Estrategias familiares y políticas públicas en auxilio del aumento de la desigualdad distributiva durante el período de reformas estructurales y la crisis de la convertibilidad : Gran Buenos Aires 1992-2003

Diferentes estudios han dado cuenta de la relación entre el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo y los cambios en la estructura social, relativos al aumento de la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso, durante los años de reformas estructurales. Sin embargo, resulta necesario revisar y ampliar tales diagnósticos con el objetivo de lograr una visión más amplia del fenómeno. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar o, al menos, asociar los cambios ocurridos en el interior de la estructura social en el Gran Buenos Aires, durante el período 1992-2003, como efecto de una múltiple relación entre factores socioeconómicos, estrategias domésticas, movimientos del mercado de trabajo y políticas públicas específicas. La hipótesis que subyace a nuestro trabajo es que tanto los procesos de empobrecimiento y desplazamiento de los hogares como el aumento de la desigualdad y la fragmentación social descansan en la profundización de una estructura socioproductiva cada vez más segmentada, que es incapaz de generar oportunidades de empleo pleno para todos. Se utiliza información de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (eph) del indec (mayo de 1992, 1994, 1998, 2001 y 2003-Gran Buenos Aires), realizando correcciones de sesgos de información y construcción de unidades de análisis agregadas

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment (all blocks Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2006)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed in April 2006 to a depth of 30 cm. Three samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Sampling locations were less than 30 cm apart from sampling locations in 2002. Soil samples were segmented into 5 cm depth segments in the field (resulting in six depth layers) and made into composite samples per depth. Subsequently, samples were dried at 40°C. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, samples in years after 2002 were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Estrategias familiares y políticas públicas en auxilio del aumento de la desigualdad distributiva durante el período de reformas estructurales y la crisis de la convertibilidad : Gran Buenos Aires 1992-2003

Diferentes estudios han dado cuenta de la relación entre el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo y los cambios en la estructura social, relativos al aumento de la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso, durante los años de reformas estructurales. Sin embargo, resulta necesario revisar y ampliar tales diagnósticos con el objetivo de lograr una visión más amplia del fenómeno. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar o, al menos, asociar los cambios ocurridos en el interior de la estructura social en el Gran Buenos Aires, durante el período 1992-2003, como efecto de una múltiple relación entre factores socioeconómicos, estrategias domésticas, movimientos del mercado de trabajo y políticas públicas específicas. La hipótesis que subyace a nuestro trabajo es que tanto los procesos de empobrecimiento y desplazamiento de los hogares como el aumento de la desigualdad y la fragmentación social descansan en la profundización de una estructura socioproductiva cada vez más segmentada, que es incapaz de generar oportunidades de empleo pleno para todos. Se utiliza información de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (eph) del indec (mayo de 1992, 1994, 1998, 2001 y 2003-Gran Buenos Aires), realizando correcciones de sesgos de información y construcción de unidades de análisis agregadas

Estrategias familiares y políticas públicas en auxilio del aumento de la desigualdad distributiva durante el período de reformas estructurales y la crisis de la convertibilidad : Gran Buenos Aires 1992-2003

Diferentes estudios han dado cuenta de la relación entre el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo y los cambios en la estructura social, relativos al aumento de la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso, durante los años de reformas estructurales. Sin embargo, resulta necesario revisar y ampliar tales diagnósticos con el objetivo de lograr una visión más amplia del fenómeno. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar o, al menos, asociar los cambios ocurridos en el interior de la estructura social en el Gran Buenos Aires, durante el período 1992-2003, como efecto de una múltiple relación entre factores socioeconómicos, estrategias domésticas, movimientos del mercado de trabajo y políticas públicas específicas. La hipótesis que subyace a nuestro trabajo es que tanto los procesos de empobrecimiento y desplazamiento de los hogares como el aumento de la desigualdad y la fragmentación social descansan en la profundización de una estructura socioproductiva cada vez más segmentada, que es incapaz de generar oportunidades de empleo pleno para todos. Se utiliza información de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (eph) del indec (mayo de 1992, 1994, 1998, 2001 y 2003-Gran Buenos Aires), realizando correcciones de sesgos de información y construcción de unidades de análisis agregadas

Total nitrogen from solid phase in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2008)

This data set contains measurements of total nitrogen from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed in April 2008 to a depth of 30 cm. Three independent samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Soil samples were segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm in the field, giving six depth subsamples per core, and made into composite samples per depth. Sampling locations were less than 30 cm apart from sampling locations in other years. Samples were dried at 40°C. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, the samples were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total nitrogen concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

Total nitrogen from solid phase in the Jena Experiment (Block 2 Main Experiment up to 100cm depth, year 2002)

This data set contains measurements of total nitrogen from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling to a depth of 1m was performed before sowing in April 2002. Three independent samples per plot were taken of all plots in block 2 using a motor-driven soil column cylinder (Cobra, Eijkelkamp, 8.3 cm in diameter). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving 20 depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Rarely present visible plant remains were removed using tweezers. Total nitrogen concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

Total nitrogen from solid phase in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2004)

This data set contains measurements of total nitrogen from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed in April 2004 to a depth of 30 cm. Three independent samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Soil samples were segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm in the field, giving six depth subsamples per core, and made into composite samples per depth. Sampling locations were less than 30 cm apart from sampling locations in other years. Samples were dried at 40°C. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, the samples were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total nitrogen concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment (all blocks Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2008)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed in April 2008 to a depth of 30 cm. Three samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Sampling locations were less than 30 cm apart from sampling locations in 2002. Soil samples were segmented into 5 cm depth segments in the field (resulting in six depth layers) and made into composite samples per depth. Subsequently, samples were dried at 40°C. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, samples in years after 2002 were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment (all blocks Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2002)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed before sowing in April 2002. Five independent samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and then segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving six depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently and averaged values per depth layer are reported. Soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Rarely present visible plant remains were removed using tweezers. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment from intensive sampling campaigns (only block 2 Main Experiment up to 1 m depth, year 2007)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Stratified soil sampling to a depth of 1 m was repeated in April 2007 (as had been done before sowing in April 2002). Three independent samples per plot were taken of all plots in block 2 using a motor-driven soil column cylinder (Cobra, Eijkelkamp, 8.3 cm in diameter). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving 20 depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, the samples in 2007 were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment from intensive sampling campaigns (only block 2 Main Experiment up to 1 m depth, year 2002)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Stratified soil sampling to a depth of 1 m was performed before sowing in April 2002. Three independent samples per plot were taken of all plots in block 2 using a motor-driven soil column cylinder (Cobra, Eijkelkamp, 8.3 cm in diameter). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving 20 depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Rarely present visible plant remains were removed using tweezers. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment (all blocks Main Experiment up to 30cm depth, year 2004)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Soil sampling and analysis: Stratified soil sampling was performed in April 2004 to a depth of 30 cm. Three samples per plot were taken using a split tube sampler with an inner diameter of 4.8 cm (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek, the Netherlands). Sampling locations were less than 30 cm apart from sampling locations in 2002. Soil samples were segmented into 5 cm depth segments in the field (resulting in six depth layers) and made into composite samples per depth. Subsequently, samples were dried at 40°C. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, samples in years after 2002 were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Nutrients and oxygen concentrations measured in water samples from the North Atlantic during the James Cook cruise JC087 in March 2013

Analysis for micro-molar concentrations of nitrate and nitrite, nitrite, phosphate, silicate and ammonia was undertaken on a SEAL Analytical UK Ltd, AA3 segmented flow autoanalyser following methods described by Kirkwood (1996). Samples were drawn from Niskin bottles on the CTD into 15ml polycarbonate centrifuge tubes and kept refrigerated at approximately 4oC until analysis, which generally commenced within 30 minutes. Overall 23 runs with 597 samples were analysed. This is a total of 502 CTD samples, 69 underway samples and 26 from other sources. An artificial seawater matrix (ASW) of 40g/litre sodium chloride was used as the inter-sample wash and standard matrix. The nutrient free status of this solution was checked by running Ocean Scientific International (OSI) low nutrient seawater (LNS) on every run. A single set of mixed standards were made up by diluting 5mM solutions made from weighed dried salts in 1litre of ASW into plastic 250ml volumetric flasks that had been cleaned by washing in MilliQ water (MQ). Data processing was undertaken using SEAL Analytical UK Ltd proprietary software (AACE 6.07) and was performed within a few hours of the run being finished. The sample time was 60 seconds and the wash time was 30 seconds. The lines were washed daily with wash solutions specific for each chemistry, but comprised of MQ, MQ and SDS, MQ and Triton-X, or MQ and Brij-35. Three times during the cruise the phosphate and silicate channels were washed with a weak sodium hypochlorite solution.

Ocean acidification alters the calcareous microstructure of the green macro-alga Halimeda opuntia

Decreases in seawater pH and carbonate saturation state (Omega) following the continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 represent a process termed ocean acidification, which is predicted to become a main threat to marine calcifiers in the near future. Segmented, tropical, marine green macro-algae of the genus Halimeda form a calcareous skeleton that involves biotically initiated and induced calcification processes influenced by cell physiology. As Halimeda is an important habitat provider and major carbonate sediment producer in tropical shallow areas, alterations of these processes due to ocean acidification may cause changes in the skeletal microstructure that have major consequences for the alga and its environment, but related knowledge is scarce. This study used scanning electron microscopy to examine changes of the CaCO3 segment microstructure of Halimedaopuntia specimens that had been exposed to artificially elevated seawater pCO2 of 650 µatm for 45 d. In spite of elevated seawater pCO2, the calcification of needles, located at the former utricle walls, was not reduced as frequent initiation of new needle-shaped crystals was observed. Abundance of the needles was 22 %/µm**2 higher and needle crystal dimensions 14 % longer. However, those needles were 42 % thinner compared with the control treatment. Moreover, lifetime cementation of the segments decreased under elevated seawater pCO2 due to a loss in micro-anhedral carbonate as indicated by significantly thinner calcified rims of central utricles (35-173 % compared with the control treatment). Decreased micro-anhedral carbonate suggests that seawater within the inter-utricular space becomes CaCO3 undersaturated (Omega < 1) during nighttime under conditions of elevated seawater pCO2, thereby favoring CaCO3 dissolution over micro-anhedral carbonate accretion. Less-cemented segments of H. opuntia may impair the environmental success of the alga, its carbonate sediment contribution, and the temporal storage of atmospheric CO2 within Halimeda-derived sediments.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, 2009

The surface ocean absorbs large quantities of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere from human activities. As this CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts to form carbonic acid. While this phenomenon, called ocean acidification, has been found to adversely affect many calcifying organisms, some photosynthetic organisms appear to benefit from increasing [CO2]. Among these is the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, a predominant diazotroph (nitrogen-fixing) in large parts of the oligotrophic oceans, which responded with increased carbon and nitrogen fixation at elevated pCO2. With the mechanism underlying this CO2 stimulation still unknown, the question arises whether this is a common response of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. In this study we therefore investigate the physiological response of Nodularia spumigena, a heterocystous bloom-forming diazotroph of the Baltic Sea, to CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. N. spumigena reacted to seawater acidification/carbonation with reduced cell division rates and nitrogen fixation rates, accompanied by significant changes in carbon and phosphorus quota and elemental composition of the formed biomass. Possible explanations for the contrasting physiological responses of Nodularia compared to Trichodesmium may be found in the different ecological strategies of non-heterocystous (Trichodesmium) and heterocystous (Nodularia) cyanobacteria.