The Effects of Piece Size and Storage Temperatures on Minimally Processed 'Aurora-1' Peaches

The production of minimally processed fruit has increased significantly in the last few years due to the high nutritional value, convenience and safety of minimally processed fruit. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the conservation temperature and processing conditions on the quality and shelf-life of minimally processed peaches. The processing procedure consisted of washing, sanitization, peeling and stone removal. To remove the stone, the fruit was cut longitudinally, and three types of products were obtained, including halves, quarters and one-eighth segments. The fruit pieces were immersed in 2% ascorbic acid for 3 min and were packed in rigid polystyrene trays (Meiwa (c) M-54) coated with 14 mu m PVC film (Omnifilm (TM)) (about 200 g per pack). The pieces were stored at 65% RH at 3, 6 or 9 degrees C for 12 days, and were evaluated every four days. The appearance, fresh mass loss, color, O-2 and CO2 concentration, acidity, total soluble solids, total and soluble pectin content and ascorbic acid concentration were measured. Minimally processed peaches stored at 3 degrees C maintained higher quality due to control of ripening and senescence Moreover, an interaction effect between one-eighth segments and a temperature of 3 degrees C was observed, and fruit with a superior appearance and higher soluble solids content was obtained.

Teste de envelhecimento acelerado em sementes de quiabo

The objective of this research was to study the accelerated aging test to evaluate the okra vigor seed. Were used four okra seed lots cv. "Santa Cruz". The initial seed lot quality was evaluate by the moisture content, germination, first germination count, speed of germination index and seedling emergence. The experiment was carried out in two phases: the first one the seeds were submitted to the accelerate aging with and without NaCl salt solution aging periods of 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, at 41 and 45(0) C temperature. The second phase the best procedures as for as accelerated aging and temperatures were repeated. The period of 72h and 41 C with and without NaCl saturated solution was the most adequate for the lot classification in distint vigor levels.

Performance of Layers Submitted to Different Forced Molting Methods and Different Temperatures

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and egg quality of laying hens, in their second laying cycle submitted to different forced-molting methods and three environmental temperatures. Six hundred layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 15 treatments with five replicates of eight birds each, according to 5x3 factorial arrangement (molting methods vs. temperatures). The following forced-molting methods were applied: 90%, 70%, 50% dietary alfalfa inclusion, addition of 2,800 ppm zinc, and feed fasting. Temperatures were: 20 degrees C, 27 degrees C and 35 degrees C. At the end of each period of the second laying cycle, bird performance and egg quality were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The highest alfalfa inclusion level (90% alfalfa and 10% basal diet) proved to be efficient as compared to the other methods, independently of temperature.

Acclimation to short-term low temperatures in two Eucalyptus globulus clones with contrasting drought resistance

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The influence of the caruncle on the germination of castor seed under high salinity or low soil water content

The caruncle is a structure present in the micropylar region of Euphorbiaceae seeds. This structure has the ecological function of promoting seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory), but it is debated whether it also has an agronomical importance influencing seed germination. The influence of the caruncle on castor (Ricinus communis) seed germination was evaluated under low soil water content and high soil salinity. Seeds were germinated at soil water storage capacities varying from 22 to 50% and salinities (NaCl) varying from 0 to 10 dS m(-1) The germination (%) increased following the increments in soil moisture. hut the caruncle had no influence on this process at any moisture level. In one genotype. more root dry mass was produced when caruncle was excised. Increasing salinity reduced the percentage and speed of germination of castor seeds, but no influence of caruncle was detected. No evidence of caruncle influencing castor seed germination was found under low soil water content and high salinity.

The action of the testa upon the germination of seeds of Cucumis anguria L.

In negatively photoblastic seeds of Cucumis anguria L. the scarification of micropyle overcame the inhibitory effect of white light , although far-red radiation inhibited the germination in both intact and scarified seeds. The moistened testa powder transmitted more far-red than red radiation. Thus the testa could act as a filter of radiation and maintain a high far-red/red ratio at the photosensitive site of the embryo, which must be localized near the micropyle. © 1988 Academia.

Effect of water stress on seed germination and seedling growth in Oryza sativa L.

The effect of water stress induced by application of polyethylene glycol 6000 during seed germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa L. cv. IAC 165 was analysed. The seed germination was inhibited by the decrease in the water potential of the medium, the inhibition being greater under white light than under continuous darkness. When the seedling was submitted to water stress (-0.51 MPa) white light inhibited growth of root, coleoptile-and leaf, while under no stress conditions white light caused increase in growth of root and leaf and only inhibition of coleoptile growth. © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Tolerance to high temperatures in tadpoles of Leptodactylus fuscus and Hyla fuscovaria in temporary ponds (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae, Hylidae)

In temporary ponds tadpoles of the frogs Leptodactylus fuscus and Hyla fuscovaria may be exposed to temperatures up to 40-44°C. Experimental exposure to high temperature revealed survivals after 30 min at 42°C for H. fuscovaria and at 44°C for L. fuscus. -from Authors

On the germination and dormancy of dispersal units of Brachiaria decumbens staff

The effect of light and temperature on germination of Brachiaria decumbens as well as the action of some dormancy breaking chemicals were tested. Two seed batches stored different times were used. The results show that seeds failed to respond to alternating temperature regimes and different light qualities. Seeds were indifferent to white light at 25°C. KNO3, ethanol and H2SO4 failed to break seed dormancy, whereas KCN and H2O2 partially reduced dormancy of two month stored seeds. The results suggest a metabolic character of dormancy in new (freshly collected) seeds and confirm the occurence of two types of dormancy in B. decumbens seeds.

Inhibitory effects of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) leaf residues on germination and vigour of crops and weeds

The effects of jackbean leaf residues incorporated in the soil on germination and seedlings growth of cucumber, radish and some weeds was examined. Trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions to (a) determine the amount of incorporated residue that is inhibitory to two test plants, (b) to determine if decomposition time changes the inhibitory levels of jackbean residues on test plants and (c) to determine the amount of residue that is inhibitory to the weed species. Jackbean leaf residues incorporated in soil at concentration of 2% or higher and allowed to decompose for a period of 0 to 2 weeks before sowing, reduced the initial growth of cucumber and radish and at different concentrations, reduced germination and growth of three weed species. These results suggest the presence of allelopathic components in Jackbean leaves that could affect seed germination and seedling development.

Effect of soil moisture content and the irrigation frequency on the sugarcane germination

The aim of this work was to observe the interaction between soil moisture and irrigation time intervals on the germination of sugarcane cv. RB785148 sets in semi-controlled conditions. One-bud sets of the variety RB785148 were germinated in ceramic pots filled with soil under a transparent PVC cover using soil humidity levels of 22, 25 and 30%, that were restored at intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days. The experiment was carried out at three different periods of the year: May-June/94; Oct.-Nov./94; and Mar.-Apr./95. The results indicate that the germination decreased mainly in function of the decrease in soil humidity, whereas irrigation interval have no statistical effect on germination. An interaction between humidity level and irrigation interval was observed. A variation of the timecourse of the germination could be observed when the results of the experiments installed at different dates were compared.

Preparation and characterization of glass-ceramic materials in the BaO-Li2O-ZrO2-SiO2 system and their dependence on treatment temperatures

The preparation and characterization of transparent glass-ceramics in the composition of 30Li2O:5ZrO2:xBaO:(100-x) SiO2 with x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol% are described. Glasses were melted in a platinum crucible at 1100°C for 2 h and then heat-treated at 900°C for 3 h. The characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that there was a structural change in the glass-ceramics as the BaO concentration in the mixture increased. In the XRD patterns of samples without heat treatment, only the halo was observed. After heat treatment, the appearance of the materials was verified by X-ray diffraction peaks. The reorganization of the amorphous solid was confirmed by Raman and IR spectroscopy along with XPS and SEM, with a more homogeneous phase formation being observed.

Influence of different drying temperatures on the amount of essential oils and citral content in Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. - Poaceae

Studies were conducted to show the effect of different temperatures in the drying process on the amount and quality of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Leaves were harvested in the experimental field of the Agronomical Sciences College, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil in September, 1996. Blades of the leaves were cut in small parts (about 1-1,5 cm length), dried for several days at 30°, 50°, 70° and 90°C, until establishment of the weights. In the following process a hydrodistillation, during 2.5 hours, by Clevenger apparatus, was subsidized to extract the essential oils. A higher amount of oil could clearly be collected with the lower drying temperatures, except at 30°C, affected by fungus growing. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhyzopus sp., Cladosporium sp., Trichoderma sp. and Alternaria sp. were observed in the leaves. The analysis of the oil by GC-MS showed the variation of citral concentration of the treatments (86,1 to 95,2%). The results proved it is worthwhile to spend more time and effort in the production process using longer times of careful drying.

Aspects of the sexual reproduction of the Brazilian arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen var. megapotamica (D.C.) Cabrera - Asteraceae)

The species is a very popularly used plant as woundwort. Leaves, top flowers and rhizomes are used. The objective of this work is a contribution to the germination study, photoblastism and more adequate temperature for reproduction of the species. The best temperature for the germination was found to be 20°C and no seeds germinated under continuous darkness, within 14 days; therefore, the seeds are positive photoblastics. The seed germination percentage was low, in relation to the mass of the achene produced, varying from 8,2 to 20,0%. The alternated temperatures of 20° and 30°C did not influence the seed germination and the average of the weight of 100 seeds was 0,026 1 g.

Effect of five substrates and three seed types on Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) germination and seedling development

The investigation was carried out during May - June 1996 in Agronomical Sciences College - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. The objective was to study the effect of seed types (carenate, alate and orbicular) and different substrates (vermiculite, sand, soil, commercial mixture and producer's mixture) on Calendula officinalis germination and seedling development. The design was in randomized blocks, with 4 replications. The germination index of the seeds was evaluated, as well as the development of aerial part and root system of the seedlings. Results showed that seed types have no relation with seedling development, therefore, germination was better on alate and orbicular seeds in C. officinalis. With reference to the substrates, the producer's mixture and the commercial mixture gave better germination and seedling development.