Hypertension et diabète ADVANCE : une étude de morbidité-mortalité : nouveautés en médecine 2007 [ADVANCE: a morbidity mortality study of diabetes and hypertension]

The ADVANCE study is a morbidity-mortality double-blind trial carried out in normotensive or hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. The patients were randomly assigned to receive containing a fixed-combination tablet of an ACE inhibitor (perindopril) with a diuretic (indapamide) (4 mg/l,250 mg, n=5569), or placebo (n=5571), administered if needed on top of other blood pressure lowering agents. Significant reductions in the relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease (18%), total coronary events (14%), and total renal events (21%) were observed. Thus, in patients with type 2 diabetes, a drug regimen based on a fixed-dose combination of perindopril/ indapamide affords major protection against both the macro and microvascular complications. L'étude ADVANCE est un essai clinique de morbidité-mortalité réalisé en double insu chez des malades avec diabète de type 2 normo ou hypertendus. Les malades ont été alloués au hasard pour un suivi moyen de 4,3 ans à un traitement comportant soit une association fixe de l'inhibiteur de l'ECA périndopril et du diurétique indapamide (4 mg/1,250 mg, n = 5569), soit un placebo (n = 5571), ceci en plus si nécessaire d'autres médicaments antihypertenseurs. Des réductions significatives du risque relatif ont été observées sous périndopril/indapamide, en particulier de la mortalité cardiovasculaire (18%), de l'ensemble des événements coronaires (14%) et rénaux (21%). Ainsi chez le malade avec diabète de type 2, un traitement basé sur une association de périndopril et d'indapamide à doses fixes a un effet protecteur majeur contre les complications macro et microvasculaires.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of HIV Type 1-Infected Patients Receiving Dialysis in Spain: Results of a Spanish Survey in 2006: GESIDA 48/05 Study

End-stage renal diseases (ESRD) are becoming more frequent in HIV-infected patients. In Europe there is little information about HIV-infected patients on dialysis. A cross-sectional multicenter survey in 328 Spanish dialysis units was conducted in 2006. Information from 14,876 patients in dialysis was obtained (81.6% of the Spanish dialysis population). Eighty-one were HIV infected (0.54%; 95% CI, 0.43-0.67), 60 were on hemodialysis, and 21 were on peritoneal dialysis. The mean (range) age was 45 (28-73) years. Seventy-two percent were men and 33% were former drug users. The mean (range) time of HIV infection was 11 (1-27) years and time on dialysis was 4.6 (0.4-25) years. ESRD was due to glomerulonephritis (36%) and diabetes (15%). HIV-associated nephropathy was not reported. Eighty-five percent were on HAART, 76.5% had a CD4 T cell count above 200 cells, and 73% had undetectable viral load. Thirty-nine percent of patients met criteria for inclusion on the renal transplant (RT) waiting list but only 12% were included. Sixty-one percent had HCV coinfection. HCV-coinfected patients had a longer history of HIV, more previous AIDS events, parenteral transmission as the most common risk factor for acquiring HIV infection, and less access to the RT waiting list (p < 0.05). The prevalence of HIV infection in Spanish dialysis units in 2006 was 0.54% HCV coinfection was very frequent (61%) and the percentage of patients included on the Spanish RT waiting list was low (12%).

Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms and of clinical risk factors on new‐onset diabetes mellitus in HIV‐infected individuals.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic complications, including cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus (DM), are a major long-term concern in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Recent genome-wide association studies have reliably associated multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to DM in the general population. METHODS: We evaluated the contribution of 22 SNPs identified in genome-wide association studies and of longitudinally measured clinical factors to DM. We genotyped all 94 white participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who developed DM from 1 January 1999 through 31 August 2009 and 550 participants without DM. Analyses were based on 6054 person-years of follow-up and 13,922 measurements of plasma glucose. RESULTS: The contribution to DM risk explained by SNPs (14% of DM variability) was larger than the contribution to DM risk explained by current or cumulative exposure to different antiretroviral therapy combinations (3% of DM variability). Participants with the most unfavorable genetic score (representing 12% and 19% of the study population, respectively, when applying 2 different genetic scores) had incidence rate ratios for DM of 3.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05-7.06) and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.53-4.88), respectively, compared with participants with a favorable genetic score. However, addition of genetic data to clinical risk factors that included body mass index only slightly improved DM prediction. CONCLUSIONS: In white HIV-infected persons treated with antiretroviral therapy, the DM effect of genetic variants was larger than the potential toxic effects of antiretroviral therapy. SNPs contributed significantly to DM risk, but their addition to a clinical model improved DM prediction only slightly, similar to studies in the general population.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitors: therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and what else?

The proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV, DPP-4, CD26), widely expressed in mammalians, releases X-Pro/Ala dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides. DPP IV is responsible of the degradation of the incretin peptide hormones regulating blood glucose levels. Several families of DPP IV inhibitors have been synthesized and evaluated. Their positive effects on the degradation of the incretins and the control of blood glucose levels have been demonstrated in biological models and in clinical trials. Presently, several DPP IV inhibitors, the "gliptins", are approved for type 2 diabetes or are under clinical evaluation. However, the gliptins may also be of therapeutic interest for other diseases beyond the inhibition of incretin degradation. In this Perspective, the biological functions and potential substrates of DPP IV enzymes are reviewed and the characteristics of the DPP IV inhibitors are discussed in view of type 2 diabetes and further therapeutic interest.

Peripheral arterial disease, type 2 diabetes and postprandial lipidaemia: Is there a link?

Peripheral arterial disease, manifested as intermittent claudication or critical ischaemia, or identified by an ankle/brachial index < 0.9, is present in at least one in every four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several reasons exist for peripheral arterial disease in diabetes. In addition to hyperglycaemia, smoking and hypertension, the dyslipidaemia that accompanies type 2 diabetes and is characterised by increased triglyceride levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations also seems to contribute to this association. Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in postprandial lipidaemia, as a result of various prospective studies showing that non-fasting triglycerides predict the onset of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease better than fasting measurements do. Additionally, the use of certain specific postprandial particle markers, such as apolipoprotein B-48, makes it easier and more simple to approach the postprandial phenomenon. Despite this, only a few studies have evaluated the role of postprandial triglycerides in the development of peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiology and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of postprandial triglycerides and particles.

Metabolomic insights into the intricate gut microbial-host interaction in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Gut microbiota has recently been proposed as a crucial environmental factor in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, mainly due to its contribution in the modulation of several processes including host energy metabolism, gut epithelial permeability, gut peptide hormone secretion, and host inflammatory state. Since the symbiotic interaction between the gut microbiota and the host is essentially reflected in specific metabolic signatures, much expectation is placed on the application of metabolomic approaches to unveil the key mechanisms linking the gut microbiota composition and activity with disease development. The present review aims to summarize the gut microbial-host co-metabolites identified so far by targeted and untargeted metabolomic studies in humans, in association with impaired glucose homeostasis and/or obesity. An alteration of the co-metabolism of bile acids, branched fatty acids, choline, vitamins (i.e., niacin), purines, and phenolic compounds has been associated so far with the obese or diabese phenotype, in respect to healthy controls. Furthermore, anti-diabetic treatments such as metformin and sulfonylurea have been observed to modulate the gut microbiota or at least their metabolic profiles, thereby potentially affecting insulin resistance through indirect mechanisms still unknown. Despite the scarcity of the metabolomic studies currently available on the microbial-host crosstalk, the data-driven results largely confirmed findings independently obtained from in vitro and animal model studies, putting forward the mechanisms underlying the implication of a dysfunctional gut microbiota in the development of metabolic disorders.

Hypoglycémie et traitement du diabète de type 2. Le retour à une normoglycémie n'est pas nécessairement la meilleure stratégie thérapeutique [Hypoglycemia and diabetes treatment: the return to normal glucose level is not always the best therapeutic strategy].

Recent clinical trials with type 2 diabetic patients and the quest of normal glyceamic values, have revealed difficulties and limitations. These too normal glyceamic targets corresponding to the physiological standards are associated with very high rate of hypoglycemia and an increase of mortality. A too simplistic view of treatment: "the lowest, the better is in the diabetes" is no longer defensible. The knowledge from complex systems behavior invites us to search targets adapted to a new state of equilibrium due to loss of self-regulation. These targets should not aim the physiological standards but to be adapted to patient's situation. Shared decision-making and consensus are the two pillars of this new strategy supported by the new ADA-EASD guidelines.

Postmortem diagnosis of unsuspected diabetes mellitus.

Vitreous glucose, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and glycated hemoglobin were systematically measured in a series of 500 medico-legal autopsies in order to characterize the glycemic control during the weeks preceding death and identify ketoacidosis as the cause of death in diagnosed and unsuspected diabetics. Unenhanced CT-scans, histology and toxicology were performed in all cases. 16 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis were identified based on the results of all investigations. Among those, 13 cases concerned individuals with pre-existing diagnoses of diabetes mellitus whereas 3 cases concerned individuals with undiagnosed diabetes. A recent cocaine use was observed in 2 cases. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 were measured and proved to be increased in all cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, whereas markers of generalized, bacterial infection and sepsis were normal in most of these cases. The results of this study highlight the usefulness of systematically performing biochemistry to identify ketoacidosis in unsuspected diabetics. It also emphasizes the role of toxicology and biochemistry to support the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis and delineate the pathophysiological mechanisms that may disrupt the metabolic balance and finally lead to death in diabetic individuals.

O manejo da cetoacidose em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus : subsídios para a prática clínica de enfermagem

A cetoacidose diabética é uma condição aguda e grave que se desenvolve predominantemente em pacientes com Diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 e é induzida pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta de insulina. Ocorre comumente em associação a situações de estresse, que elevam os níveis dos hormônios contra-reguladores e constitui importante emergência clínica, que requer intervenções imediatas e efetivas. Assim, pretende-se, por meio deste artigo, com base na fisiopatologia e nas manifestações clínicas, fornecer subsídios para a prática clínica de enfermagem no manejo da cetoacidose diabética.

Representações sociais do pé diabético para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que objetivou compreender as representações sociais do pé diabético para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com dez pessoas com diabetes mellitus que participavam de um grupo de convivência. Da análise de conteúdo emergiram duas categorias: a doença do pé com alterações percebidas e ameaças presentes e; o cuidado com os pés, com o cuidado como preocupação com o futuro e não cuidado como sentimento de culpa. Os resultados mostraram que movidos pelas representações de alterações e ameaças os sujeitos buscam no cuidado uma esperança de não desenvolver a doença do pé ou controlar a situação. Quando o não-cuidado ocorre, surge o sentimento de culpa por terem conhecimentos e não se cuidarem. As representações sociais contribuíram na busca da compreensão do modo como os sujeitos com diabetes mellitus constroem saberes que expressam sua identidade e guiam seus comportamentos, especialmente vinculado ao pé diabético.

A relação entre polifarmácia, complicações crônicas e depressão em portadores de Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: caracterizar a polifarmácia entre portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo2(DM2); e correlacionar polifarmácia e número de complicações do DM2 com indicadores de depressão (Inventário de Depressão de Beck[IDB] e cortisol urinário[CORT]). A amostra foi composta por 40 pacientes da Liga de Diabetes do HCFM-USP, avaliados quanto aos indicadores de depressão (CORT e IDB) e quanto à prática de polifarmácia e número de complicações do DM2. Os resultados mostraram que os medicamentos utilizados foram: antidiabéticos orais, insulinas, anti-hipertensivos, diuréticos, anti-lipêmicos e trombolíticos. No grupo estudado, 75% fizeram uso diário de 5 a 8 medicamentos, e 12,5% de 8 medicamentos/dia ou mais; todos fizeram no mínimo 3 tomadas diárias, 60% tinham entre 1 e 3 complicações do DM2, e 22,5% tinham 3 ou mais. A correlação entre os indicadores de depressão(IDB e CORT), o número de medicamentos e o número de complicações do DM2 não foi estatisticamente significante. No entanto, houve correlação positiva entre CORT e número de tomadas diárias de medicamentos (Spearman,r=0.319, p=0.019).

Validação de intervenções de enfermagem em pessoas com diabetes mellitus

Estudo descritivo e exploratório que objetivou validar as intervenções de enfermagem propostas pela Nursing Interventions Classification para os diagnósticos de enfermagem: Integridade da pele prejudicada, Conhecimento deficiente e Controle ineficaz do regime terapêutico predominantes em pessoas com diabetes. Participaram 21 enfermeiros especialistas em diabetes mellitus no Brasil, em 2007. As intervenções de enfermagem que obtiveram a maior média ponderada foram cuidado com lesões: drenagem fechada, precauções circulatórias para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Integridade da pele prejudicada, ensino: processo de doença, ensino: medicação prescrita para o Conhecimento deficiente e ensino: processo de doença e ensino: dieta prescrita para Controle ineficaz do regime terapêutico. Dentre as 1005 atividades de enfermagem, 51% foram validadas como muitíssimo características pelos especialistas. Acredita-se que outros estudos devam ser conduzidos para ampliar a validação das intervenções de enfermagem em pessoas com diabetes mellitus no Brasil, buscando evidências científicas para o cuidado dessa clientela.

Conhecimento de mulheres com diabetes mellitus sobre cuidados pré-concepcionais e riscos materno-fetais

Objetivou-se descrever o perfil reprodutivo de mulheres com diabetes mellitus (DM) e verificar o nível de conhecimento destas quanto aos riscos maternos e fetais e os cuidados pré-concepcionais. Estudo exploratório, que contou com a participação de 106 mulheres, realizado no Centro Integrado de Hipertensão e Diabetes, de março a julho de 2009. As variáveis reprodutivas foram: número de gestações, partos e abortos e planejamento da gravidez. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista que seguiu um formulário pré-estabelecido. O perfil reprodutivo de mulheres com DM mostrou-se permeado de riscos e repercussões reprodutivas negativas à saúde materna e fetal. Das 106 (100%) mulheres estudadas, 44 (41,5%) apresentaram conhecimento moderado sobre os cuidados pré-concepcionais e 58 (54,7%) conhecimento limitado sobre os riscos maternos e fetais. Faz-se necessário oferecer informações às mulheres a fim de promover o conhecimento sobre os riscos maternos e fetais e os cuidados pré-concepcionais.