Damping and saturation of a second order electron plasma wave echo

A description is given of experimental work on the damping of a second order electron plasma wave echo due to velocity space diffusion in a low temperature magnetoplasma. Sufficient precision was obtained to verify the theoretically predicted cubic rather than quadratic or quartic dependence of the damping on exciter separation. Compared to the damping predicted for Coulomb collisions in a thermal plasma in an infinite magnetic field, the magnitude of the damping was approximately as predicted, while the velocity dependence of the damping was weaker than predicted. The discrepancy is consistent with the actual non-Maxwellian electron distribution of the plasma.

In conjunction with the damping work, echo amplitude saturation was measured as a function of the velocity of the electrons contributing to the echo. Good agreement was obtained with the predicted J₁ Bessel function amplitude dependence, as well as a demonstration that saturation did not influence the damping results.

Part I - The radiation of elastic waves from a spherical cavity in a half space. Part II - Precision determination of focal depths and epicenters of earthquakes.

Part I: The dynamic response of an elastic half space to an explosion in a buried spherical cavity is investigated by two methods. The first is implicit, and the final expressions for the displacements at the free surface are given as a series of spherical wave functions whose coefficients are solutions of an infinite set of linear equations. The second method is based on Schwarz's technique to solve boundary value problems, and leads to an iterative solution, starting with the known expression for the point source in a half space as first term. The iterative series is transformed into a system of two integral equations, and into an equivalent set of linear equations. In this way, a dual interpretation of the physical phenomena is achieved. The systems are treated numerically and the Rayleigh wave part of the displacements is given in the frequency domain. Several comparisons with simpler cases are analyzed to show the effect of the cavity radius-depth ratio on the spectra of the displacements.

Part II: A high speed, large capacity, hypocenter location program has been written for an IBM 7094 computer. Important modifications to the standard method of least squares have been incorporated in it. Among them are a new way to obtain the depth of shocks from the normal equations, and the computation of variable travel times for the local shocks in order to account automatically for crustal variations. The multiregional travel times, largely based upon the investigations of the United States Geological Survey, are confronted with actual traverses to test their validity.

It is shown that several crustal phases provide control enough to obtain good solutions in depth for nuclear explosions, though not all the recording stations are in the region where crustal corrections are considered. The use of the European travel times, to locate the French nuclear explosion of May 1962 in the Sahara, proved to be more adequate than previous work.

A simpler program, with manual crustal corrections, is used to process the Kern County series of aftershocks, and a clearer picture of tectonic mechanism of the White Wolf fault is obtained.

Shocks in the California region are processed automatically and statistical frequency-depth and energy depth curves are discussed in relation to the tectonics of the area.

The effect of the group delay ripple of chirped fiber grating on composite second-order in optical fiber CATV system

The effect of group delay ripple of chirped fiber gratings on composite second-order (CSO) performance in optical fiber CATV system is investigated. We analyze the system CSO performances for different ripple amplitudes, periods and residual dispersion amounts in detail. It is found that the large ripple amplitude and small ripple period will deteriorate the system CSO performance seriously. Additionally, the residual dispersion amount has considerable effect on CSO performance in the case of small ripple amplitude and large ripple period. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Composite second-order performance improvement in optical fibre CATV transmission system using chirped fibre grating

Theoretically, we analyse the dispersion compensation characteristics of the chirped fibre grating (CFG) in an optical fibre cable television (CATV) system and obtain the analytic expression of the composite second-order (CSO) distortion using the time-domain form of the field envelope wave equation. The obtained result is in good agreement with the numerical simulation result. Experimentally, we verify the result by making use of the tunable characteristics of CFG to change the dispersion compensation amount and obtain an optimal CSO performance in a 125km fibre transmission link. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that the CSO performance can be improved by properly choosing the dispersion compensation amount for a certain fibre transmission link.

Analysis of a second-order polarization-independent filter made of a single ring resonator and a Sagnac interferometer

A novel second-order polarization-independent filter made of a single ring resonator and a Sagnac interferometer (SRRSI) is proposed, and its filtering characteristics are investigated. By using birefringence in waveguide, a single ring resonator can be used to synthesize a filter with second-order response. Analytical formulas are derived for characteristics of the SRRSI varied with waveguide parameters.. such as the coupling coefficient; and the critical condition of a second-order Butterworth filter is given. The influence of loss in the ring resonator is also analyzed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Measuring ultrashort optical pulses using multi-shot second harmonic generation frequency resolved optical gating

Frequency resolved optical gating (FROG), is an effective technique for characterizing the ultrafast laser pulses. The multi-shot second harmonic generation (SHG) FROG is the most sensitive one in different FROGs. In this paper we use this technique to measure the femtosecond optical pulses generated by a conventional Ti:sapphire oscillator.

O divisor de águas da política imperial: D. Pedro II, a conciliação e o Marquês de Paraná (1853-1856)

A Conciliação política foi um tema muito altercado no meado do Oitocentos no Segundo Reinado brasileiro. Este debate fora intensamente travado entre os principais partidos imperiais, Liberal e Conservador, que se alternavam no poder ao longo de quase 50 anos de comando do imperador D. Pedro II. Sobre seu governo, considerado por Joaquim Nabuco como a Grande Era Brasileira, é que este autor legou à historiografia posterior a sua obra máxima: Um Estadista do Império. Nossa dissertação parte da seguinte premissa: D. Pedro II no desejo de reinar, governar e administrar, acima dos partidos, encetou o seu Pensamento Augusto, isto é, a Conciliação. Os liberais acusavam a Conciliação de esvaziar suas propostas ao serem implementadas pelos conservadores. Estes que se encontravam no poder desde 1848, liderados pelos saquaremas, rechaçaram completamente tal ideia, pois entendiam que esta política patrocinada pela Coroa poderia enfraquecer seu partido. O Receio virou realidade, mediante algumas das medidas tomadas pelo Gabinete, pois para tal empreendimento, de compor um ministério com políticos liberais e conservadores, a Coroa contou com Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquês de Paraná, para chefiar o primeiro gabinete conciliatório da história do Segundo Reinado enfrentando várias resistências, principalmente entre os referidos saquaremas. O sucesso do gabinete creditou-se à força, tato e prudência do Marquês e, principalmente, ao pensamento do Imperador. A partir daí a história política do Segundo Reinado tomou novas feições.

I. Site effects and exciton structure in molecular crystals - Benzene. II. The first and second triplet states of solid benzene

The effect of intermolecular coupling in molecular energy levels (electronic and vibrational) has been investigated in neat and isotopic mixed crystals of benzene. In the isotopic mixed crystals of C₆H₆, C₆H₅D, m-C₆H₄D₂, p-C₆H₄D₂, sym-C₆H₃D₃, C₆D₅H, and C₆D₆ in either a C₆H₆ or C₆D₆ host, the following phenomena have been observed and interpreted in terms of a refined Frenkel exciton theory: a) Site shifts; b) site group splittings of the degenerate ground state vibrations of C₆H₆, C₆D₆, and sym-C₆H₃D₃; c) the orientational effect for the isotopes without a trigonal axis in both the ¹B_2u electronic state and the ground state vibrations; d) intrasite Fermi resonance between molecular fundamentals due to the reduced symmetry of the crystal site; and e) intermolecular or intersite Fermi resonance between nearly degenerate states of the host and guest molecules. In the neat crystal experiments on the ground state vibrations it was possible to observe many of these phenomena in conjunction with and in addition to the exciton structure.

To theoretically interpret these diverse experimental data, the concepts of interchange symmetry, the ideal mixed crystal, and site wave functions have been developed and are presented in detail. In the interpretation of the exciton data the relative signs of the intermolecular coupling constants have been emphasized, and in the limit of the ideal mixed crystal a technique is discussed for locating the exciton band center or unobserved exciton components. A differentiation between static and dynamic interactions is made in the Frenkel limit which enables the concepts of site effects and exciton coupling to be sharpened. It is thus possible to treat the crystal induced effects in such a fashion as to make their similarities and differences quite apparent.

A calculation of the ground state vibrational phenomena (site shifts and splittings, orientational effects, and exciton structure) and of the crystal lattice modes has been carried out for these systems. This calculation serves as a test of the approximations of first order Frenkel theory and the atom-atom, pair wise interaction model for the intermolecular potentials. The general form of the potential employed was V(r) = Be^-Cr - A/r⁶ ; the force constants were obtained from the potential by assuming the atoms were undergoing simple harmonic motion.

In part II the location and identification of the benzene first and second triplet states (³B_1u and ³E_1u) is given.

Beam splitting of low-contrast binary gratings under second Bragg angle incidence

Beam splitting of low-contrast rectangular gratings under second Bragg angle incidence is studied. The grating period is between lambda and 2 lambda. The diffraction behaviors of the three transmitted propagating orders are illustrated by analyzing the first three propagating grating modes. From a simplified modal approach, the design conditions of gratings as a high-efficiency element with most of its energy concentrated in the -2nd transmitted order (similar to 90%) and of gratings as a 1 x 2 beam splitter with a total efficiency over 90% are derived. The grating parameters for achieving exactly the splitting pattern by use of rigorous coupled-wave analysis verified the design method. A 1 x 3 beam splitter is also demonstrated. Moreover, the polarization-dependent diffraction behaviors are investigated, which suggest the possibility of designing polarization-selective elements under such a configuration. The proposed concept of using the second Bragg angle should be helpful for developing new grating-based devices. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

O quebra-nozes de Machado de Assis: crítica e nacionalismo

Esta tese visa a analisar três perspectivas nacionalistas oferecidas pela obra crítica de Machado de Assis. Buscamos, inicialmente, a feição intelectual do jovem Machado no interior do projeto romântico-nacionalista, com o qual estava alinhado e do qual se afastaria paulatinamente. Para tanto, foi cotejado, inicialmente, com dois militantes daquele nacionalismo defensivo: Santiago Nunes Ribeiro e Joaquim Norberto de Sousa Silva. Esse lugar de onde falava Machado ganha em definição num segundo momento, quando empreendemos a análise comparativa de seus textos com os de Macedo Soares e José de Alencar. Sobretudo entre 1859 e 1872, Machado de Assis construiria sua crítica teatral, tornando-se um paladino da comédia realista francesa. A primeira face nacionalista de sua crítica afirma-se nesse profundo envolvimento de Machado com o projeto de um teatro brasileiro pautado no potencial pedagógico da alta comédia. A segunda perspectiva nacionalista define-se à medida que se define o classicismo moderno de Machado, uma articulação muito pessoal de sua visão universalista com a já instaurada modernidade literária. Para a análise desse viés, usamos o corpus de sua crítica literária construída como gênero autônomo, oferecida convencionalmente ao público, por via da qual escritores e leitores se habilitariam a intervir na sociedade, cumprindo, patrioticamente, a missão para a qual a literatura os preparara. A partir de 1883, depois de quase cinco anos afastado da crônica, Machado a retoma, usando-a para exercitar, mais franca e assiduamente, uma particular teoria da cultura brasileira e, paralelamente, uma espécie de busca de nosso caráter nacional. Dessa forma, seu nacionalismo, numa terceira angulação, orienta-se para a experiência humana, que, entre incorporar o fundamento externo e resistir a ele, acaba por formar algo irremediavelmente brasileiro; essa crônica, portanto, carrega uma crítica de feição cultural, no sentido de Machado ter-se comprometido com significações e valores de nossa vida social. Ao examiná-lo como escritor que, inicialmente, se postou contra o colonialismo cultural; que, a seguir, se engajou num projeto civilizatório conduzido pelo teatro e pela literatura e que, por fim, investigou a sensibilidade coletiva brasileira a partir de suas representações culturais, esta tese faculta uma apreensão mais criteriosa das interseções entre os temas nacionalismo e Machado de Assis

Influence of the second cladding on the properties of four-layer large flattened mode fibers

A theoretical method to analyze four-layer large flattened mode (LFM) fibers is presented. The influence of the second cladding on the properties of four-layer LFM fiber, including the fundamental and higher-order modal fields, effective area, bending loss, and dispersion, are studied by comparison. At the same time, the reasons for the different characteristics are considered. The obtained results indicate that the effective area of the four-layer LFM fiber is about 1.6 times larger than that of the conventional standard step-index fiber and the fibers have better bend-induced filtering ability than three-layer LFM fibers. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Influence of the second cladding on the properties of four-layer large flattened mode fibers

A theoretical method to analyze four-layer large flattened mode (LFM) fibers is presented. The influence of the second cladding on the properties of four-layer LFM fiber, including the fundamental and higher-order modal fields, effective area, bending loss, and dispersion, are studied by comparison. At the same time, the reasons for the different characteristics are considered. The obtained results indicate that the effective area of the four-layer LFM fiber is about 1.6 times larger than that of the conventional standard step-index fiber and the fibers have better bend-induced filtering ability than three-layer LFM fibers. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.