Pronóstico a largo plazo del trastorno bipolar con episodios mixtos.

122 p.

O tratamento do doente bipolar na consulta de medicina dentária: um caso clínico

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE–BASED COMPOSITES FOR FUEL CELL BIPOLAR PLATES AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL TOOLS IN HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES

In this project we developed conductive thermoplastic resins by adding varying amounts of three different carbon fillers: carbon black (CB), synthetic graphite (SG) and multi–walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) to a polypropylene matrix for application as fuel cell bipolar plates. This component of fuel cells provides mechanical support to the stack, circulates the gases that participate in the electrochemical reaction within the fuel cell and allows for removal of the excess heat from the system. The materials fabricated in this work were tested to determine their mechanical and thermal properties. These materials were produced by adding varying amounts of single carbon fillers to a polypropylene matrix (2.5 to 15 wt.% Ketjenblack EC-600 JD carbon black, 10 to 80 wt.% Asbury Carbons’ Thermocarb TC-300 synthetic graphite, and 2.5 to 15 wt.% of Hyperion Catalysis International’s FIBRILTM multi-walled carbon nanotubes) In addition, composite materials containing combinations of these three fillers were produced. The thermal conductivity results showed an increase in both through–plane and in–plane thermal conductivities, with the largest increase observed for synthetic graphite. The Department of Energy (DOE) had previously set a thermal conductivity goal of 20 W/m·K, which was surpassed by formulations containing 75 wt.% and 80 wt.% SG, yielding in–plane thermal conductivity values of 24.4 W/m·K and 33.6 W/m·K, respectively. In addition, composites containing 2.5 wt.% CB, 65 wt.% SG, and 6 wt.% CNT in PP had an in–plane thermal conductivity of 37 W/m·K. Flexural and tensile tests were conducted. All composite formulations exceeded the flexural strength target of 25 MPa set by DOE. The tensile and flexural modulus of the composites increased with higher concentration of carbon fillers. Carbon black and synthetic graphite caused a decrease in the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites. However, carbon nanotubes increased the composite tensile and flexural strengths. Mathematical models were applied to estimate through–plane and in–plane thermal conductivities of single and multiple filler formulations, and tensile modulus of single–filler formulations. For thermal conductivity, Nielsen’s model yielded accurate thermal conductivity values when compared to experimental results obtained through the Flash method. For prediction of tensile modulus Nielsen’s model yielded the smallest error between the predicted and experimental values. The second part of this project consisted of the development of a curriculum in Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies to address different educational barriers identified by the Department of Energy. By the creation of new courses and enterprise programs in the areas of fuel cells and the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, we introduced engineering students to the new technologies, policies and challenges present with this alternative energy. Feedback provided by students participating in these courses and enterprise programs indicate positive acceptance of the different educational tools. Results obtained from a survey applied to students after participating in these courses showed an increase in the knowledge and awareness of energy fundamentals, which indicates the modules developed in this project are effective in introducing students to alternative energy sources.

Towards person-centered neuroimaging markers for resilience and vulnerability in Bipolar Disorder

Improved clinical care for Bipolar Disorder (BD) relies on the identification of diagnostic markers that can reliably detect disease-related signals in clinically heterogeneous populations. At the very least, diagnostic markers should be able to differentiate patients with BD from healthy individuals and from individuals at familial risk for BD who either remain well or develop other psychopathology, most commonly Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). These issues are particularly pertinent to the development of translational applications of neuroimaging as they represent challenges for which clinical observation alone is insufficient. We therefore applied pattern classification to task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of the n-back working memory task, to test their predictive value in differentiating patients with BD (n=30) from healthy individuals (n=30) and from patients' relatives who were either diagnosed with MDD (n=30) or were free of any personal lifetime history of psychopathology (n=30). Diagnostic stability in these groups was confirmed with 4-year prospective follow-up. Task-based activation patterns from the fMRI data were analyzed with Gaussian Process Classifiers (GPC), a machine learning approach to detecting multivariate patterns in neuroimaging datasets. Consistent significant classification results were only obtained using data from the 3-back versus 0-back contrast. Using contrast, patients with BD were correctly classified compared to unrelated healthy individuals with an accuracy of 83.5%, sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 92.3%. Classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity when comparing patients with BD to their relatives with MDD, were respectively 73.1%, 53.9% and 94.5%. Classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity when comparing patients with BD to their healthy relatives were respectively 81.8%, 72.7% and 90.9%. We show that significant individual classification can be achieved using whole brain pattern analysis of task-based working memory fMRI data. The high accuracy and specificity achieved by all three classifiers suggest that multivariate pattern recognition analyses can aid clinicians in the clinical care of BD in situations of true clinical uncertainty regarding the diagnosis and prognosis.

Pelvic-Floor Rehabilitation, Part 1 : Comparison of Two Surface Electrode Placements During Stimulation of the Pelvic-Floor Musculature in Women Who Are Continent Using Bipolar Interferential Currents

Background and Purpose. Electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor is used as an adjunct in the conservative treatment of urinary incontinence. No consensus exists, however, regarding electrode placements for optimal stimulation of the pelvic-floor musculature. The purpose of this study was to compare two different bipolar electrode placements, one suggested by Laycock and Green (L2) the other by Dumoulin (D2), during electrical stimulation with interferential currents of the pelvic-floor musculature in continent women, using a two-group crossover design. Subjects. Ten continent female volunteers, ranging in age from 20 to 39 years (X̅=27.3, SD=5.6), were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. Methods. Each study group received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the pelvic-floor musculature using both electrode placements, the order of application being reversed for each group. Force of contraction was measured as pressure (in centimeters of water [cm H2O]) exerted on a vaginal pressure probe attached to a manometer. Data were analyzed using a two-way, mixed-model analysis of variance. Results. No difference in pressure was observed between the two electrode placements. Differences in current amplitude were observed, with the D2 electrode placement requiring less current amplitude to produce a maximum recorded pressure on the manometer. Subjective assessment by the subjects revealed a preference for the D2 electrode placement (7 of 10 subjects). Conclusion and Discussion. The lower current amplitudes required with the D2 placement to obtain recordings comparable to those obtained with the L2 technique suggest a more comfortable stimulation of the pelvic-floor muscles. The lower current amplitudes required also suggest that greater increases in pressure might be obtained with the D2 placement by increasing the current amplitude while remaining within the comfort threshold. These results will help to define treatment guidelines for a planned clinical study investigating the effects of NMES and exercise in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women postpartum.

Pelvic-Floor Rehabilitation, Part 1 : Comparison of Two Surface Electrode Placements During Stimulation of the Pelvic-Floor Musculature in Women Who Are Continent Using Bipolar Interferential Currents

Background and Purpose. Electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor is used as an adjunct in the conservative treatment of urinary incontinence. No consensus exists, however, regarding electrode placements for optimal stimulation of the pelvic-floor musculature. The purpose of this study was to compare two different bipolar electrode placements, one suggested by Laycock and Green (L2) the other by Dumoulin (D2), during electrical stimulation with interferential currents of the pelvic-floor musculature in continent women, using a two-group crossover design. Subjects. Ten continent female volunteers, ranging in age from 20 to 39 years (X̅=27.3, SD=5.6), were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. Methods. Each study group received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the pelvic-floor musculature using both electrode placements, the order of application being reversed for each group. Force of contraction was measured as pressure (in centimeters of water [cm H2O]) exerted on a vaginal pressure probe attached to a manometer. Data were analyzed using a two-way, mixed-model analysis of variance. Results. No difference in pressure was observed between the two electrode placements. Differences in current amplitude were observed, with the D2 electrode placement requiring less current amplitude to produce a maximum recorded pressure on the manometer. Subjective assessment by the subjects revealed a preference for the D2 electrode placement (7 of 10 subjects). Conclusion and Discussion. The lower current amplitudes required with the D2 placement to obtain recordings comparable to those obtained with the L2 technique suggest a more comfortable stimulation of the pelvic-floor muscles. The lower current amplitudes required also suggest that greater increases in pressure might be obtained with the D2 placement by increasing the current amplitude while remaining within the comfort threshold. These results will help to define treatment guidelines for a planned clinical study investigating the effects of NMES and exercise in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women postpartum.

Tornar-se pai/mãe de uma criança com transtornos graves do desenvolvimento

The interest in research on parents of children with severe developmental disorders has known different focuses of interest over time, from a more psychopathological approach, interested in describing the negative aspects of the impact of having a child with disabilities, to the study of coping strategies used to deal with the situation, and the study of the strength and resilience mobilized by these parents. The big change, however, is that the concern about parents is not only because of the child, but also for what happens in their own development processes. This developmental perspective is addressed here to the construction of the fundamental attachment between mother/father and the baby, how this bond is broken, and how it can be reconstructed when the child has a severe disability diagnosis. Only the resumption of parents’ developmental process will enable them to perform their parenting in an emotionally appropriate and consistent manner, based on adequate responsiveness in everyday life situations. This view allows to open new interdisciplinary challenges about how to work on early intervention in child development and to a comprehensive understanding of the family centered intervention.

Novel dual D3R/GSK-3β modulators: an innovative multitarget strategy for bipolar disorder

Among the psychiatric diseases, bipolar disorder (BD) is the sixth leading cause of disability with a prevalence up to 4 % worldwide. BD is a complex neuropsychiatric condition which alternates episodes of mania with symptoms of depression. Although the neurobiological pathways are not completely clarified, the dopamine (DA) hypothesis, recognized as the leading theory explaining the pathophysiology of the malady, states that the dramatically compromised homeostatic regulation of dopaminergic circuits leads to alternated changes in DA neurotransmission. Modulation of D2 and D3 receptors (D2/3R) through partial agonists represents the first-line therapeutic strategy for psychiatric diseases. Moreover, a deregulation of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been reported as peculiar feature of BD. In this scenario, the concomitant modulation of D3R and GSK-3β, by employing multitarget compounds, could offer promises to achieve an effective cure of this illness. In the light of these findings, we rationally envisaged the pharmacophoric model at the basis of the design of several D3R partial agonists, suitable to be exploited for the dual D3R/GSK-3β ligand design. Thus, synthetic efforts were addressed to develop a first set of hybrid molecules able to concurrently modulate the selected targets. For a chemical structure point of view, we employed different spacers to combine a substituted aryl-piperazine moiety, reported in previously discovered D3R modulators, with a pyrazole-based fragment, already identified in GSK-3β inhibitors. A fluorescent and a cellular functional assays were carried out to assess the activity of all synthetized compounds against GSK-3β and on D3R, respectively. Most of the derivatives proved to effectively modulate both GSK-3β and D3R with potencies in the low-µM and low-nM range, respectively. The consistent biological data allowed us to identify some lead candidates worth to be further modified with the aim to optimize their biological profile and to perform a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study.

Transtornos mentais, seus determinantes, sinais e sintomas

Este objeto traz em seu início a definição de psicose e sua oposição à neurose, ambos considerados transtorno mental, e este também tem sua definição explanada, além de colocado como em sua grande maioria, síndrome, isto é, conjuntos de sinais e sintomas. Lembra ainda que é na Atenção Primária que muitas pessoas com transtorno mental são identificadas e tratadas. Segue mencionando que os manuais de psicopatologia oferecem os conjuntos de sinais e sintomas caracteristicamente relacionados aos diagnósticos dos transtornos mentais e ainda coloca um quadro com as características particulares de cada uma delas. Termina detalhando os distúrbios do curso, da forma e do conteúdo do pensamento, pois são característicos das psicoses e se referem à sua ordenação lógica e ao uso eficaz de associações. Unidade 3 do módulo 9 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.

Abordagem dos transtornos severos mais relevantes

Este objeto inicia alertando de que os transtornos mentais mais severos são os transtornos bipolares maiores, de natureza orgânica, demências, esquizofrenias, dependência de substâncias e certas formas de neurose, como o Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo (TOC) e que os tratamentos possuem múltiplas abordagens, são executados por equipes multidisciplinares e têm por base o trabalho em rede. Segue colocando que a maioria desses transtornos ainda é diagnosticada, tratada e acompanhada em serviços especializados, mas que há um esforço para que haja capacitação em saúde mental de profissionais da AP, e termina discorrendo sobre os transtornos mentais severos mais prevalentes. Unidade 3 do módulo 9 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.

Obesidade e transtornos alimentares para enfermeiro

Tópico 1 – Considerações gerais e panorama atual sobre obesidade O tópico apresenta características, quadro de dados, índices, dificuldades de reconhecimento do problema por parte do usuário, consequências emocionais e sociais, riscos, abordagem preventiva e terapêutica, múltiplas possibilidades de intervenção multiprofissional e diferentes espaços de atuação, modificação de hábitos alimentares, criação e atuação do SISVAN, parâmetros clínicos, sobrepeso, cálculo do IMC, níveis de obesidade, estratégias de avaliação, ação em grupos de apoio. Tópico 2 – Anorexia e Bulimia nervosa O tópico trata da anorexia nervosa (AN) e a bulimia nervosa (BN) como transtornos alimentares, apresentando: características, causas, sinais e sintomas, critérios de diagnóstico, reabilitação nutricional, importância de dieta balanceada, estabelecimento de protocolos de pesagem, tratamento ambulatorial e um caso para reflexão. Conteúdo Online do módulo de Atenção integral à saúde do adulto: Obesidade e transtornos alimentares para enfermeiro. Unidade 4 do módulo 13 para dentista que compõe o Curso de Especialização Multiprofissional em Saúde da Família.

Avaliação da saúde mental: transtornos do pensamento

Material utilizado na unidade 2 do módulo de Saúde Mental do curso de especialização em Saúde da Família produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA, com apresentação visual trabalhada para atender aos alunos participantes do programa Mais Médicos. Este material refere-se aos transtornos do pensamento, enfatizando os seus tipos e relacionando-os com algumas doenças mentais.

Clínica da Atenção Psicossocial: ansiedade e transtornos relacionados

Material utilizado no módulo de Clínica da Atenção Psicossocial do curso de capacitação em Saúde Mental produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Apresenta o conceito de ansiedade e os transtornos relacionados, assim como os tipos de tratamento.

Clínica da Atenção Psicossocial: transtornos do humor

Material utilizado no módulo de Clínica da Atenção Psicossocial do curso de capacitação em Saúde Mental produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Apresenta as causas dos transtornos do humor, as dimensões em se enquadram e seus tipos. Aborda, ainda, os transtornos depressivos, destacando a depressão em populações específicas e episódios de mania.

Transtornos psiquiátricos

Unidade didática do curso "Abordagem domiciliar de situações clínicas comuns em adultos", da atenção domiciliar, que abrange os aspectos sobre os tipos de transtornos psiquiátricos, sintomas e sinais de pacientes portadores de transtornos psiquiátricos incapacitantes que possam ser controlados no domicílio, manejo dos pacientes, plano de alta e orientações ao cuidador sobre efeitos adversos de medicamentos e interações medicamentosas e o reconhecimento de quando a equipe deve referenciar o caso para a rede de serviços de saúde.