EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH Toxocara cati IN PIGS: MIGRATORY PATTERN AND PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN EARLY PHASE

Experimental inoculations of approximately 100,000 infective Toxocara cati larval eggs were done in twelve pigs. The T. cati eggs used for inoculation were collected from cat's feces. Another group of three pigs served as an uninfected control. Groups of infected pigs were euthanized at seven, 14, 21, and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). Tissue samples were taken for digestion and histopathology changes in early phase. The number of larvae recovered from the lungs peaked at seven and 14 dpi and were also present at 21, and 28 dpi. Larvae of T. cati were present in the lymph nodes of the small and large intestine at seven, 14, and 28 dpi and at seven, 14, 21, and 28 dpi respectively. In other studied tissues, no larvae or less than one larva per gram was detected. The pathological response observed in the liver and lungs at seven and 14 dpi, showed white spots on the liver surface and areas of consolidation were observed in the lungs. The lungs showed an inflammatory reaction with larvae in center at 28 dpi. In the liver we observed periportal and perilobular hepatitis. The lymph nodes of the intestines displayed eosinophil lymphadenitis with reactive centers containing parasitic forms in some of them. The granulomatous reaction was not observed in any tissues. The role of the other examined tissues had less significance. The relevance of this parasite as an etiological agent that leads to disease in paratenic hosts is evident.

Efecto de la temperatura de la piel en la leishmaniasis cutanea experimental

The literature on the thermosensitive properties of strains or species of Leishmania and of other miercorganisms is revised. Cutaneous or mucocutaneous strains that infect animais in the coldest areas of the skin or mucosa in general can not grow in tissue culture at 37°C or higher temperatures and their respiratory metabolism decreases at these temperatures. These facts suggest a thermosensitive event in some important metabolism phase of the organisme. The strains or species that are able to produce visceral leishmaniasis were probably originated from cutaneous strains after genetioally determined physiological adaptation, to warmer temperatures. These strains can not only visceralize in animais and man but will also grow in tissue culture at 36-37°C and the respiratory metabolism will be higher at such temperatures. There are reasons to believe that intermediate strains, i. e., with properties of both groupsí do exist. A thermosensitive physiological event is a more general phenomenon and examples of it can also be found in the fields of virology, bacteriology and mycology. It has practical applications since some of the diseases produced by these agents can be cured by treatments with heat or artificial fever. Experiments along these line were performed on hamsters with a Costa Rican strain of L. braziliensis as an experimental model. Even after intraperitoneal inoculation lesions appear in the nose, ears, paws and tail with a subcutaneous temperature bellow 33°C at 22-24°C. Healing of the lesión is accomplished by increasing room temperature. A good lesión is produced in the rump of the animal if the area is depilated (comercial cream depilatory) previously and the naked skin cooled artificially. Elevated temperature, or the growing back of the hair will tend to diminish or cure the lesion.

Infecção experimental de Calomys callosus (Rengger, 1830), (Cricetidae - Rodentia) a quatro espécies de parasitos

Neste trabalho foram estudados exemplares do roedor, Calomys callosus, nascidos em laboratório, a infecções experimentais com quatro parasitos: Plasmodium berghei, Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, Schistosoma mansoni e Hymenolepsis nana. A positividade das infecções foi de 80% para os três primeiros parasitos e 0 para H. nana. C. callosus é um roedor de excelente adaptação em laboratório e de fácil manuseio. Acredita-se que, de acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, este animal poderia ser um bom modelo experimental de laboratório para certos agentes patogênicos.

Patogenia da leishmaniose cutânea experimental: a importância da necrose na eliminação dos parasitos das lesões

Um estudo histopatológico e ultraestrutural das lesões da leishmaniose cutânea causada pela Leishmania mexicana amazonensis em duas cepas isogênicas de camundongo, uma susceptível (Balb/c) e outra resistente (A/J), demonstrou que os amastigotas ficavam bem preservados nos vacúolos parasitóforos dos macrófagos, igualmente em ambas as cepas. A reação de imunofluorescência revelou antigenos parasitários no interior e na membrana dos macrófagos de maneira idêntica para ambas as cepas. A diferença ocorria quando os macrófagos apareciam destruídos e as leishmanias ficavam livres ou fagocitadas por polimorfonucleares, neutrófilos e eosinófilos. Estes parasitos exibiam então graus variáveis de nítidas alterações degenerativas. No camundongo resistence, a necrose, de tipo caseoso ou fibrinóide, era mais disseminada e mais freqüente que no animal susceptível. Os achados observados indicaram que as leishmanias não são destruídas no interior dos macrófagos e sim fora deles, especialmente quando fagocitadas por leucócitos polimorfonucleares. A necrose apareceu como o mecanismo mais saliente através do qual o hospedeiro elimina os parasitos das lesões, sendo a mesma um aspecto importante da reação de hipersensibilidade tardia que ocorre nos animais resistentes.

Hepatocyte metaplasia in experimental chagasic pancreatitis: preliminary report

Beginning the study of chronic pathologic changes in pancreas of hamsters experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Vic strain, hepatocyte metaplasia was observed in one animal from infected group. This is the first report of oncocytes in Chagas' disease, which could be due to aberrant regenerative response to pancreas inflammatory process.

Experimental schistosomiasis in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

In order to evaluate Callithrix jacchus as an animal model for mansoni schistosomiasis, a group of 10 male animals were once percutaneously exposed to 250 cercariae of the Schistosoma mansoni SLM (São Lourenço da Mata) strain. Animals were periodically bled for measuring serum level of enzymes and proteins and for blood cell counting. When comparing pre-infection to post-infection values, a significant increase was found for alkaline phosphatase at 15 to 120 days p.i., differential counts of eosinophil at 45 and 60 days, and total protein and global eosinophil counts at 120 days. No Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in stools. Adult worms of small size were recovered from five animals. At day 120, the number of Schistosoma mansoni eggs/g of tissue was 0-289.7 (liver), 0-30.1 (large intestine) and 0-171.4 (small intestine). These findings lead us to classify Callithrix jacchus as a non-permissive host to the SLM strain of Schistosoma mansoni.

Yellow fever virus isolated from a fatal post vaccination event: an experimental comparative study with the 17DD vaccine strain in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the virus strain GOI 4191 that was isolated from a fatal adverse event after yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination, an experimental assay using hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as animal model and YFV 17DD vaccine strain as virus reference was accomplished. The two virus strains were inoculated by intracerebral, intrahepatic and subcutaneous routes. The levels of viremia, antibody response, and aminotransferases were determined in sera; while virus, antigen and histopathological changes were determined in the viscera. No viremia was detected for either strain following infection; the immune response was demonstrated to be more effective to strain GOI 4191; and no significant aminotransferase levels alterations were detected. Strain GOI 4191 was recovered only from the brain of animals inoculated by the IC route. Viral antigens were detected in liver and brain by immunohistochemical assay. Histothological changes in the viscera were characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, hepatocellular necrosis, and viral encephalitis. Histological alterations and detection of viral antigen were observed in the liver of animals inoculated by the intrahepatic route. These findings were similar for both strains used in the experiment; however, significant differences were observed from those results previously reported for wild type YFV strains.

Heart hypoplasia in an animal model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

PURPOSE: In previous papers, we described a new experimental model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rabbits, and we also reported noninvasive therapeutic strategies for prevention of the functional and structural immaturity of the lungs associated with this defect. In addition to lung hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, biochemical, and structural immaturity of the lungs, the hemodynamics of infants and animals with congenital diaphragmatic hernia are markedly altered. Hence, cardiac hypoplasia has been implicated as a possible cause of death in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and it is hypothesized to be a probable consequence of fetal mediastinal compression by the herniated viscera. Cardiac hypoplasia has also been reported in lamb and rat models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The purpose of the present experiment was to verify the occurrence of heart hypoplasia in our new model of surgically produced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal rabbits. METHODS: Twelve pregnant New Zealand rabbits underwent surgery on gestational day 24 or 25 (normal full gestational time - 31 to 32 days) to create left-sided diaphragmatic hernias in 1 or 2 fetuses per each doe. On gestational day 30, all does again underwent surgery, and the delivered fetuses were weighed and divided into 2 groups: control (non-surgically treated fetuses) (n = 12) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n = 9). The hearts were collected, weighed, and submitted for histologic and histomorphometric studies. RESULTS: During necropsy, it was noted that in all congenital diaphragmatic hernia fetuses, the left lobe of the liver herniated throughout the surgically created defect and occupied the left side of the thorax, with the deviation of the heart to the right side, compressing the left lung; consequently, this lung was smaller than the right one. The body weights of the animals were not altered by congenital diaphragmatic hernia, but heart weights were decreased in comparison to control fetuses. The histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that congenital diaphragmatic hernia promoted a significant decrease in the ventricular wall thickness and an increase in the interventricular septum thickness. CONCLUSION: Heart hypoplasia occurs in a rabbit experimental model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. This model may be utilized for investigations in therapeutic strategies that aim towards the prevention or the treatment of heart hypoplasia caused by congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Cholestasis in a murine experimental model: lesions include hepatocyte ischemic necrosis

OBJECTIVE: To establish a murine experimental model of bile duct obstruction that would enable controlled observations of the acute and subacute phases of cholestasis. METHODOLOGY: Adult male isogenic BALB/c mice underwent a bile duct ligation (22 animals) or a sham operation (10 animals). Fifteen days after surgery, or immediately after the animal's death, macroscopic findings were noted and histological study of the liver, biliary tree, and pancreas was performed (hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichromic staining). RESULTS: Beginning 24 hours after surgery, all animals from the bile duct ligation group presented progressive generalized malaise. All animals presented jaundice in the parietal and visceral peritoneum, turgid and enlarged liver, and accentuated dilatation of gallbladder and common bile duct. Microscopic findings included marked dilatation and proliferation of bile ducts with accentuated collagen deposits, frequent areas of ischemic necrosis, hepatic microabscesses, and purulent cholangitis. Animals from the sham operation group presented no alterations. CONCLUSION: We established a murine experimental model of induced cholestasis, which made it possible to study acute and subacute tissue lesions. Our data suggests that in cholestasis, hepatic functional ischemia plays an important role in inducing hepatic lesions, and it also suggests that the infectious process is an important factor in morbidity and mortality.

Estudo da vascularização dos nervos periféricos e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa : estudo experimental e no cadáver humano

RESUMO: Na clínica, a recuperação funcional que se segue a uma lesão nervosa raramente é atingida na sua totalidade. A reinervação, quer motora, quer sensitiva, ocorre geralmente com maior ou menor deficit. Interessa, então, identificar os factores que podem interferir na regeneração nervosa. O neurónio é a unidade anatómica fundamental do sistema nervoso periférico e é muito vulnerável à isquemia pela grande distância que existe entre o corpo neuronal e a extensão do axónio, que pode ser de apenas alguns milímetros ou até atingir um metro. É, por isso, fundamental o estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa. O resultado deste estudo pode levar ao desenvolvimento de técnicas cirúrgicas que criem as condições que garantam, por sua vez, a revascularização precoce do nervo periférico em caso de lesão, ou mesmo em caso de doenças, nas quais a vascularização do nervo está alterada como, por exemplo, na neuropatia diabética. O estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico realizou-se através da investigação da vascularização do nervo mediano do cadáver humano, pela investigação da vascularização do nervo isquiático do rato Wistar e do Plexo Braquial (PB) do mesmo. A vascularização do PB do rato não é muito diferente daquela que é reportada na espécie humana, existindo uma homologia entre o rato e o Homem no que diz respeito à morfologia e à vascularização do PB. Através da comparação angiomorfológica entre o nervo isquiático do rato e o nervo mediano humano, concluíu-se que a microvascularização do nervo isquiático do rato e do mediano humano são muito semelhantes, o que suporta a utilização do rato como modelo experimental de lesões do nervo mediano humano. Para a avaliação da influência da vascularização na regeneração nervosa foi feita a análise da eficácia de enxerto de tubo de membrana amniótica humana imunologicamente inerte, de enxerto de veia jugular externa autóloga e de auto-enxerto de nervo, na reparação de um defeito de 10 milímetros no nervo isquiático do rato, na presença de um fornecimento vascular axial, comparando-se com os mesmos procedimentos em estudos realizados anteriormente, sem suprimento vascular. Os ratos foram avaliados funcionalmente através do estudo das pegadas, da electroneurografia e da força de flexão ao nível do tornozelo, e estruturalmente, através das avaliações histológicas e morfométricas, da taxa de recuperação do peso dos músculos gastrocnémio e solhear e da marcação axonal retrógrada com True Blue às 4, 8 e 12 semanas. Os nervos reconstruídos apresentaram uma arquitectura normal, incluindo a arquitectura vascular. A membrana amniótica foi bem tolerada, persistindo imunologicamente em torno do nervo até à 12.ª semana. Concluiu-se também que, na presença de um suprimento vascular axial local, a membrana amniótica humana e as veias autólogas são, pelo menos, tão eficazes como os auto-enxertos nervosos na reconstrução de defeitos nervosos de 10 milímetros.--------------------------------------ABSTRACT: At the clinic, the functional recovery that follows a nerve lesion is rarely achieved in full. The neuron is very vulnerable to ischemia that’s why it is essential to study the vascularization of the peripheral nerve and its influence on the nerve’s regeneration. The outcome of this study may lead to the development of surgical techniques that create the conditions which are necessary to ensure an early revascularization in case of a peripheral nerve injury. This study investigated the vascularization of the median nerve of the human cadaver and the vascularization of the sciatic nerve of the Wistar rat and his Brachial Plexus (BP) through animal experimentation. The mouse's BP vascularization is not so different from the one that is reported in the human species. An angiomorphological comparison between the mouse sciatic nerve and the human median nerve concluded that the microvascularizations are very similar, which supports the use of the mouse as an experimental model for the study of median nerve’s lesions. To evaluate the influence of vascularization in the nerve’s regeneration, it was made an assessment of the effectiveness of the human amniotic immuno-inert membrane grafts, of the autologous external jugular vein grafts and of the nerve auto-graft in the repair of a defect of 10 mm on the sciatic nerve of the rat, in the presence of an axial vascular supply, comparing these with the same procedures that were adopted in the previous studies, without vascular supply. The rats were functionally assessed and structurally evaluated (through histological and morphometric evaluations) at the 4.th, 8.th and 12.th weeks. The nerves reconstructed presented a normal architecture, including vascular architecture. The amniotic membrane was well-tolerated immunologically, persisting around the nerve until the 12.th week. As a result, it was also concluded that in the presence of a local axial vascular supply, the human amniotic membrane and the autologous veins are, at least, as effective as the nerve auto-grafts in the reconstruction of the nerve’s defects of 10 mm.

Aterosclerose experimental em coelhos

Numerosas pesquisas têm sido realizadas utilizando modelos experimentais para estudar o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose com dieta induzindo hiperlipidemia. Devido ao fato de que coelhos são muito sensíveis a dietas ricas em colesterol e acumulam grandes quantidades no plasma, a utilização destes animais como modelo experimental para avaliar o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose é de grande relevância, trazendo informação sobre fatores que contribuem para progressão e regressão aplicadas a situações humanas. Sendo assim, nessa revisão a função aterogênica do colesterol é mostrada em trabalhos que incluem o coelho como modelo experimental, uma vez que este animal tornou-se o mais popular modelo experimental de aterosclerose.

Febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas: ensaios negativos de transmissão experimental do virus por Triatomideos

1. - As seguintes especies de Triatomideos não puderam transmitir pela picada o virus da febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas a cobayas normaes, nos seguintes prazos após a sucção de animal infectado: Eutriatoma uhleri, 33, 47, 75 e 141 dias (1 exemplar); Triatoma protracta, 15 e 37 dias (1 exemplar), Triatoma infestans, 8 dias (15 exemplares), e Rhodnius prolixus, 2 dias (1 exemplar). Foi demonstrado por inoculaçao que o ultimo insecto ainda continha o virus vivo. 2. - Experiencias de transmissão mechanica, por picada interrompida em animal infectado e continuada immediatamente em animal são, foram tambem negativas, com as especies T. protracta e R. prolixus. Um unico insecto da primeira especie picou 2 vezes cada animal, emquanto que 22 exemplares da segunda especie picaram de 1 a 3 vezes cada cobaya. 3. - A inoculação de gottas de dejecções de um R. prolixus eliminadas 2 dias depois de sugar animal infectado, não produziu a infecção em cobaya normal, não obstante ter sido demonstrada a presença do virus no organismo do barbeiro, por inoculação do conteúdo estomacal em outra cobaya. 4. - Foram feitas experiencias para determinar o tempo de sobrevivencia do virus nos barbeiros, inoculando-se conteúdo intestinal a diversos intervallos depois da sucção de cobayas infectadas, com os seguintes resultados: T. infestans: positivo 1 vez em 24 horas e 2 vezes em 48 horas; negativo 2 vezes em 72. 96, 120 e 192 horas. P. megistus: positivo 3 vezes em 24 horas, 2 vezes em 48 horas e 1 vez em 72 horas; negativo 1 vez em 72 e 96 horas; resultado duvidoso ou sem valor (infecção intercorrente) 1 vez em 48 horas e 2 vezes a 72, 96 e 144 horas cada um. R. prolixus: positivo 1 vez em 24, 48 e 72 horas e negativo em 96 horas. 5. - Em vista dos resultados destas experiencias, feitas com 5 especies pertecentes a 4 generos de Triatomideos, torna-se muito pouco provavel que estes Hemipteros possam transmitir pela picada o virus da febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas, ou retel-o em seu organismo, em estado virulento, por mais de 2 a 4 dias.

The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

BUSP: um fibrosarcoma experimental de crescimento lento: nota prévia

Após ter-se verificado que a buclizina era capaz de acelerar o crescimento de tumor maligno até 33%, animais de laboratório foram tratados com essa substância em doses subletais agudas e muito acima das doses terapêuticas, por vias subcutâneas e intraperitoneal, ocorrendo, ocasionalmente, o aparecimento de fibrosarcomas nos ratos Wistar e sarcoma indiferenciado e adenoma papilífero em camundongos Swiss. O primeiro tumor surguiu em 1970, ao qual foi dada a sigla "BUSP" (BUclizina-SPoladore). O tumor vem sendo mantido com facilidade, apresentando como características: crescimento lento, permitindo uma sobrevida do animal em torno de três meses; peso em torno de cento e vinte e cinco gramas na fase final; intensa hiperemia peritumoral; tumor maciço, quase sem necrose na parte central; persistindo bastante livre entre a pele e os tecidos subjacentes, durante toda a evolução.

Valoración del bienestar animal del cerdo. Parámetros evaluados en el matadero

La preocupación por el bienestar animal es creciente en toda Europa, tanto por parte del consumidor como por parte del poder legislativo. La información que se facilite a los consumidores sobre los sistemas de producción y un etiquetado adecuado de las condiciones de producción de los productos de origen animal pueden constituir dos elementos esenciales de la cadena alimentaria europea en los próximos años. Es en este contexto que la Comisión Europea financia desde el año 2004 un proyecto europeo integrado, conocido con el acrónimo de “Welfare Quality®”. Uno de los objetivos principales del proyecto es obtener un sistema de valoración del bienestar de los animales de abasto que sea aplicable en granjas y mataderos, y que pueda convertirse en un sistema estandarizado para toda Europa. Además, el sistema de valoración, debe proporcionar información sobre el bienestar de los animales de una forma sencilla y entendible por el público y, a su vez, identificar de forma inequívoca los productos procedentes de estos estándares de bienestar animal. El sistema de valoración utilizado priorizará las medidas basadas en los propios animales sobre aquellas basadas en el ambiente o el manejo de estos. La inclusión de parámetros en el protocolo final de valoración del bienestar del porcino en el matadero depende de factores tales como su validez como indicador del bienestar animal, la facilidad con la que pueda ser valorado por distintos observadores en distintos entornos y condiciones con un error mínimo, que precise de poco tiempo para ser valorada y que combinada con otras medidas dé un resultado final óptimo. A modo de ejemplo, se presentan algunos de los parámetros que serán incluidos en el sistema de valoración del bienestar del porcino en matadero, tales como la valoración del miedo, resbalones, caídas, cojeras, presencia de heridas o índice de mortalidad y eficiencia del aturdimiento previo al sacrificio. Para más información se puede consultar la dirección www.welfarequality.net.