Calidad ambiental electromagnética : atenuación de las radiaciones electromagnéticas en los espacios habitados

La perspectiva del arquitecto en calidad ambiental, y salud en un contexto sostenible, se amplía al considerar las radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes en el diseño arquitectónico. En ese sentido, además del confort higrotérmico, acústico, lumínico y de la calidad del aire, se podría considerar el confort electromagnético de un lugar. Dado que existe gran controversia en cuales han de ser los límites de exposición a radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes, establezco como punto de referencia los valores límite más restrictivos, que son los recomendados por la norma SBM-2008, desarrollada por el Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN)1. Se plantean como hipótesis que podemos modificar el entorno electromagnético con materiales de construcción y geometría; y que determinados trazados geométricos tienen la capacidad de reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos sobre los organismos vivos. El objetivo consiste en demostrar experimentalmente que podemos trabajar sobre la calidad ambiental electromagnética de un espacio, a través de la elección de materiales de construcción y trazados geométricos, intentando demostrar que existe una relación causa - efecto entre ambos. La metodología plantea tres aproximaciones experimentales, cada una con un tipo de radiación electromagnética, pues se pretende abarcar las situaciones que comúnmente se pueden presentar en un entorno habitado, ya sea urbano o rural. La primera aproximación trata sobre las alteraciones del campo geomagnético natural (nT / m) provocadas por los materiales de construcción. Utilizo el geomagnetómetro BPM 2010, para realizar un ensayo con cuatro tipos de materiales de distinta procedencia: origen vegetal muy poco procesado (corcho aglomerado negro) y más procesado (OSB), origen derivado del petróleo (tablero rígido de poliuretano) y de origen mineral metálico (chapa minionda). De la lectura de los datos se observa relación causa-efecto entre los materiales de construcción estudiados y las modificaciones que pueden ejercer sobre el campo magnético de un lugar. A continuación se estudia el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a baja frecuencia (3 Hz a 3 kHz) y a alta frecuencia, (800 MHz a 10 GHz) en vivienda y en oficina utilizando unas geometrías concretas: las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones. Estas tarjetas se ubican en paramentos verticales y horizontales de un espacio sometido a radiación propia de un entorno urbano. Se concluye que en una habitación inciden múltiples variables simultáneas muy difíciles de trabajar por separado y que aparentemente no se pueden identificar cambios significativos en las mediciones con y sin las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones. A continuación estudio el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a baja frecuencia asociada a la red de distribución eléctrica. Para poder ver cómo este entorno electromagnético lo podemos modificar, utilizo las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones ubicadas en relación directa con organismos vivos, por un lado germinados de semillas de haba mungo sometidas a campos electromagnéticos complejos a alta y baja frecuencia, propios de una oficina; y por otro lado germinados de semillas de haba mungo, sometidas a campos electromagnéticos puros a 50 Hz, sin influencias de radiación a alta frecuencia. Se concluye que se observa relación causa - efecto entre los trazados geométricos estudiados y su capacidad para reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos a altas y bajas frecuencias sobre las semillas de haba mungo. También utilizo las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones en un ensayo normalizado en el laboratorio de bioelectromagnetismo del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, con células de neuroblastoma humano. Se concluye que se observa relación causa - efecto entre los trazados geométricos estudiados y su capacidad para reducir el impacto de los campos electromagnéticos de 50 Hz Y 100 μT sobre células de neuroblastoma humano y además disminuyen la velocidad de proliferación celular respecto del grupo de células de control. Finalmente se estudia el entorno de radiación electromagnética artificial a alta frecuencia, asociado a comunicaciones inalámbricas. Para ello realizo simulaciones con el software CST Studio, sobre las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones a alta frecuencia. A la luz de los datos se observa relación causa - efecto entre el trazado geométrico estudiado y su capacidad para reducir radiaciones electromagnéticas de alta frecuencia. Se comprueba además que, las tarjetas de corrección de radiaciones disminuyen la intensidad de la radiación acercándose a los límites de exposición establecidos por el instituto de la biología de la construcción alemán, que podrían estar señalando los estándares de biocompatibilidad. ABSTRACT The perspective of the architect in environmental quality, and health in a sustainable context is extended to consider non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in architectural design. In that sense, besides the hygrothermal, acoustic, lighting and air quality comfort, the electromagnetic comfort of an indoor space could be considered. There is still great controversy about which should be the limits of exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, as a benchmark, the more restrictive limits are considered, by the SBM- 2008 standard, developed by the Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN). The hypotheses that arise are the following: the electromagnetic environment can be modified by using certain construction materials and geometry; and certain geometric design have the ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields on living organisms. The aim is to demonstrate experimentally that we can work on electromagnetic environmental quality of a indoor space, by using certain construction materials and geometric design, trying to demonstrate a cause - effect relationship between them. The methodology raises three experimental approaches, each with a type of radiation, it is intend to cover situations commonly may occur in an inhabited environment, whether urban or rural. The first approach discusses the alteration of the natural magnetic field (nT / m) caused by the building materials. Geomagnetometre BPM 2010 is used for conducting a test with four types of materials from different sources: vegetable origin less processing (black agglomerate cork) and vegetable origin more processed (OSB), petroleum origin (rigid polyurethane board) and metallic origin (miniwave plate). It is observed across the data information that exist cause-effect relationship between the construction materials studied and the modifications that they can exercise on the magnetic field of a place. Then I study the environment of artificial electromagnetic radiation at low frequency (3 Hz to 3 kHz) and high frequency (800 MHz to 10 GHz) in housing and office, using some specific geometries: correcting radiation cards. These cards are placed in vertical and horizontal surfaces of an indoor space concerned by radiation. I conclude that an indoor space is affected by multiple simultaneous variables difficult to work separately and apparently it is not possible identify significant changes in measurements with and without correcting radiation cards. Then the artificial electromagnetic environment of low-frequency radiation associated with the electricity distribution network is studied. To see how the electromagnetic environment can be changed, correcting radiation cards are placed directly related to living organisms. On one hand, mung bean seeds subject to complex electromagnetic fields at low and high frequency, typical of an office; and on the other hand mung bean seeds, subjected to pure electromagnetic fields at 50 Hz, no influenced by high frequency radiation. It is observed that exist cause-effect relationship between the geometric design and their ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields at high and low frequencies that arrives on on mung bean seeds. The correcting radiation cards were also used in a standard test in the bioelectromagnetics laboratory of Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, on human neuroblastoma cells. It is observed that exist cause-effect relationship between the geometric design and their ability to reduce the impact of electromagnetic fields at 50 Hz and 100 μT on human neuroblastoma cells and also decrease the rate of cell proliferation compared to the group of cells control. Finally the artificial electromagnetic radiation environment at high frequency associated with wireless communications was studied. Simulations with CST Study software were made to determine the behavior of correcting radiation cards in high-frequency. It is observed across the data information that exist causeeffect relationship between the geometric design and the ability to reduce the levels of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. It also checks that radiation correcting cards decrease the intensity of radiation approaching exposure limits established by Institut für Baubiologie & Oekologie Neubeuern (IBN), which could be signaling biocompatibility standards.

Purification and Characterization of a NADPH-Dependent Aldehyde Reductase from Mung Bean That Detoxifies Eutypine, a Toxin from Eutypa lata1

Eutypine (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzaldehyde) is a toxin produced by Eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Eutypine is enzymatically converted by numerous plant tissues into eutypinol (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzyl alcohol), a metabolite that is nontoxic to grapevine. We report a four-step procedure for the purification to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity of a eutypine-reducing enzyme (ERE) from etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls. The purified protein is a monomer of 36 kD, uses NADPH as a cofactor, and exhibits a Km value of 6.3 μm for eutypine and a high affinity for 3- and 4-nitro-benzaldehyde. The enzyme failed to catalyze the reverse reaction using eutypinol as a substrate. ERE detoxifies eutypine efficiently over a pH range from 6.2 to 7.5. These data strongly suggest that ERE is an aldehyde reductase that could probably be classified into the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. We discuss the possible role of this enzyme in eutypine detoxification.

Interferência de diferentes porta-enxertos no desenvolvimento da videira 'Niagara Rosada'

O conhecimento da interferência do porta-enxerto no desenvolvimento da copa é muito importante, pois tais interações para cada combinação porta-enxerto e cultivar copa adotada pode variar. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência dos porta-enxertos \'IAC 766\', \'IAC 572\', \'IAC 313\', \'IAC 571-6\' e \'Ripária do Traviú\', no desenvolvimento e fertilidade das gemas da cultivar copa \'Niagara Rosada\'. O estudo foi realizado em videira \'Niagara Rosada\' conduzida sob o sistema de espaldeira, na região de Jundiaí - SP. As avaliações foram realizadas em três ciclos de produção, destes, dois foram realizados no ciclo tradicional, em que a poda de produção é realizada no inverno e a colheita no fim da primavera e início de verão, e um foi realizado na denominada safrinha, em que a poda de produção ocorre no verão e a colheita no fim do outono e início do inverno. Para os ciclos de produção tradicionais avaliou-se a fertilidade da primeira até a quarta ou quinta gema, o número de brotação, o número de cacho e o comprimento final dos ramos em 2014 e 2015. No ciclo de produção safrinha avaliou-se a fertilidade da quinta até a oitava gema e os demais dados biométricos durante o cultivo. Nesse ciclo de produção avaliou-se a produção e qualidade de frutos da videira. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida para fertilidade de gemas, e em blocos casualizados para as demais variáveis. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando significativo, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias Tukey a 0,05 de probabilidade. Não foi observado efeito dos diferentes porta-enxertos na fertilidade de gemas, no desenvolvimento da planta, na produção e qualidade dos frutos de videira \'Niagara Rosada\'.

Identification of Acremonium isolates from grapevines and evaluation of their antagonism towards Plasmopara viticola

Some endophytic fungal genera in Vitis vinifera, including Acremonium, have been reported as antagonists of Plasmopara viticola. Endophytic Acremonium isolates from an asymptomatic grapevine cultivar Inzolia from Italy were identified by morphological features and multigene phylogenies of ITS, 18S and 28S genes, and their intra-specific genomic diversity was analyzed by RAPD analysis. Culture filtrates (CFs) obtained from Acremonium isolates were tested in vitro for their inhibitory activity against the P. viticola sporangia germination. Among 94 isolates, 68 belonged to the Acremonium persicinum and 26 to the Acremonium sclerotigenum. RAPD analysis grouped the A. persicinum isolates into 15 clusters and defined 31 different strains. The A. sclerotigenum isolates, instead, were clustered into 22 groups and represented 25 strains. All A. persicinum CFs inhibited sporangia germination of P. viticola, while not all those of A. sclerotigenum had inhibitory effect. A different degree of inhibition was observed between strains of the same species, while some strains of different species showed identical inhibitory effect. No correlation was found between RAPD groups and inhibitory activity in both Acremonium species.

(Table 2) Planktic foraminifera and their diversity indices of sediment surface samples from the Atlantic Ocean

Species distribution patterns in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are fundamental to the understanding of the determinants of their ecology. Until now, data used to identify such distribution patterns was mainly acquired using the standard >150 µm sieve size. However, given that assemblage shell size-range in planktonic foraminifera is not constant, this data acquisition practice could introduce artefacts in the distributional data. Here, we investigated the link between assemblage shell size-range and diversity in Recent planktonic foraminifera by analysing multiple sieve-size fractions in 12 samples spanning all bioprovinces of the Atlantic Ocean. Using five diversity indices covering various aspects of community structure, we found that counts from the >63 µm fraction in polar oceans and the >125 µm elsewhere sufficiently approximate maximum diversity in all Recent assemblages. Diversity values based on counts from the >150 µm fraction significantly underestimate maximum diversity in the polar and surprisingly also in the tropical provinces. Although the new methodology changes the shape of the diversity/sea-surface temperature (SST) relationship, its strength appears unaffected. Our analysis reveals that increasing diversity in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages is coupled with a progressive addition of larger species that have distinct, offset shell-size distributions. Thus, the previously documented increase in overall assemblage shell size-range towards lower latitudes is linked to an expanding shell-size disparity between species from the same locality. This observation supports the idea that diversity and shell size-range disparity in foraminiferal assemblages are the result of niche separation. Increasing SST leads to enhanced surface water stratification and results in vertical niche separation, which permits ecological specialisation. Specific deviations from the overall diversity and shell-size disparity latitudinal pattern are seen in regions of surface-water instability, indicating that coupled shell-size and diversity measurements could be used to reconstruct water column structures of past oceans.

Comparison of glacial/interglacial carbonate concentrations in Atlantic sediments

To assess the regional effects of glaciation on sedimentation in the Atlantic Ocean we compare sediment types, distributions, and rates between Recent (core top) and last glacial maximum (LGM: ~18,000 years B.P.) stratigraphic levels. Based upon smear slides and carbonate analyses in 178 cores we find that glacial age carbonate content is generally lower than Recent. During both the Recent and LGM, carbonate content shows an east/west asymmetry with western basins exhibiting lower carbonate values. Input of ice-rafted detritus into the North Atlantic during LGM time interrupts this topographic control on carbonate distribution considerably farther south than at present; in the South Atlantic this effect is minor. Comparison of LGM and Recent sediment distributions indicates that the LGM seafloor was dominated by biogenic oozes, calcareous clays, and clays, while the Recent is dominated by biogenic oozes and marls. Coarse-grained detritus is much more prevalent in LGM sediments, derived not only from glacial input but also from fluvial and aeolian sources. Sedimentation rates, calculated from LGM to Recent sediment thickness in cores, are <4 cm/1000 yr for most of the ocean. Higher rates are typical of the continental margin off the Amazon River, the North American Basin, and a small region off west equatorial Africa.

Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners appointed to inquire into the state, discipline, studies, and revenues of the University of Dublin, and of Trinity College : together with appendices, containing evidence, suggestions, and correspondence. /

Title is preceded on title page by: Dublin University Commission.

Inaugural address on the opening of a course of lectures illustrative of Irish art, industry, and science /

Ascribed to Richard Whately.

Radioactivity and nuclear physics.

Includes bibliographical references.

Fifty years' recollections of an old bookseller : consisting of anecdotes, characteristic sketches, and original traits and eccentricities, of authors, artists, actors, books, booksellers, and of the periodical press for the last half century, with appropriate selections, and an unlimited retrospect, including some extraordinary circumstances relative to the letters of Junius, and a chain of corroborative evidence respecting their author .

Mode of access: Internet.