974 resultados para andesitic reservoir


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Contract DACW31-79-C-0005

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At head of cover title: Generalized computer program.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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The reservoir function of the skin is an important determinant of the duration of action of a topical solute. The reservoir can exist in the stratum corneum, in the viable avascular tissue (viable epidermis and supracapillary dermis) and in the dermis. A steroid reservoir in the stratum corneum has been demonstrated by the reactivation of a vasoconstrictor effect by occlusion or application of a placebo cream to the skin some time after the original topical application of steroid. Other solutes have also been reported to show a reservoir effect in the skin after topical application. A simple compartmental model is used to understand why reactivation of vasoconstriction some time after a topical steroid application shows dependency on time, topical solute concentration and the product used to cause reactivation. The model is also used to show which solutes are likely to show a reservoir effect and could be potentially affected by desquamation, especially when the turnover of the skin is abnormally rapid. A similar form of the model can be used to understand the promotion of reservoir function in the viable tissue and in the dermis in terms of effective removal by blood perfusing the tissues. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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The skin localization of steroids following topical application is largely unknown. We determined the distribution of five steroids in human skin using excised epidermal, dermal, and full-thickness membranes in vitro. There was no significant difference in steroid maximum flux through epidermal and full-thickness membranes, other than significantly lower fluxes for the most polar steroid, aldosterone. Hydrocortisone had the highest dermal diffusivity and dermal penetration, and the accumulation of hydrocortisone and corticosterone was higher than that of the other steroids. Slower penetration and higher accumulation in the viable epidermis of progesterone in full-thickness skin were consistent with dermal penetration limitation effects associated with high lipophilicity. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

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Deflections of jets discharged into a reservoir with a free surface are investigated numerically. The jets are known to deflect towards either side of the free surface or the bottom, whose direction is not determined uniquely in some experimental conditions, i.e. there are multiple stable states realizable in the same condition. The origin of the multiple stable states is explored by utilizing homotopy transformations in which the top boundary of the reservoir is transformed from a rigid to a free boundary and also the location of the outlet throat is continuously moved from mid-height to the top. We depicted bifurcation diagrams of the flow compiling the data of numerical simulations, from which we identified the origin as an imperfect pitchfork bifurcation, and obtained an insight into the mechanism for the direction to be determined. The parameter region where such multiple stable states are possible is also delimited. © 2011 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and IOP Publishing Ltd.