. The hemagglutination reaction was not reproducible and was extremely sensitive to minute amounts of microbial contamination. Both free tetracyclines and the conjugates were found to be poor antigens.
II. Anti-aspiryl antibodies were produced in rabbits using 3 protein carriers. The method of inhibition of precipitation was used to determine the specificity of the antibody produced. ε-Aminocaproate was found to be the most effective inhibitor of the haptens tested, indicating that the combining hapten of the protein is ε-aspiryl-lysyl. Free aspirin and salicylates were poor inhibitors and did not combine with the antibody to a significant extent. The ortho group was found to participate in the binding to antibody. The average binding constants were measured.
Normal rabbit serum was acetylated by aspirin under in vitro conditions, which are similar to physiological conditions. The extent of acetylation was determined by immunochemical tests. The acetylated serum proteins were shown to be potent antigens in rabbits. It was also shown that aspiryl proteins were partially acetylated. The relation of these results to human aspirin intolerance is discussed.
III. Aspirin did not induce contact sensitivity in guinea pigs when they were immunized by techniques that induce sensitivity with other reactive compounds. The acetylation mechanism is not relevant to this type of hypersensitivity, since sensitivity is not produced by potent acetylating agents like acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride. Aspiryl chloride, a totally artificial system, is a good sensitizer. Its specificity was examined.
IV. Protein conjugates were prepared with p-aminosalicylic acid and various carriers using azo, carbodiimide and mixed anhydride coupling. These antigens were injected into rabbits and guinea pigs and no anti-hapten IgG or IgM response was obtained. Delayed hypersensitivity was produced in guinea pigs by immunization with the conjugates, and its specificity was determined. Guinea pigs were not sensitized by either injections or topical application of p-amino-salicylic acid or p-aminosalicylate.
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Studies on the dissociation of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) have shown that histrone II is removed at lowest concentrations of DOC, while slightly higher concentrations remove histones III and IV. Still higher concentrations remove histone I.
The complete separation of chromatin and 14C-DOC by sucrose sedimentation indicated that the binding of DOC to chromatin is readily and completely reversible.
The dissociation of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of related cholanic acids and some of their conjugated derivatives were studied. The results suggested that the driving force for the interaction between the cholanic acid anion and histones is the lowering of the activity coefficient of the cholanic acid anion which occurs when it is partially removed from solution by interaction with hydrophobic regions of the positively charged histones.
The role of histones in the structure of chromatin has been studied by comparing the effects of selective removal of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of DOC with those caused by NaCl (removes histone I at lowest concentrations, while higher concentrations remove histones II, III, and IV). Properties studied included thermal denaturation, sedimentation velocity, flow dichroism, relaxation times of molecules oriented in a flow field, and the irreversible disruption of a 130 S, cross-linked component of sheared chromatin. The data indicated that none of the structural or chemical parameters with which these properties are correlated show a dependence on the presence of one particular histone fraction.
The template activity (ability to prime a 0.2 M KC1 DNA-dependent RNA synthesis system catalyzed by E. coli RNA polymerase) increases from that of native chromatin (approximately 25 per cent of that pure DNA) to that of pure DNA in a fashion which shows a nearly linear relationship to the amount of histone coverage of the template. The precipitability of partially dehistonized chromatin samples in 0.15 M NaCl shows a large dependence on the presence of histone I.