Conceptual model for adaptable and extensible visual data exploration

Interactive visual representations complement traditional statistical and machine learning techniques for data analysis, allowing users to play a more active role in a knowledge discovery process and making the whole process more understandable. Though visual representations are applicable to several stages of the knowledge discovery process, a common use of visualization is in the initial stages to explore and organize a sometimes unknown and complex data set. In this context, the integrated and coordinated - that is, user actions should be capable of affecting multiple visualizations when desired - use of multiple graphical representations allows data to be observed from several perspectives and offers richer information than isolated representations. In this paper we propose an underlying model for an extensible and adaptable environment that allows independently developed visualization components to be gradually integrated into a user configured knowledge discovery application. Because a major requirement when using multiple visual techniques is the ability to link amongst them, so that user actions executed on a representation propagate to others if desired, the model also allows runtime configuration of coordinated user actions over different visual representations. We illustrate how this environment is being used to assist data exploration and organization in a climate classification problem.

Transport and dynamical properties for a bouncing ball model with regular and stochastic perturbations

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Image-Guided Cryoablation of the Spine in a Swine Model: Clinical, Radiological, and Pathological Findings with Light and Electron Microscopy

This study was designed to present the feasibility of an in vivo image-guided percutaneous cryoablation of the porcine vertebral body. Methods The institutional animal care committee approved this study. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided vertebral cryoablations (n = 22) were performed in eight pigs with short, 2-min, single or double-freezing protocols. Protective measures to nerves included dioxide carbon (CO2) epidural injections and spinal canal temperature monitoring. Clinical, radiological, and pathological data with light (n = 20) or transmission electron (n = 2) microscopic analyses were evaluated after 6 days of clinical follow-up and euthanasia. Results CBCT/fluoroscopic-guided transpedicular vertebral body cryoprobe positioning and CO2 epidural injection were successful in all procedures. No major complications were observed in seven animals (87.5 %, n = 8). A minor complication was observed in one pig (12.5 %, n = 1). Logistic regression model analysis showed the cryoprobe-spinal canal (Cp-Sc) distance as the most efficient parameter to categorize spinal canal temperatures lower than 19 ��C (p<0.004), with a significant Pearson���s correlation test (p < 0.041) between the Cp-Sc distance and the lowest spinal canal temperatures. Ablation zones encompassed pedicles and the posterior wall of the vertebral bodies with an inflammatory rim, although no inflammatory infiltrate was depicted in the surrounding neural structures at light microscopy. Ultrastructural analyses evidenced myelin sheath disruption in some large nerve fibers, although neurological deficits were not observed. Conclusions CBCT-guided vertebral cryoablation of the porcine spine is feasible under a combination of a short freezing protocol and protective measures to the surrounding nerves. Ultrastructural analyses may be helpful assess the early modifications of the nerve fibers.

Deep chlorophyll maximum and upper ocean structure interactions: Case of the Guinea Thermal Dome

Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) modifies the upper ocean heat capture distribution and thus impacts water column temperature and stratification, as well as biogeochemical processes. This energetical role of the DCM is assessed using a 1 m-resolution 1D physical-biogeochemical model of the upper ocean, using climatological forcing conditions of the Guinea Dome (GD). This zone has been chosen among others because a strong and shallow DCM is present all year round. The results show that the DCM warms the seasonal thermocline by +2 degrees C in September/October and causes an increase of heat transfer from below into the mixed layer (ML) by vertical diffusion and entrainment, leading to a ML warming of about 0.3 degrees C in October. In the permanent thermocline, temperature decreases by up to 2 degrees C. The result is a stratification increase of the water column by 0.3 degrees C m(-1) which improves the thermocline realism when compared with observations. At the same time, the heating associated with the DCM is responsible for an increase of nitrate (+300%, 0.024 mu M), chlorophyll (+50%, 0.02 mu g l(-1)) and primary production (+45%: 10 mg C m(-2) day(-1)) in the ML during the entrainment period of October. The considered concentrations are small but this mechanism could be potentially important to give a better explanation of why there is a significant amount of nitrate in the ML. The mechanisms associated with the DCM presence, no matter which temperature or biogeochemical tracers are concerned, are likely to occur in a wide range of tropical or subpolar regions; in these zones a pronounced DCM is present at least episodically at shallow or moderate depths. These results can be generalized to other thermal dome regions where relatively similar physical and biogeochemical structures are encountered. After testing different vertical resolutions (10 m, 5 m, 2.5 m, 1 m and 0.5 m), we show that using at least a 1 to vertical resolution model is mandatory to assess the energetical importance of the DCM.

Constraining H-0 in general dark energy models from Sunyaev-Zeldovich/X-ray technique and complementary probes

In accelerating dark energy models, the estimates of the Hubble constant, Ho, from Sunyaev-Zerdovich effect (SZE) and X-ray surface brightness of galaxy clusters may depend on the matter content (Omega(M)), the curvature (Omega(K)) and the equation of state parameter GO. In this article, by using a sample of 25 angular diameter distances of galaxy clusters described by the elliptical beta model obtained through the SZE/X-ray technique, we constrain Ho in the framework of a general ACDM model (arbitrary curvature) and a flat XCDM model with a constant equation of state parameter omega = p(x)/rho(x). In order to avoid the use of priors in the cosmological parameters, we apply a joint analysis involving the baryon acoustic oscillations (BA()) and the (MB Shift Parameter signature. By taking into account the statistical and systematic errors of the SZE/X-ray technique we obtain for nonflat ACDM model H-0 = 74(-4.0)(+5.0) km s(-1) Mpc(-1) (1 sigma) whereas for a fiat universe with constant equation of state parameter we find H-0 = 72(-4.0)(+5.5) km s(-1) Mpc(-1)(1 sigma). By assuming that galaxy clusters are described by a spherical beta model these results change to H-0 = 6(-7.0)(+8.0) and H-0 = 59(-6.0)(+9.0) km s(-1) Mpc(-1)(1 sigma), respectively. The results from elliptical description are in good agreement with independent studies from the Hubble Space Telescope key project and recent estimates based on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, thereby suggesting that the combination of these three independent phenomena provides an interesting method to constrain the Bubble constant. As an extra bonus, the adoption of the elliptical description is revealed to be a quite realistic assumption. Finally, by comparing these results with a recent determination for a, flat ACDM model using only the SZE/X-ray technique and BAO, we see that the geometry has a very weak influence on H-0 estimates for this combination of data.

Mean and Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in the CCSM4

This study analyzes important aspects of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from simulations of the fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4): the mean sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress, the Atlantic warm pools, the principal modes of SST variability, and the heat budget in the Benguela region. The main goal was to assess the similarities and differences between the CCSM4 simulations and observations. The results indicate that the tropical Atlantic overall is realistic in CCSM4. However, there are still significant biases in the CCSM4 Atlantic SSTs, with a colder tropical North Atlantic and a hotter tropical South Atlantic, that are related to biases in the wind stress. These are also reflected in the Atlantic warm pools in April and September, with its volume greater than in observations in April and smaller than in observations in September. The variability of SSTs in the tropical Atlantic is well represented in CCSM4. However, in the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic regions, CCSM4 has two distinct modes of variability, in contrast to observed behavior. A model heat budget analysis of the Benguela region indicates that the variability of the upper-ocean temperature is dominated by vertical advection, followed by meridional advection.

Biomimetic in vitro oxidation of lapachol: A model to predict and analyse the in vivo phase I metabolism of bioactive compounds

The bioactive naphtoquinone lapachol was studied in vitro by a biomimetic model with Jacobsen catalyst (manganese(III) salen) and iodosylbenzene as oxidizing agent. Eleven oxidation derivatives were thus identified and two competitive oxidation pathways postulated. Similar to Mn(III) porphyrins, Jacobsen catalyst mainly induced the formation of para-naphtoquinone derivatives of lapachol, but also of two ortho-derivatives. The oxidation products were used to develop a GC MS (SIM mode) method for the identification of potential phase I metabolites in vivo. Plasma analysis of Wistar rats orally administered with lapachol revealed two metabolites, alpha-lapachone and dehydro-alpha-lapachone. Hence, the biomimetic model with a manganese salen complex has evidenced its use as a valuable tool to predict and elucidate the in vivo phase I metabolism of lapachol and possibly also of other bioactive natural compounds. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

"Evaluating the model of classification and valuation of disabilities used in Brazil and defining the elaboration and adoption of a unique model for all the country": Brazilian Interministerial Workgroup Task

The President of Brazil established an Interministerial Work Group in order to ���evaluate the model of classification and valuation of disabilities used in Brazil and to define the elaboration and adoption of a unique model for all the country���. Eight Ministries and/or Secretaries participated in the discussion over a period of 10 months, concluding that a proposed model should be based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the ���support theory���, and organizing a list of recommendations and necessary actions for a Classification, Evaluation and Certification Network with national coverage.

Pair approximation for a model of vertical and horizontal transmission of parasites.

We apply Stochastic Dynamics method for a differential equations model, proposed by Marc Lipsitch and collaborators (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 260, 321, 1995), for which the transmission dynamics of parasites occurs from a parent to its offspring (vertical transmission), and by contact with infected host (horizontal transmission). Herpes, Hepatitis and AIDS are examples of diseases for which both horizontal and vertical transmission occur simultaneously during the virus spreading. Understanding the role of each type of transmission in the infection prevalence on a susceptible host population may provide some information about the factors that contribute for the eradication and/or control of those diseases. We present a pair mean-field approximation obtained from the master equation of the model. The pair approximation is formed by the differential equations of the susceptible and infected population densities and the differential equations of pairs that contribute to the former ones. In terms of the model parameters, we obtain the conditions that lead to the disease eradication, and set up the phase diagram based on the local stability analysis of fixed points. We also perform Monte Carlo simulations of the model on complete graphs and Erd��s-R��nyi graphs in order to investigate the influence of population size and neighborhood on the previous mean-field results; by this way, we also expect to evaluate the contribution of vertical and horizontal transmission on the elimination of parasite. Pair Approximation for a Model of Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Parasites.

A model for diffusive and displacive phase transitions in steels

Heat treatment of steels is a process of fundamental importance in tailoring the properties of a material to the desired application; developing a model able to describe such process would allow to predict the microstructure obtained from the treatment and the consequent mechanical properties of the material. A steel, during a heat treatment, can undergo two different kinds of phase transitions [p.t.]: diffusive (second order p.t.) and displacive (first order p.t.); in this thesis, an attempt to describe both in a thermodynamically consistent framework is made; a phase field, diffuse interface model accounting for the coupling between thermal, chemical and mechanical effects is developed, and a way to overcome the difficulties arising from the treatment of the non-local effects (gradient terms) is proposed. The governing equations are the balance of linear momentum equation, the Cahn-Hilliard equation and the balance of internal energy equation. The model is completed with a suitable description of the free energy, from which constitutive relations are drawn. The equations are then cast in a variational form and different numerical techniques are used to deal with the principal features of the model: time-dependency, non-linearity and presence of high order spatial derivatives. Simulations are performed using DOLFIN, a C++ library for the automated solution of partial differential equations by means of the finite element method; results are shown for different test-cases. The analysis is reduced to a two dimensional setting, which is simpler than a three dimensional one, but still meaningful.

Climate signatures in corals of the tropical-temperate transition zone (Late Miocene, Crete/Greece)

The present study describes a Late Miocene (early Tortonian - early Messinian) transitional carbonate system that combines elements of tropical and cool-water carbonate systems (Irakleion Basin, island of Crete, Greece). As documented by stratal geometries, the submarine topography of the basin was controlled by tilting blocks. Coral reefs formed by Porites and Tarbellastrea occurred in a narrow clastic coastal belt along a ���central Cretan landmass���, and steep escarpments formed by faulting. Extensive covers of level-bottom communities existed in a low-energy environment on the gentle dip-slope ramps of the blocks that show the widest geographical distribution within the basin. Consistent patterns of landward and basinward shift of coastal onlap in all outcrop studies reveal an overriding control of 3rd and 4th order sea level changes on sediment dynamics and facies distributions over block movements. An increasingly dry climate and the complex submarine topography of the fault block mosaic kept sediment and nutrient discharge at a minimum. The skeletal limestone facies therefore reflects oligotrophic conditions and a sea surface temperature (SST) near the lower threshold temperature of coral reefs in a climatic position transitional between the tropical coral reef belt and the temperate zone. Stable isotope records (��18O, ��13C) from massiv, exceptionally preserved Late Miocene aragonite coral skeletons reflect seasonal changes in sea surface temperature and symbiont autotrophy. Spectral analysis of a 69 years coral ��18O record reveals significant variance at interannual time scales (5-6 years) that matches the present-day eastern Mediterranean climate variability controlled by the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO), the Northern Hemisphere���s dominant mode of atmospheric variability. Supported by simulations with a complex atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model, it is suggested, that climate dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and central Europe reflect atmospheric variability related to the Icelandic Low 10 million years ago. Usually, Miocene corals are transformed in calcite spar in geological time and isotope values are reset by diagenetic alteration. It is demonstrated that the relicts of growth bands represent an intriguing source of information for the growth conditions of fossil corals. Recrystallized growth bands were measured systematically in massive Porites from Crete. The Late Miocene corals were growing slowly with 2-4 mm/yr, compatible with present-day Porites from high latitude reefs, a relationship that fits the position of Crete at the margin of the Miocene tropical reef belt. Over Late Miocene time (Tortonian - early Messinian) growth rates remained remarkably constant, and if the modern growth temperature relationship for massive Porites applies to the Neogene, minimum (winter) SST did not exceed 19-21��C.

Oxidation photochemistry in the remote marine boundary layer

Die bedeutendste Folge der Luftverschmutzung ist eine erh��hte Konzentration an Ozon (O3) in der Troposph��re innerhalb der letzten 150 Jahre. Ozon ist ein photochemisches Oxidationsmittel und ein Treibhausgas, das als wichtigste Vorstufe des Hydroxyradikals OH die Oxidationskraft der Atmosph��re stark beeinflusst. Um die Oxidationskraft der Atmosph��re und ihren Einfluss auf das Klima verstehen zu k��nnen, ist es von gro��er Bedeutung ein detailliertes Wissen ��ber die Photochemie des Ozons und seiner Vorl��ufer, den Stickoxiden (NOx), in der Troposph��re zu besitzen. Dies erfordert das Verstehen der Bildungs- und Abbaumechanismen von Ozon und seiner Vorl��ufer. Als eine f��r den chemischen Ozonabbau wichtige Region kann die vom Menschen weitgehend unber��hrte marine Grenzschicht (Marine boundary layer (MBL)) angesehen werden. Bisher wurden f��r diese Region jedoch kaum Spurengasmessungen durchgef��hrt, und so sind die dort ablaufenden photochemischen Prozesse wenig untersucht. Da etwa 70 % der Erdoberfl��che mit Ozeanen bedeckt sind, k��nnen die in der marinen Granzschicht ablaufenden Prozesse als signifikant f��r die gesamte Atmosph��re angesehen werden. Dies macht eine genaue Untersuchung dieser Region interessant. Um die photochemische Produktion und den Abbau von Ozon absch��tzen zu k��nnen und den Einfluss antrophogener Emissionen auf troposph��risches Ozon zu quantifizieren, sind aktuelle Messergebnisse von NOx im pptv-Bereich f��r diese Region erforderlich. Die notwendigen Messungen von NO, NO2, O3, JNO2, J(O1D), HO2, OH, ROx sowie einiger meteorologischer Parameter wurden w��hrend der Fahrt des franz��sischen Forschungsschiffes Marion-Dufresne auf dem s��dlichen Atlantik (28��S-57��S, 46��W-34��E) im M��rz 2007 durchgef��hrt. Dabei sind f��r NO und NO2 die bisher niedrigsten gemessenen Werte zu verzeichnen. Die w��hrend der Messcampagne gewonnen Daten wurden hinsichtlich Ihrer ��bereinstimmung mit den Bedingungen des photochemischen station��ren Gleichgewichts (photochemical steady state (PSS)) ��berpr��ft. Dabei konnte eine Abweichung vom PSS festgestellt werden, welche unter Bedingungen niedriger NOx-Konzentrationen (5 bis 25pptv) einen unerwarteten Trend im Leighton-Verh��ltnis bewirkt, der abh��ngig vom NOx Mischungsverh��ltnis und der JNO2 Intensit��t ist. Signifikante Abweichungen vom Verh��ltnis liegen bei einer Zunahme der JNO2 Intensit��t vor. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Abweichung vom PSS nicht beim Minimum der NOx-Konzentrationen und der JNO2 Werte liegt, so wie es in bisherigen theoretischen Studien dargelegt wurde und k��nnen als Hinweis auf weitere photochemische Prozesse bei h��heren JNO2-Werten in einem System mit niedrigem NOx verstanden werden. Das wichtigste Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung, ist die Verifizierung des Leighton-Verh��ltnisses, das zur Charakterisierung des PSS dient, bei sehr geringen NOx-Konzentrationen in der MBL. Die bei dieser Doktorarbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse beweisen, dass unter den Bedingungen der marinen Granzschicht rein photochemischer Abbau von Ozon stattfindet und als Hauptursache hierf��r w��hrend des Tages die Photolyse gilt. Mit Hilfe der gemessenen Parameter wurde der kritische NO-Level auf Werte zwischen 5 und 9 pptv abgesch��tzt, wobei diese Werte im Vergleich zu bisherigen Studien vergleichsweise niedrig sind. M��glicherweise bedeutet dies, dass das Ozon Produktion/ Abbau-Potential des s��dlichen Atlantiks deutlich st��rker auf die Verf��gbarkeit von NO reagiert, als es in anderen Regionen der Fall ist. Im Rahmen der Doktorarbeit wurde desweiteren ein direkter Vergleich der gemessenen Spezies mit dem Modelergebnis eines 3-dimensionalen Zirkulationsmodel zur Simulation atmosph��ren chemischer Prozesse (EMAC) entlang der exakten Schiffsstrecke durchgef��hrt. Um die ��bereinstimmung der Messergebnisse mit dem bisherigen Verst��ndnis der atmosph��rischen Radikalchemie zu ��berpr��fen, wurde ein Gleichgewichtspunktmodel entwickelt, das die w��hrend der ��berfahrt erhaltenen Daten f��r Berechungen verwendet. Ein Vergleich zwischen der gemessenen und der modellierten ROx Konzentrationen in einer Umgebung mit niedrigem NOx zeigt, dass die herk��mmliche Theorie zur Reproduktion der Beobachtungen unzureichend ist. Die m��glichen Gr��nde hierf��r und die Folgen werden in dieser Doktorarbeit diskutiert.

Chemical interaction between ocean and atmosphere

The exchange of chemical constituents between ocean and atmosphere provides potentially important feedback mechanisms in the climate system. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a chemically coupled global atmosphere-ocean model. For this, an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model with atmospheric chemistry has been expanded to include oceanic biogeochemistry and the process of air-sea gas exchange. The calculation of seawater concentrations in the oceanic biogeochemistry submodel has been expanded from DMS, CO���

Use of the Supermolecule Approach To Model the Syn and Anti Conformations of Solvated Cyclic 3���,5���-Adenosine Monophosphate

The supermolecule approach has been used to model the hydration of cyclic 3���,5���-adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. Model building combined with PM3 optimizations predict that the anti conformer of cAMP is capable of hydrogen bonding to an additional solvent water molecule compared to the syn conformer. The addition of one water to the syn superstructure with concurrent rotation of the base about the glycosyl bond to form the anti superstructure leads to an additional enthalpy of stabilization of approximately ���6 kcal/mol at the PM3 level. This specific solute���solvent interaction is an example of a large solvent effect, as the method predicts that cAMP has a conformational preference for the anti isomer in solution. This conformational preference results from a change in the number of specific solute���solvent interactions in this system. This prediction could be tested by NMR techniques. The number of waters predicted to be in the first hydration sphere around cAMP is in agreement with the results of hydration studies of nucleotides in DNA. In addition, the detailed picture of solvation about this cyclic nucleotide is in agreement with infrared experimental results.