Design of the main racetrack microtron accelerator end magnets of the Institute of Physics of University of São Paulo

This work deals with the design of the Institute of Physics of the University of São Paulo (IFUSP) main racetrack microtron accelerator end magnets. This is the last stage of acceleration, comprised of an accelerating section (1.04 m) and two end magnets (0.1585 T), in which a 5.10 MeV beam, produced by a racetrack microtron booster has its energy raised up to 31.15 MeV after 28 accelerations. POISSON code was used to give the final configuration that includes auxiliary pole pieces (clamps) and auxiliary homogenizing gaps. The clamps create a reverse fringe field region and avoid the vertical defocusing and the horizontal displacement of the beam produced by extended fringe fields; PTRACE code was used to perform the trajectory calculations in the fringe field region. The auxiliary homogenizing gaps improve the field uniformity as they create a magnetic shower that provides uniformity of ±0.3%, before the introduction of the correcting coils that will be attached to the pole faces. This method of correction, used in the IFUSP racetrack microtron booster magnets, enabled uniformity of ±0.001% in an average field of 0.1 T and will also be employed for these end magnets. © 1999 The American Physical Society.

Feedback-controlled running holograms in strongly absorbing photorefractive materials

We propose a mathematical model for the movement in absorbing materials of photorefractive holograms under feedback constraints. We use this model to analyze the speed of a fringe-locked running hologram in photorefractive sillenite crystals that usually exhibit a strong absorption effect. Fringe-locked experiments permit us to compute the quantum efficiency for the photogeneration of charge carriers in photorefractive crystals if the effect of bulk absorption and the effective value of the externally applied field are adequately taken into consideration. A Bi12TiO20 sample was measured with the 532-nm laser wavelength, and a quantum efficiency of φ = 0.37 was obtained. Disregarding absorption leads to large errors in φ. © 2000 Optical Society of America.

Birds at Eucalyptus and other flowers in Southern Brazil: A review

In southern Brazil, I recorded 14 species of hummingbirds, one woodpecker, three Psittacidae, four Tyrannidae, one mockingbird, and 31 tanagers and relatives at eucalyptus flowers. Others have registered 3 different hummingbirds, another parrotlet, four more tyrannids, a peppershrike, a thrush, and 5 tanagers and related birds, for a total of 69 species. However, commercial plantations rarely flower, so use is local or undependable. Understory Phaethorninae are not recorded at eucalyptus, rarely at other tall and hence multiflowered trees. Bromelias and other flowers are noted in various studies, which add 89 species of flower feeders, including 14 Psittacidae, 17 Trochilidae, and 37 tanagers and relatives. Isolated low flowers and epiphytes are mostly visited by hummingbirds (some by Coereba), but some tall trees (Chorisia) also. As two times as many tanager species visit flowers as hummingbirds, researchers will have to get up early and patiently study treetop and nonpatchy habitats. However, tree plantations can attract artificially, like feeders. Bunch-flowering extrafloral nectar (Mabea, Combretum) is preferred by wandering mixed-flock treetop or edge tanagers and relatives, which often crawl over bunched flowers like parrots or woodpeckers (or marsupials and other mammals) rather than hover at separate flowers like nonflocking Trochilidae or peck from nearby like Nectariniidae and Coereba. Clamberers and petal-pullers, even nectar robbers, can cause evolution of umbels and other bunched flowers, for the bird, mammal or insect receives pollen from nearby flowers. Psittacidae, saltators and others mostly eat flowers, but can pollinate if they touch nearby flowers. Multiflowered trees can also attract hawks, causing waves of tanagers, parrots and others that move on to pollinate trees via fear and nectarivory. Certain groups, notably thrushes and tyrannids, seem to use nectar little, the latter often catching insects.

Redescription and reevaluation of the generic status of Leptodactylus dantasi (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of its unusual advertisement call

Leptodactylus dantasi Bokermann is redescribed from adult specimens collected in Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, State of Acre, Brazil, near the border between the Brazilian state of Acre and Peru. We propose the inclusion of this species in the genus Hydrolaetare. A new diagnostic character observed for the genus is the presence of fringes of fingers, and fringes and webbing of toes, finely serrate; the serrate edge of the fringe and webbing can be keratinized in males, females, and subadults. Hydrolaetare dantasi (Bokermann) is characterized by robust body and limbs, a broad and depressed head, slightly shorter than wide, and long, pointed and basally webbed toes. Hydrolaetare dantasi differs from the only other species in this genus, Hydrolaetare schmidti (Cochran and Goin), mainly by having toes webbed basally (fully webbed in H. schmidti). The advertisement call of H. dantasi is composed of two components; an initial note produced by the impact of the vocal sac against the ground and a second note corresponding to a long whistle of ascending frequency. The initial note is a percussive sound and represents an unusual form of sound emission in anurans; the second note is a vocalization.

Progress on holographic techniques to study photo-chemical reactions in solid state

In this paper it is presented recent developments in the heterodyne detection holographic techniques for studding photosensitive materials. The actual state of the technique allows simultaneous and independent measurement of the refractive index and of the absorption coefficient changes in photosensitive materials and their use to self-stabilize the fringe pattern. The modeling of the measured signal together with the fringe stabilization allow the long term-fitting of the optical properties and the study the photosensitive materials close to the saturation.

Potential of Brazilian eugenia myrtaceae - As ornamental and as a fruit crop

Brazilian Myrtaceae comprises several genera of trees and shrubs used for ornamental and fruit production. In addition to the well known Guava, Pitanga and Jaboticaba, other species could be used for fruitculture, due the value and quality of their fruits and adaptation to some climate conditions mainly the subtropical one. Nine species of Eugenia were evaluated at Jaboticabal, located at 48° W and 21° S in São Paulo state in a germplasm bank. The average rain by year is 1431 mm and the temperature 22,2° C at an altitude of 575 m. The species are Eugenia klozschiana Berg. (Pero-do-campo), E. stipitata Mc Vaugh (Araça-boi), E. tomentosa Camb. (Cabeludinha), E. dysentherica DC. (Cagaita), E. brasiliensis Berg. (Grumixama), E.pitanga (Pitanga-anã), E. luchsnathiana Berg. (Pitomba), E. uvalha Camb. (Uvaia) and E. involucrata DC. (Cereja-do-rio-grande). The evaluations comprised tree development, fruit quality and leaf and flower morphological studies. The main results are: the trees of Pera-do-campo and Pitanga-anã are small shrubs of 1 to 2 m height, Araça-boi and Cabeludinha are small trees, 3 to 5 m high, and the other species are tall trees, with 5 to 10 m height. The species adapted well to the subtropical conditions, except for Araça-boi, which is native to the Amazonian region and exhibited a severe fungus disease infection. In relation to fruit quality, all the species had edible fruit, some were sweet and juicy, Cabeludinha, Grumixama, Pitomba, Cereja-do-rio grande and Pitanga-anã, while others had high acidity (Araça-boi, Pera-do-campo, Cagaita and Uvaia and were more suitable for processing. Simple, single leaves were characteristic of all species, but with different sizes and shapes., With the addition of color, smell and other characteristics, leaf size and shape were useful for comparative classification. Flower components and structure are described also.

Phenotypic characterization of Candida spp. isolates from chronic periodontitis patients

Aim: Several typing methods for Candida spp. have been suggested in the literature in order to distinguish isolates for studies about the virulence or infection routes of these microorganisms and, in particular, for epidemiological purposes. The aim of this study was to establish a comparison between the phenotypic profile of oral Candida isolates from periodontitis patients and control individuals. Methods: The morphotyping and biotyping of 35 C. albicans isolates obtained from chronic periodontitis patients and 48 isolates from control individuals were performed. For morphotyping, the isolates were plated on malt extract agar and incubated for 10 days. Sixteen different morphotypes were observed for C. albicans, the most frequently observed being 0000 and 0001. Results: Biotype 0000 (complete absence of fringe) was most prevalent among the isolates obtained from periodontitis patients compared to those from control individuals, with statistical significance. Biotyping revealed 5 different biotypes with higher prevalence of the biotype 357 among the isolates from control and periodontitis groups. Conclusions: The results obtained by biotyping of the isolates did not permit to differentiate a characteristic model related to periodontal disease, whilst the morphotype 0000 was most frequently isolated from periodontitis patients.

Profilometry of semiconductor components by two-colour holography with Bi12TiO20 crystals

We studied the shape measurement of semiconductor components by holography with photorefractive Bi12TiO20 crystal as holographic medium and two diode lasers emitting in the red region as light sources. By properly tuning and aligning the lasers a synthetic wavelength was generated and the resulting holographic image of the studied object appears modulated by cos2-contour fringes which correspond to the intersection of the object surface with planes of constant elevation. The position of such planes as a function of the illuminating beam angle and the tuning of the lasers was studied, as well as the fringe visibility. The fringe evaluation was performed by the four stepping technique for phase mapping and through the branch-cut method for phase unwrapping. A damage in an integrated circuit was analysed as well as the relief of a coin was measured, and a precision up to 10 μm was estimated. © 2009 SPIE.

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A First approach on the new transmission system in northern Brazil

This article shows an analysis of the electrical parameters of a three-phase transmission line section using a relatively new design for steel towers characterized by 280 meters high. These main features, the height of the line conductors and distance between them, are intrinsically related to the longitudinal and transversal parameters of the line. By this means, an analysis was carried out in order to show the electrical variations between a transmission line using the new technology and a conventional 440-kV line through a wide range of frequencies and a variable soil resistivity. © 2012 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Produção de forragem de Tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio e submetido à lotação contínua

The present assay was conducted at the Research and Development of Adamantina, SP, of the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Pólo da Alta Paulista to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on morphological composition, density of tillers, leaf area index, light interception and herbage accumulation in grazed Tifton 85 subjected to continuous stocking system. The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0; 100; 200 and 400kg/ha/year of N), arranged in a randomized complete blocks experimental design with four replications. The grasslands of Cynodon cv. Tifton 85 studied influenced the time of evaluation and of nitrogen levels with a marked effect in morphological composition of the pasture, leaf area index, light interception and population density of tillers that were instrumental in the accumulation of forage. It was found a positive linear effect of nitrogen fertilization on the density of vegetative tillers, totals and herbage accumulation nitrogen fertilization had a marked effect on the amount of total and vegetative tillers, leaf area index in light interception and herbage accumulation. The cultivar Tifton 85 has not reached the necessary conditions for crop growth rate maximum when managed under continuous stocking keeping the grass to 10cm tall.

Two-wavelength whole-field interferometry setup for thermal lens study

In this paper we present a new approach for thermal lens analysis using a two-wavelength DSPI (Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry) setup for wavefront sensing. The employed geometry enables the sensor to detect wavefronts with small phase differences and inherent aberrations found in induced lenses. The wavefronts was reconstructed by four-stepping fringe evaluation and branch-cut unwrapping from fringes formed onto a diffusive glass. Real-time single-exposure contour interferograms could be obtained in order to get discernible and low-spacial frequency contour fringes and obtain low-noise measurements. In our experiments we studied the thermal lens effect in a 4% Er-doped CaO-Al2O3 glass sample. The diode lasers were tuned to have a contour interval of around 120 μm. The incident pump power was longitudinally and collinearly oriented with the probe beams. Each interferogram described a spherical-like wavefront. Using the ABCD matrix formalism we obtained the induced lens dioptric power from the thermal effect for different values of absorbed pump power. © 2012 Copyright SPIE.

Progressive power lens measurement by low coherence speckle interferometry

This work proposes a method for dioptric power mapping of progressive lenses through dual wavelength, low-coherence digital speckle pattern interferometry. Lens characterization finds several applications and is extremely useful in the fields of ophthalmology and astronomy, among others. The optical setup employs two red diode lasers which are conveniently aligned and tuned in order to generate a synthetic wavelength. The resulting speckle image formed onto a diffusive glass plate positioned behind the test lens appears covered of contour interference fringes describing the deformation on the light wavefront due to the analyzed lens. By employing phase stepping and phase unwrapping methods the wavefront phase was retrieved and then expressed in terms of a Zernike series. From this series, expressions for the dioptric power and astigmatic power were derived as a function of the x- and y-coordinates of the lens aperture. One spherical and two progressive lenses were measured. The experimental results presented a good agreement with those obtained through a commercial lensometer, showing the potentialities of the method. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Seletividade de diclosulam, tryfloxisulfuron-sodium e ametryne a variedades de cana-de-açúcar

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA