Profilaxis antibiótica en cirugía podológica

Se describe la valoración de riesgo de infección de un paciente ante una cirugía podológica con el fin de instaurar una profilaxis antibiótica o no, así mismo se exponen los principios para su uso, así como los criterios de selección y evaluación de la misma. Por último se realiza una propuesta de antibióticos que se emplea en el servicio de cirugía de las enseñanzas de Podología de la Universidad de Barcelona de acuerdo con el tipo de cirugía existente.

Estudio estadístico en cirugía ungueal

Presentamos un estudio estadístico sobre los resultados de las técnicas de cirugía ungueal realizadasen el Servicio de Cirugía de la Clínica Podológica de la Universidad de Barcelona en los últimos años, describiendo el método empleado para su realizacióny las conclusiones obtenidas.

La importancia de la cirugía en la resolución de un proceso ulceroso en el pie diabético

Las lesiones necróticas son actualmente una de las primeras causas de amputación del pie diabético, lo que conlleva un gran coste personal, económico y social. Este artículo muestra que existe la alternativa de llevar a cabo un tratamiento quirúrgico ante una úlcera de grado 3, realizando una cirugía curativa para ayudar a cicatrizar la misma.

Cirugía de partes blandas. Quistes

En este artículo se definen los quistes más frecuentes que hemos observado en el pie en la clínica podológica de la Universidad de Barcelona así como se dan las características clínicas de cada uno de ellos y el estudio histológico de los mismos y para concluir hemos introducido un diagnostico diferencial de cada uno de ellos. Los quistes más frecuentes son: Dermoide, Epidermoide, Sebáceo, Sinovial, Epitelial y Fibromatoso.

Cirugía del condroma ungueal

Al hablar de cirugía en podología, instintivamente, la mayoría de nosotros pensamos en la cirugía ungueal, en la tenocapsular de los dedos o en el papiloma vírico, pero raras veces nos relacionamos con la cirugía tumoral benigna. Hoy expondremos una técnica para la extirpación del 'Condroma subungueal'

Caracterización de la respuesta morfológica de variedades susceptibles y resistentes de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) a la bacteriosis vascular causada por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis es una de las principales limitaciones del cultivo de yuca. En esta investigación, mediante microscopía óptica, se realizó un análisis comparativo de los cambios morfológicos e histoquímicos en tallos de una variedad de yuca susceptible (TMS60444) y una resistente (CM6438-14), 7 y 14 días después de ser inoculadas con la cepa patogénica CIO151. Se pudo detectar que la variedad resistente genera barreras de calosa en las paredes celulares del parénquima cortical y del floema, manteniendo funcional este tejido. En tanto que los tejidos vasculares de la variedad susceptible colapsan, el floema por obstrucción total con tapones de calosa y por formación de compuestos fenólicos, y el xilema por formación de tílides y/o acumulación de compuestos fenólicos, sin poder frenar el avance sistémico de la enfermedad.

Vascular Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and in Renovascular Disease

Cardiovascular mortality is 15 to 30 times higher in patients with chronic kidney disease than in the age-adjusted general population. Even minor renal dysfunction predicts cardiovascular events and death in the general population. In patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease the annual cardiovascular event and death rate is even higher. The abnormalities in coronary and peripheral artery function in the different stages of chronic kidney disease and in renovascular disease are still poorly understood, nor have the cardiac effects of renal artery revascularization been well characterized, although considered to be beneficial. This study was conducted to characterize myocardial perfusion and peripheral endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney disease and in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Myocardial perfusion was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and peripheral endothelial function with brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. It has been suggested that the poor renal outcomes after the renal artery revascularization could be due to damage in the stenotic kidney parenchyma; especially the reduction in the microvascular density, changes mainly evident at the cortical level which controls almost 80% of the total renal blood flow. This study was also performed to measure the effect of renal artery stenosis revascularization on renal perfusion in patients with renovascular disease. In order to do that a PET-based method for quantification of renal perfusion was developed. The coronary flow reserve of patients with chronic kidney disease was similar to the coronary flow reserve of healthy controls. In renovascular disease the coronary flow reserve was, however, markedly reduced. Flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery was decreased in patients with chronic kidney disease compared to healthy controls, and even more so in patients with renovascular disease. After renal artery stenosis revascularization, coronary vascular function and renal perfusion did not improve in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease, but in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis, flow-mediated dilatation improved. Chronic kidney disease does not significantly affect coronary vascular function. On the contrary, coronary vascular function was severely deteriorated in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease, possibly because of diffuse coronary artery disease and/or diffuse microvascular disease. The peripheral endothelial function was disturbed in patients with chronic kidney disease and even more so in patient with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Renal artery stenosis dilatation does not seem to offer any benefits over medical treatment in patients with renovascular disease, since revascularization does not improve coronary vascular function or renal perfusion.

Conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in young Finns and their associations with structural and functional vascular changes of subclinical atherosclerosis. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background: Atherosclerosis begins in early life progressing from asymptomatic to symptomatic as we age. Although substantial progress has been made in identifying the determinants of atherosclerosis in middle to older age adults at increased cardiovascular risk, there is lack of data examining determinants and prediction of atherosclerosis in young adults. Aims: The current study was designed to investigate levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, subclinical measures of atherosclerosis, and prediction of subclinical arterial changes with conventional risk factor measures and novel metabolic profiling of serum samples. Subjects and Methods: This thesis utilised data from the follow-ups performed in 2001 and 2007 in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, a Finnish population-based prospective cohort study that examined 2,204 subjects who were aged 30-45 years in 2007. Subclinical atherosclerosis was studied using noninvasive ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid arterial distensibility (CDist) and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Measurements included conventional risk factors and metabolic profiling using highthroughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods that provided data on 42 lipid markers and 16 circulating metabolites. Results: Trends in lipids were favourable between 2001 and 2007, whereas waist circumference, fasting glucose, and blood pressure levels increased. To study the stability of noninvasive ultrasound markers, 6-year tracking (the likelihood to maintain the original fractile over time) in 6 years was examined. IMT tracked more strongly than CDist and FMD. Cardiovascular risk scores (Framingham, SCORE, Finrisk, Reynolds and PROCAM) predicted subclinical atherosclerosis equally. Lipoprotein subclass testing did not improve the prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis over and above conventional risk factors. However, circulating metabolites improved risk stratification. Tyrosine and docosahexaenoic acid were found to be novel biomarkers of high IMT. Conclusions: Prediction of cardiovascular risk in young Finnish adults can be performed with any of the existing risk scores. The addition of metabonomics to risk stratification improves prediction of subclinical changes and enables more accurate targeting of prevention at an early stage.

Metabolic syndrome – early cardio-metabolic, vascular and hepatic changes

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of several cardio-metabolic risk factors including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. MetS has been associated with increased levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and low-density lipoprotein oxidation (OxLDL) and with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aims: To establish the relation of apoB and OxLDL with the MetS development and to determine the status of MetS as a risk factor for adverse liver changes and for subclinical atherosclerosis. Subjects and Methods: The present thesis is part of the two large scale population-based, prospective, observational studies. Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study was launched in 1980 including 3,596 subjects aged 3-18 years. Thereafter follow-up studies have been conducted regularly. In the latest follow-ups that were performed in 2001 (N=2,283) and 2007 (N=2,204), non-invasive ultrasound studies were introduced to the study protocol to measure subclinical atherosclerosis i.e. carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid artery distensibility (Cdist) and brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured in 2007 to assess liver function. The Bogalusa Heart Study is a long-term epidemiologic study of cardiovascular risk factors launched in 1972 in a biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana, USA. Total of 374 youths (aged 9-18 years at baseline in 1984-88) who underwent non-invasive ultrasound studies of the carotid artery as adults, were included in the analyses of the present thesis. Results: The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for MetS incidence during a 6-year follow-up by quartiles of apoB were 2.0(1.0-3.8) for the second quartile, 3.1(1.7-5.7) for the third quartile and 4.2(2.3-7.6) for the fourth quartile. OxLDL was not independently associated with incident MetS. Youth (aged 9-18 years) with MetS or with high body mass index were at 2-3 times the risk of having MetS, high IMT, and type 2 diabetes 24-years later as adults. IMT increased 79±7μm (mean±SEM) in subjects with MetS and 42±2μm in subjects without the MetS (P<0.0001) during 6- years. Subjects who lost the MetS diagnosis during 6-year follow-up had reduced IMT progression compared to persistent MetS group (0.036±0.005vs.0.079±0.010 mm, P=0.001) and reduced Cdist change compared to incident MetS group (-0.12±0.05vs.-0.38±0.10 %/mmHg, P=0.03) over 6-year follow-up. MetS predicted elevated ALT (β±SEM=0.380±0.052, P<0.0001 in men and 0.160±0.052, P=0.002 in women) and GGT (β±SEM=0.240±0.058, P<0.0001 in men and 0.262±0.053, P<0.0001 in women) levels after 6-years. Conclusions: These findings suggest that apoB may give additional information on early metabolic disturbances predisposing MetS. MetS may be used to identify individuals at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic liver disease. However, recovery from the MetS may have positive effects on liver and vascular properties.

Estrutura do componente epífito vascular em trecho de Floresta Atlântica na região serrana do Espírito Santo

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a comunidade epifítica de um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica da região centro serrana do estado do Espírito Santo, visando observar a distribuição dessa forma de vida sobre forófitos. O local de estudo é formado por uma encosta com floresta preservada que foi analisada no topo do morro (Área 1 - altitude de 890 m) e na meia encosta (Área 2 - 720 m de altitude). Foi adotado o método de quadrantes centrados, selecionando 15 pontos em cada área num total de 120 forófitos com DAP ≥ 10 cm. Para a análise da distribuição das epífitas, os forófitos foram divididos nos estratos: fuste baixo, médio, alto, copa interna e externa. Para cada epífita foram atribuídas notas de frequência, que resultaram nos parâmetros fitossociológicos: valor de importância epifítico (VIe), dominâncias e frequências (absolutas e relativas). Foram registradas 29 espécies de epífitas e hemiepífitas, sendo Bromeliaceae (7 espécies) e Orchidaceae (6 espécies) as famílias mais representativas. Houve baixa similaridade entre as duas áreas (IS= 0,3) com apenas cinco espécies em comum. As espécies com maior valor epifítico foram duas hemiepífitas: Heteropsis rigidifolia na Área 1 (VIe= 29,1) e Polybotrya espiritosantensis na Área 2 (VIe= 15,3), sendo o primeiro registro do gênero Polybotrya como importante táxon na estrutura epifítica. A riqueza foi baixa quando comparada a outros estudos com epífitas, porém a presença de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e raras demonstra a importância do remanescente florestal estudado para a conservação de táxons da Mata Atlântica.

In vivo imaging of vascular adhesion protein 1 - preclinical studies with positron emission tomography

The golden standard in nuclear medicine imaging of inflammation is the use of radiolabeled leukocytes. Although their diagnostic accuracy is good, the preparation of the leukocytes is both laborious and potentially hazardous for laboratory personnel. Molecules involved in leukocyte migration could serve as targets for the development of inflammation imaging agents. An excellent target would be a molecule that is absent or expressed at low level in normal tissues, but is induced or up-regulated at the site of inflammation. Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a very promising target for in vivo imaging, since it is translocated to the endothelial cell surface when inflammation occurs. VAP-1 functions as an endothelial adhesion molecule that participates in leukocyte recruitment to inflamed tissues. Besides being an adhesion molecule, VAP-1 also has enzymatic activity. In this thesis, the targeting of VAP-1 was studied by using Gallium-68 (68Ga) labeled peptides and an Iodine-124 (124I) labeled antibody. The peptides were designed based on molecular modelling and phage display library searches. The new imaging agents were preclinically tested in vitro, as well as in vivo in animal models. The most promising imaging agent appeared to be a peptide belonging to the VAP-1 leukocyte ligand, Siglec-9 peptide. The 68Ga-labeled Siglec-9 peptide was able to detect VAP-1 positive vasculature in rodent models of sterile skin inflammation and melanoma by positron emission tomography. In addition to peptides, the 124I-labeled antibody showed VAP-1 specific binding both in vitro and in vivo. However, the estimated human radiation dose was rather high, and thus further preclinical studies in disease models are needed to clarify the value of this imaging agent. Detection of VAP-1 on endothelium was demonstrated in these studies and this imaging approach could be used in the diagnosis of inflammatory conditions as well as melanoma. These studies provide a proof-of-concept for PET imaging of VAP-1 and further studies are warranted.

Tratamento endovascular de dissecção crônica toracoabdominal complicada com aneurisma torácico, mediante implante de endoprótese vascular

Our objective is to report a case of a patient with a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and chronic aortic dissection, who was submitted to an endovascular treatment. A 68-year-old male with coronary artery disease and hypertension, with no history of trauma, diabetes or smoking. He had myocardial infarction ten years ago. Under general anesthesia, the left femoral artery was surgically exposed and the left braquial artery was catheterized with a "pigtail" catheter, under Seldinger technique. The proximal 46mm/Æ and distal 34mm/Æ stent-graft was placed just distal to the origen of the left subclavian artery. Control arteriography showed that the lesion was completely excluded. The patient was discharged seven days after the surgery, when a computed tomographic control, was performed showing a sustained aneurysm exclusion and a satisfactory endovascular position.

Ressecções hepáticas com oclusão vascular aferente: análise de fatores de risco

OBJETIVO: O controle da perda sangüínea nas cirurgias de ressecção hepática está associado à diminuição dos índices de morbimortalidade. As técnicas para minimizar a hemorragia transoperatória são aquelas associadas à redução do fluxo sangüíneo ao fígado, através da oclusão vascular aferente (manobra de Pringle) ou exclusão vascular total do órgão. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar uma série de hepatectomias parciais com oclusão do fluxo sangüíneo aferente, em pacientes portadores de doenças benignas e malignas. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 60 hepatectomias em 59 pacientes com clampeamento do pedículo hepático quanto a possíveis fatores de risco para morbidade e mortalidade, a relação entre o tempo de isquemia hepática e a variação das transaminases, tempo de protrombina e bilirrubinas, e destes, com a evolução pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 43,3% e a mortalidade de 6,7%. O fator de risco significativo para mortalidade foi tempo cirúrgico mais prolongado. Para a morbidade pós-operatória, os fatores de risco foram idade acima de 60 anos, cirurgia por neoplasia maligna, parênquima hepático anormal, perda sangüínea necessitando reposição de mais de uma unidade de sangue e outra cirurgia abdominal concomitante. Na análise multivariada por regressão logística, estes fatores de risco foram reduzidos para parênquima hepático anormal. CONCLUSÕES: O tempo de isquemia não apresentou relação com a morbimortalidade pós-operatória. A variação das transaminases foi mais acentuada nos casos com maior tempo de isquemia, porém essas retornaram aos níveis pré-operatórios em aproximadamente uma semana. A variação das transaminases não foi diferente entre os pacientes com e sem morbidade pós-operatória.

Hipervolemia mais tríplice oclusão vascular no tratamento da lesão traumática da veia cava retro-hepática e veias hepáticas

BACKGROUND: Liver vascular isolation is essential for the treatment of the retrohepatic vena cava and hepatic veins. Triple vessel occlusion (TVO - occlusion of the portal triad, the inferior vena cava above the renal veins and within the pericardium) is the easiest isolation method for the surgeon. Unfortunately, this technique cannot be applied to hypovolemic and/or shock (cardiac arrest) patients as it compromises venous return. OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to demonstrate that in the above mentioned patients, establishing a previous hypervolemic state allows the safe use of TVO. METHODS: The method includes efficient injury tamponade with aggressive fluid replacement until normal blood volume is reached (resuscitation). Normal blood volume is recognized by a return of arterial blood pressure to normal levels, inferior vena cava filling and an increase in aortic wall tension. Following this procedure, hypervolemia is obtained by the rapid additional infusion of 1.500 to 2.000 ml of fluids. TVO in this situation does not alter the heart rhythm and maintains a clear operative field which is essential for hepatotomy, venorrhaphy and or venous ligation. RESULTS: Three patients were successfully operated.