Feasibility studies of the weldability of structural steels used in the offshore environment

The rising demand for oil and gas has made it very necessary for the oil and gas industries to explore the offshore. There is a huge resources which is available in the offshore. The search for oil and gas is faced with greater challenges because of the nature of the marine environment as it poses difficult and harsh conditions for the construction of offshore structures. The major problem of the construction of offshore structure is the ability to produce a sound weld that gives the whole structure the structural integrity needed to withstand the harsh environmental conditions. This research work presents the performance of typical offshore steels with improved weldability. The ability of reducing the carbon content of thermo-mechanically rolled steels down to 0.08% makes it possible to achieve good weldability, toughness and strength for high strength steels used in offshore applications. Importantly, the ideal welding procedure should be strictly followed as recommended. The fabrication process is as important as the welding procedure in achieving a sound weld which is free of weld defects such as hydrogen induced cracking, lamellar tearing and solidification cracking. This research work also considers the corrosion as it affects offshore structure and necessary measures to mitigate the problem caused by corrosion.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chain : COSTFIX : New operation model for maintenance material logistics in paper industry

This research report illustrates and examines new operation models for decreasing fixed costs and transforming them into variable costs in the field of paper industry. The report illustrates two cases – a new operation model for material logistics in maintenance and an examination of forklift truck fleet outsourcing solutions. Conventional material logistics in maintenance operation is illustrated and some problems related to conventional operation are identified. A new operation model that solves some of these problems is presented including descriptions of procurement and service contracts and sources of added value. Forklift truck fleet outsourcing solutions are examined by illustrating the responsibilities of a host company and a service provider both before and after outsourcing. The customer buys outsourcing services in order to improve its investment productivity. The mechanism of how these services affect the customer company’s investment productivity is illustrated.

Pressure drop coefficients for elliptic and circular sections in one, two and three-row arrangements of plate fin and tube heat exchangers

The objective of the present work is the experimental determination of pressure drop coefficients (loss coefficients) for elliptic and circular sections in one, two and three-row arrangements of plate fin and tube heat exchangers. The experiments permitted to correlate the dimensionless loss coefficient with the flow Reynolds number in the rectangular channel formed by the plate fins. The experimental technique consisted of the measurement of the longitudinal pressure distribution along the flow channel, for several values of air mass flow rate. The total number of data runs, each one characterized by the flow Reynolds number, was 216. The present geometry is used in compact heat exchangers for air conditioning systems, heaters, radiators, and others. Also, it is verified the influence of the utilization of elliptic tubes, instead of circular ones, in the pressure drop. The measurements were performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 200 to 1900.

Turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop in pinned annular regions

Experiments were performed to determine average heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for turbulent flow through annular ducts with pin fins. The measurements were carried out by means of a double-pipe heat exchanger. The total number of pins attached to the inner wall of the annular region was 560. The working fluids were air, flowing in the annular channel, and water through the inner circular tube. The average heat transfer coefficients of the pinned air-side were obtained from the experimental determination of the overall heat transfer coefficients of the heat exchanger and from the knowledge of the average heat transfer coefficients of the circular pipe (water-side), which could be found in the pertinent literature. To attain fully developed conditions, the heat exchanger was built with additional lengths before and after the test section. The inner circular duct of the heat exchanger and the pin fins were made of brass. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the brass, the small tube thickness and water temperature variation, the surface of the internal tube was practically isothermal. The external tube was made of an industrial plastic which was insulated from the environment by means of a glass wool batt. In this manner, the outer surface of the annular channel can be considered adiabatic. The results are presented in dimensionless forms, in terms of average Nusselt numbers and friction factors as functions of the flow Reynolds number, ranging from 13,000 to 80,000. The pin fin efficiency, which depends on the heat transfer coefficient, is also determined as a function of dimensionless parameters. A comparison of the present results with those for smooth sections (without pins) is also presented. The purpose of such a comparison is to study the influence of the presence of the pins on the pressure drop and heat transfer rate.

Comparison between one-dimensional uncoupled and convection-conduction conjugated approaches in finned surface heat transfer

This work studies the forced convection problem in internal flow between concentric annular ducts, with radial fins at the internal tube surface. The finned surface heat transfer is analyzed by two different approaches. In the first one, it is assumed one-dimensional heat conduction along the internal tube wall and fins, with the convection heat transfer coefficient being a known parameter, determined by an uncoupled solution. In the other way, named conjugated approach, the mathematical model (continuity, momentum, energy and K-epsilon equations) applied to tube annuli problem was numerically solved using finite element technique in a coupled formulation. At first time, a comparison was made between results obtained for the conjugated problem and experimental data, showing good agreement. Then, the temperature profiles under these two approaches were compared to each other to analyze the validity of the one-dimensional classical formulation that has been utilized in the heat exchanger design.

Thermalhydraulic behavior of electrically heated rod during a critical heat flux transient

In nuclear reactors, the occurrence of critical heat flux leads to fuel rod overheating with clad fusion and radioactive products leakage. To predict the effects of such phenomenon, experiments are performed using electrically heated rods to simulate operational and accidental conditions of nuclear fuel rods. In the present work, it is performed a theoretical analysis of the drying and rewetting front propagation during a critical heat flux experiment, starting with the application of an electrical power step from steady state condition. After the occurrence of critical heat flux, the drying front propagation is predicted. After a few seconds, a power cut is considered and the rewetting front behavior is analytically observed. Studies performed with various values of coolant mass flow rate show that this variable has more influence on the drying front velocity than on the rewetting one.

Inverse convection problem of simultaneous estimation of two boundary heat fluxes in parallel plate channels

This paper deals with the use of the conjugate gradient method of function estimation for the simultaneous identification of two unknown boundary heat fluxes in parallel plate channels. The fluid flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically developed. Temperature measurements taken inside the channel are used in the inverse analysis. The accuracy of the present solution approach is examined by using simulated measurements containing random errors, for strict cases involving functional forms with discontinuities and sharp-corners for the unknown functions. Three different types of inverse problems are addressed in the paper, involving the estimation of: (i) Spatially dependent heat fluxes; (ii) Time-dependent heat fluxes; and (iii) Time and spatially dependent heat fluxes.

Heat Source Estimation with the Conjugate Gradient Method in Inverse Linear Diffusive Problems

In this work, we present the solution of a class of linear inverse heat conduction problems for the estimation of unknown heat source terms, with no prior information of the functional forms of timewise and spatial dependence of the source strength, using the conjugate gradient method with an adjoint problem. After describing the mathematical formulation of a general direct problem and the procedure for the solution of the inverse problem, we show applications to three transient heat transfer problems: a one-dimensional cylindrical problem; a two-dimensional cylindrical problem; and a one-dimensional problem with two plates.

Simulation of Steady-State Nonlinear Heat Transfer Problems Through the Minimization of Quadratic Functionals

In this work it is presented a systematic procedure for constructing the solution of a large class of nonlinear conduction heat transfer problems through the minimization of quadratic functionals like the ones usually employed for linear descriptions. The proposed procedure gives rise to an efficient and easy way for carrying out numerical simulations of nonlinear heat transfer problems by means of finite elements. To illustrate the procedure a particular problem is simulated by means of a finite element approximation.

Käyttövesivaraajan ekosuunnitteluvaatimusten merkityksen arvioiminen rakennusten energianhallinnassa

Työn lähtökohtana ovat veden lämmittimiä koskeva ekosuunnittelulainsäädäntö ja sen vaatiman testausjärjestelmän laatiminen. Työn tavoitteena on arvioida ekosuunnittelulainsäädännön vaikutusta varaajan toimintaan osana rakennusten energianhallintaa. Työssä laaditaan käyttövesivaraajalle tuoteryhmäkohtaisen ekosuunnittelulainsäädännön mukainen mittausjärjestelmä energiatehokkuuden, lämpimän veden saannon, vuosittaisen sähkönkulutuksen sekä energiamerkinnän määrittämiseksi. Lisäksi tarkastellaan ekosuunnittelulainsäädännön tarkoituksenmukaisuutta, selvitetään varaajan toimintaperiaatteet sekä keinoja käyttöveden tarvitseman energian vähentämiseksi. Testattu käyttövesivaraaja täyttää ekosuunnitteluvaatimukset. Lämmitysenergian vähentäminen käyttövesivaraajan toimintaa tehostamalla on kuitenkin vaikeaa. Hybridijärjestelmien hyödyntäminen sähkölämmityksen ohella muita energianlähteitä ja esim. käyttöveden lämmöntalteenottoa käyttäen on toimivin keino vähentää käyttöveden energiankulutusta sekä parantaa varaajan energiatehokkuutta. Lämpimän käyttöveden energiankulutuksen osuus rakennuksen energiankulutuksesta kasvaa lainsäädännön pakottamana rakennusten kokonaisenergiankäytön vähentyessä. Ekosuunnittelulainsäädännön suora merkitys rakennusten energianhallintaan on Suomessa vähäistä nykyisen energiatehokkuustason ollessa suhteellisen korkea, jolloin käyttöveden tarvitseman energian vähentämiskeinoina on hyödynnettävä vaihtoehtoisia ratkaisuja.

Effects of condensation in microchannels with a porous boundary: analytical investigation on heat transfer and meniscus shape

In two-phase miniature and microchannel flows, the meniscus shape must be considered due to effects that are affected by condensation and/or evaporation and coupled with the transport phenomena in the thin film on the microchannel wall, when capillary forces drive the working fluid. This investigation presents an analytical model for microchannel condensers with a porous boundary, where capillary forces pump the fluid. Methanol was selected as the working fluid. Very low liquid Reynolds numbers were obtained (Re~6), but very high Nusselt numbers (Nu~150) could be found due to the channel size (1.5 mm) and the presence of the porous boundary. The meniscus calculation provided consistent results for the vapor interface temperature and pressure, as well as the meniscus curvature. The obtained results show that microchannel condensers with a porous boundary can be used for heat dissipation with reduced heat transfer area and very high heat dissipation capabilities.

Adsorptiojäähdyttimen käytön kannattavuus kaukolämpöjärjestelmässä

Vantaa Energy has decided to find out the district cooling business opportunities in Vantaa. One reason for starting up the cooling business is Vantaa Energy's waste-to-energy power plant which is under construction. In the future, especially in the summer time there is an oversupply of district heating because of the new power plant. The cooling using the district heat could be one way to increase the consumption of district heat in the summer. This thesis examines the use of adsorption cooling profitability. Adsorption refrigerator is a machine which uses heat as the driving energy. At Vantaa Energy's case, district heat produced at cogeneration plants would be used. The literature section of this thesis includes descriptions of district cooling, building cooling demand, as well as different ways to produce cooling energy. A tool for profitability calculations was made. It shows the payback period, internal rate of return and net present value of different projects. Based on the calculations adsorption refrigeration is not profitable. This is primarily due to the high price of the adsorption refrigerator. Payback periods become long even when the used heat energy is free. In addition, the lack of availability of the refrigerators and operating experience could become a partial barrier to the use of technology even if the investment would become profitable.

Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology

More discussion is required on how and which types of biomass should be used to achieve a significant reduction in the carbon load released into the atmosphere in the short term. The energy sector is one of the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters and thus its role in climate change mitigation is important. Replacing fossil fuels with biomass has been a simple way to reduce carbon emissions because the carbon bonded to biomass is considered as carbon neutral. With this in mind, this thesis has the following objectives: (1) to study the significance of the different GHG emission sources related to energy production from peat and biomass, (2) to explore opportunities to develop more climate friendly biomass energy options and (3) to discuss the importance of biogenic emissions of biomass systems. The discussion on biogenic carbon and other GHG emissions comprises four case studies of which two consider peat utilization, one forest biomass and one cultivated biomasses. Various different biomass types (peat, pine logs and forest residues, palm oil, rapeseed oil and jatropha oil) are used as examples to demonstrate the importance of biogenic carbon to life cycle GHG emissions. The biogenic carbon emissions of biomass are defined as the difference in the carbon stock between the utilization and the non-utilization scenarios of biomass. Forestry-drained peatlands were studied by using the high emission values of the peatland types in question to discuss the emission reduction potential of the peatlands. The results are presented in terms of global warming potential (GWP) values. Based on the results, the climate impact of the peat production can be reduced by selecting high-emission-level peatlands for peat production. The comparison of the two different types of forest biomass in integrated ethanol production in pulp mill shows that the type of forest biomass impacts the biogenic carbon emissions of biofuel production. The assessment of cultivated biomasses demonstrates that several selections made in the production chain significantly affect the GHG emissions of biofuels. The emissions caused by biofuel can exceed the emissions from fossil-based fuels in the short term if biomass is in part consumed in the process itself and does not end up in the final product. Including biogenic carbon and other land use carbon emissions into the carbon footprint calculations of biofuel reveals the importance of the time frame and of the efficiency of biomass carbon content utilization. As regards the climate impact of biomass energy use, the net impact on carbon stocks (in organic matter of soils and biomass), compared to the impact of the replaced energy source, is the key issue. Promoting renewable biomass regardless of biogenic GHG emissions can increase GHG emissions in the short term and also possibly in the long term.

Biovoimalaitoksen energiatehokkuuden parantaminen ja osakuorma-ajon optimointi

Energiatehokkuus on nykyaikana yksi tärkeimmistä energiataloudellisista tekijöistä voimalaitosten sähköntuotannossa. Varsinkin yhteistuotantolaitoksissa joissa sähkö on lämpöenergian lisänä saatava sivutuote, sähkön tuotannon optimointi voi merkitä laitostalouden ja yrityksen kannalta huomattavia lisätuloja tai -säästöjä. Kaukaan Voima Oy:n biovoimalaitos on vuonna 2009 kaupalliseen käyttöön valmistunut moderni yhteistuotantolaitos, joka sijaitsee Lappeenrannassa UPM Kaukas sellutehtaan tehdasalueella. Voimalaitos tuottaa kaukolämpöä ja sähköä Lappeenrannan kaupungille sekä prosessihöyryä ja sähköä UPM Kaukaan tehtaille. Tämän työn tavoitteena on tarkastella biovoimalaitoksen omakäyttösähkön kulutusta kuukausitasolla verrattuna laitoksella tuotettavan höyryn määrään sekä etsiä voimalaitokselta kohteita, joiden omakäyttösähkön kulutusta voidaan vähentää vaikuttamatta höyryntuotantoon ja näin parantaa laitoksen energiatehokkuutta ja hyötysuhdetta. Työ rajataan käsittelemään voimalaitoksen apulaitteiden ja -järjestelmien omakäyttösähkön kulutusta. Työssä tarkastellaan vuodenaikojen vaihtelun ja kaukolämmön sekä prosessihöyryn tarpeen muutoksen vaikutusta voimalaitoksen ajomalliin sekä höyryntuotannon ja omakäyttösähkön kulutuksen suhteisiin. Työssä esiin nousseiden kohteiden potentiaaliset sähköenergian säästöt ovat noin 2500 MWh vuodessa joka tarkoittaa keskimäärin 3,7 % vähennystä voimalaitoksen kuukausittaiseen omakäyttösähkön kulutukseen. Kohteet eivät käytännössä vaadi minkaanlaista investointirahaa, vaan uusia ajojärjestelyitä. Keskeisimmiksi säästökohteiksi valikoitui laitoksen pumppausjärjestelmien paineenalennukset.