Geo-referenciación aplicada al análisis digital de imagen para la caracterización de menas metálicas

El análisis cuantitativo de las fases minerales visibles en probetas pulidas mediante un sistema experto y automático representan un eficaz complemento a las técnicas tradicionales de microscopía de reflexión. El Análisis digital de imagen, ADI, en comparación con las técnicas habitualmente usadas de cuantificación (platina integradora), supone un ahorro enorme de tiempo, a la vez que facilita un potentísimo instrumento para el tratamiento estadístico de las medidas que se realizan.

Identificación automática de fases minerales por microscopía de reflexión. Aplicación del análisis digital de imagen

La identificación automática de las fases minerales visibles en probetas pulidas mediante un sistema experto es un pre-requisito indispensable para la aplicación de las técnicas tradicionales de microscopía a los problemas industriales con un elevado rendimiento. Para su consecución, ha sido necesario obtener una óptima y homogénea calidad de pulido en las muestras utilizadas, lograr la puesta a punto del equipo de Análisis digital de imagen -ADI- y aplicar un análisis multiespectral sobre la imagen en color (RGB) obtenida en origen. Para este estudio inicial fueron analizadas un conjunto de probetas de menas sulfuradas con los minerales más comunes: la colección Rehwald, descrita por Randohr (1980) y estudiadas de nuevo para este objetivo específico.

Lithogeochemistry and fluid flow in the epithermal Veta Rublo base metal-silver deposit, Chonta Mine (Huancavelica, Perú)

The Chonta Mine (75º00’30” W & 13º04’30”S, 4495 to 5000 m absl), owned by Compañía Minera Caudalosa, operates a polymetallic Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag vein system of the low sulphidation epithermal type, hosted by cenozoic volcanics of dacitic to andesitic composition (Domos de Lava Formation). Veta Rublo, one of the main veins of the system, is worked underground to nearly 300 m. It strikes 60-80º NE and dips 60-70º SE; its width varies between 0.30 and 2.20m, and it crops out along 1 km, but is continued along strike by other veins, as Veta Caudalosa, for some 5 km. Typical metal contents are 7% Zn, 5% Pb, 0.4% Cu and 3 oz/t Ag, with quartz, sericite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, fahlore as main minerals, and minor carbonate and sulphosalts.

A low cost and widely applicable methodology of digital imagen analysis of ores for mineral and envirommental engineering

Technological and environmental problems related to ore processing are a serious limitation for sustainable development of mineral resources, particularly for countries / companies rich in ores, but with little access to sophisticated technology, e.g. in Latin America. Digital image analysis (DIA) can provide a simple, unexpensive and broadly applicable methodology to assess these problems, but this methodology has to be carefully defined, to produce reproducible and relevant information.

Gold in Ophiolites

Ophiolites, as a class, have been currently under-estimated as potential gold targets, although they have been the subject of major scientific research. Their resources have also attracted investors producing Cr, Cu (massive sulphides), Co, Ni (laterites), industrial rocks and minerals (serpentinites, emeralds), etc. They are also potential PGE sources.

Be-and Emerald Deposits of the Central Urals (Russia): Conditions of Formation

The Be- and emerald deposits of the Emerald Mines region, in the central part of the Upper-Paleozoic Uralian orogen (Russia), are related to a major shear zone of N-S direction, where both Be-rich S-type granitoids (Carboniferous to Permian) and Cr-rich rocks (ophiolitic dunites and peridotes, Silurian to Devonian) are present.

Minería y comunidades: ¿de la confrontación al diálogo?

La minería ha pasado en unas pocas décadas de ser deseada como fuente de ingresos y motor de progreso a ser rechazada, en nuestro entorno europeo, como actividad indeseable, degradante para el medio ambiente o nociva para la salud. En otros ámbitos culturales, la situación puede ser más variada pero la visión negativa que ahora domina en Europa suele ser más o menos perceptible igualmente, al menos en germen y a veces incluso en forma de conflictos violentos.

Geothermometry, ore geochemistry and fluid flow in the Esperanza Vein, Huachocolpa District (Huancavelica, Peru)

The Esperanza Zn-Pb-Ag vein, owned by Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., lies over 4000 to 4650 masl in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Central Andes. The Esperanza low sulphidation epithermal vein trends ~E-W along 1500 m; it dips to the South and can be followed to 350 m depth. As other veins of the district, like Teresita and Bienaventurada, it is hosted by intermediate to felsic volcanics (andesitic to dacitic compositions) of the Huachocolpa Group (Middle Miocene to Upper Pliocene). The mineralisation occurs mostly as open space filling related to fracture development during the Quechua III deformational event. Main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and Ag and Pb sulfosalts; quartz, barite and calcite are the main gangue minerals. Current production grades are ~5% Zn, ~8Oz/t Ag, ~3% Pb; usually very low Cu (mean ~0.04%).

New data on the ophiolitic VMS deposits of Moeche (Cabo Ortegal Complex, NW Spain)

As a result of the variscan collision, several allochtonous complexes were emplaced on the Iberian margin in Devonian times, among them the Cabo Ortegal Complex comprising the Moeche ophiolitic sequence. Copper has been won from several mines (Piquitos I & II, Barqueira, Maruxa) from disseminated ores and thin massive sulphide layers in the Moeche Unit, a strongly deformed meta-volcanic sequence comprising mainly quartz-chlorite schists and mylonites, which defines the top of the ophiolite. The ores were metamorphosed and strongly deformed under brittle conditions (for pyrite), but their textures are often apparently post-deformational, due to very common solution-transfer processes; they are composed mostly of pyrite and chalcopyrite, with minor sphalerite, pyrrhotite, etc., and with traces of native gold and PGE. The geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the orebodies relate closely to VMS of the Cu-Zn (Cyprus) type. Fluid inclusion studies allowed an estimation of metamorphic conditions at pressures of 2/2’5 kb and T 325/350ºC. New determinations using the chlorite geothermometer yield temperatures around 320 ºC, corresponding to pressures near 2 kb according to the isochores deduced from the fluid inclusion study, although in the Barqueira mine higher temperatures, up to 350 ºC, are found, corresponding to presssures up to 2’5 kb. Pb isotopic compositions of pyrite point to a double source of Pb, i.e. a main mantle and a subordinate crustal source. The values for 87SR/86Sr in pyrite support this interpretation, but some results suggest later mobilization in an open system, corresponding to solution-transfer. Age determinations of pyrite deduced from the Pb isotope uranogenic graph, ≈ 480 Ma, do not fit with the metamorphic ages published for the Moeche Unit, and might point to the age of Pb extraction from the mantle.

Estudio del estado erosivo de las cuencas resistentes al río Guadarrama a su paso por Carranque (Toledo).

Se evalua el estado erosivo actual en varias cuencas y laderas vertientes al río Guadarrama a su paso por Carranque (Toledo) con el fin de proponer los diferentes usos actuaciones y la implementación de prácticas de conservación, con carácter general, así como medidas de restauración o mitigación de la erosión en las zonas más erosionadas. Para ello, se necesita : 1) Recabar la información medioambiental y socioeconómica más relevante. 2) Caracterizar por mapas los diferentes parámetros del modelo RUSLE, a partir de las parcelas de muestreo y su generalización al conjunto de cuencas 3) Elaborar un mapa de pérdidas de suelo promedio en t * ha-1 * año-1. 4) Analizar el avance de una cárcava mediante el método del transecto de cárcavas. Una vez analizados los factores que explican la pérdida de suelo actual en Carranque, delimitados en el espacio y estimados numéricamente las perdidas de suelo para cada uso del suelo o tipo de vegetación, se proponen actuaciones para paliar la situación actual. Estas se concretan en una serie de medidas de conservación, correctoras y de mitigación. Asimismo, se argumentaran posibles alternativas para el desarrollo de usos más racionales del suelo, incluidos los aprovechamientos agrícola y forestal-ganadero. Los procesos de encarcavamiento son frecuentes en la zona, por lo que merecen un estudio por separado allá donde se producen. Se delimitará su situación fisiográfica y se estudiará el aumento volumétrico de una cárcava tras un episodio de lluvias. Se proporcionará en dichas zonas una serie de recomendaciones conducentes a la estabilización de las cárcavas, aunque se requiere mayor profundidad en su estudio.

Extensive boiling as a precipitation mechanism for precious and base metal ores, Bienaventurada Mine, Huancavelica, Perú

The Bienaventurada mine operates a polymetallic Ag-Pb-Zn (Cu, Au) vein system of the low sulphidation epithermal type. Fluid inclusions, FI, are abundant in quartz, sphalerite and adularia. FI petrography demonstrates typical primary growth zoning which occurs frequently in crystalline quartz, and defines the most common primary FI. These are usually very small, but several types of primary, P, and secondary, S, FI Assemblages (FIAs) comprising FI of measurable size (3 to > 100 μm) can also be identified through careful petrographic work. The fluids are aqueous and undersaturated, and no evidence of CO2 was found; the degree of fill is usually high (~70-80 %) in the L-rich inclusions, but extremely low in V-rich inclusions. The measured microthermometric values are very consistent in the FIAs selected; they are for the most part roughly similar in the P and S assemblages: the median is typically ~258ºC for total homogenization temperatures, Th, and -1.5 ºC for ice melting temperatures, Tm (corresponding to 2.57 wt% NaCl eq). The widespread occurrence of L-rich and V-rich FI in the same FIA and the consistent Th values point to an extensive boiling system along the vein. In these conditions, Th equals T of trapping, and the ores are assumed to have been precipitated from an aqueous low salinity boiling fluid, of likely meteoric origin, at some 250-280º C, under ~500 m hydrostatic head.