Medidas y educación sanitaria adoptadas en el control de enfermedades durante los siglos XIX y XX en Los Santos de Maimona (Badajoz).

Resumen basado en el de los autores. Resumen en inglés

Sagrados monumentos - relíquias de mártires e de santos em Portugal

Neste estudo, o autor propõe-se avaliar a problemática, centrada na realidade histórica de Portugal, das práticas devocionais em torno das relíquias de mártires e de santos.Depois de se propor uma síntese global sobre a evolução, em tempos medievais, deste universo religioso, passa-se à avaliação de um caso, o do Convento de Jesus de Setúbal, de monjas colectinas, em pleno século XVII, através da exploração de um tipo de recursos geralmente ignorado pelos historiadores: as notícias descritivas dos relicários produzidas em mosteiros e santuários nacionais dessa época. Constituindo uma expressão de devoção religiosa extremamente popular, nesses séculos, nem por isso deixam de merecer a mais profunda adesão das elites clericais e nobiliárquicas católicas.

A presença dos santos : martírios e relíquias sagradas na construção do território cristão na América portuguesa

O texto investiga atores sociais estratégicos para promover a ocupação do território da América Portuguesa no início da Idade Moderna, sem os quais dificilmente a colonização teria se viabilizado: os santos e mártires católicos. Os santos católicos se fizeram presentes na América tanto por meio de suas imagens e narrativas quanto por sua presença física, por meio de suas relíquias sagradas, como as pegadas de São Tomé encontradas na América, e também as relíquias de santos transportadas da Europa para o novo continente. As relíquias sagradas foram objetos de grande veneração pelos cristãos, mas também investidas de sentidos pelos índios. O texto investiga também o significado da construção contemporânea da santidade, por meio da busca - e por vezes da conquista - do martírio por missionários, principalmente jesuítas e franciscanos. Assim como as relíquias sagradas, o martírio e a figura do mártir constituíram elementos de tradução entre as culturas católica e ameríndia.

Los nuevos santos de la farándula y las estrategias discursivas de la comunicación mediática en sus libros autobiográficos

Las autobiografías de la gente de pantalla, famosos o celebridades tienen una gran proliferación, son una tendencia de actualidad y responden a una realidad comunicacional. Este trabajo tiene interés por los factores que hacen que las autobiografías sigan siendo tan producidas y consumidas. La investigación se centra en lo que cuentan las autobiografías, pero sobre todo en el cómo lo cuentan, para llamar la atención y lograr el interés del público. Se plantea responder a la pregunta ¿cómo se construyen discursivamente las personas de la farándula en los relatos autobiográficos para interpelar al público?, partiendo de la hipótesis que este tipo de autobiografías utilizan en sus narrativas estrategias provenientes de la comunicación mediática para interpelar y entretener; y, estrategias del discurso de virtudes, para promover a los protagonistas como ejemplos de vida, de ahí el calificativo de los nuevos santos de la farándula como una categoría narrativa de vidas que asemejan el llamado de las vidas en santidad. Para cumplir con este propósito, el trabajo se divide en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo se realiza una propuesta teórica que permite un acercamiento con los principales descriptores: la autobiografía, la farándula y lo ejemplar. En el segundo, se analiza una muestra de cuatro autobiografías, a partir de las estrategias discursivas que utiliza la comunicación mediática. En el tercer capítulo se identifica la relación de las autobiografías con el discurso de virtudes. Para culminar se presenta un acápite de resultados que sintetizan el aprendizaje obtenido y que demuestra a las autobiografías como géneros discursivos que permiten la hibridación de distintos modelos narrativos, en una constante relación de las vidas contadas entre la realidad y la ficcionalización propia de la comunicación de masas y de la industria del entretenimiento, que ahora además incorpora el modelo de la ejemplaridad.

Annual textural banding in Holocene estuarine silts, Severn Estuary Levels (SW Britain): patterns, cause and implications

A high-resolution textural study has been made of laminated and banded estuarine silts exposed intertidally at representative localities and horizons in the Holocene deposits of the Severn Estuary Levels. The laminae, on a submillimetre to millimetre scale, are sharp-based, graded couplets formed of a lower silty part overlain by a finer-textured clayey element. The centimetre- to decimetre-scale banding is formed of laminae in alternating, gradually intergrading sets of relatively coarse and relative fine-grained examples. At outcrop in the field, the banding is recognizable because the coarse sets prove to be recessive to varying degrees under the influence of weathering and current action. Independent evidence at two localities points toward an annual origin for the banding; at a third it arose during part of what appears to have been a relatively short period. Quantified physical arguments suggest that the textural banding is a response of suspended fine sediment to marked seasonal changes in sea temperature and windiness. The banded silts occur in four distinct stratigraphical contexts and record high deposition rates (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr). Because physical factors determine their textures, the silts potentially afford insights in all contexts into aspects of changing Holocene climatic conditions. In one context, the thickness of the bands points to high (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr) but comparatively short-lived (order 10s-100s yrs) rates of relative water-level rise. In the others, however, the banding has no implications for sea-level behaviour, and simply records gross environmental disequilibrium, for example, the recovery of mudflats/marshes after an erosional episode. Similarly, because on account of their rapid accumulation the banded silts preserve animal and human tracks and trackways especially well, they provide an archive of animal and human behaviour in the area during the Holocene.

Seasonality of modern pollen and sediment deposition in an estuarine context: the Severn Estuary Levels, southwest England

Recent sedimentological and palynological research on subfossil Holocene banded sediments from the Severn Estuary Levels suggested seasonality of deposition, registered by variations in mineral grain-size and pollen assemblages between different parts of the bands. Here we provide data that strengthen this interpretation from sampling of modern sediments and pollen deposition on an active mudflat and saltmarsh on the margin of the Severn Estuary, and comparison with a vegetation survey and contemporary records of climate, river and tidal regimes. The results of grain-size analysis indicate deposition of comparatively coarse-grained silts during the relatively cool and windy conditions of winter and comparatively fine-grained sediments during relatively warm and calm summer months. Pollen analysis demonstrates the significance of long-term storage of pollen grains and fern spores in the estuarine waterbody, superimposed on which seasonal variations in pollen inputs from local and regional vegetation remain detectable. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Granulometric characterization and evaluation of annually banded mid-Holocene estuarine silts, Welsh Severn Estuary (UK): coastal change, sea level and climate

Holocene silts (salt marshes) and highest intertidal-supratidal peats are superbly exposed on a 15 kin coastal transect which reveals two laterally extensive units of annually banded silts (Beds 3, 7) associated with three transgressive-regressive silt-peat cycles (early sixth-early fourth millennium BC). Bed 3 in places is concordantly and gradationally related to peats above and below, but in others transgresses older strata. Bed 7 also grades up into peat, but everywhere overlies a discordance. The banding in Bed 3 at three main and two minor sites was resolved and characterized texturally at high-resolution (2.5/5 mm contiguous slices) using laser granulometry (LS230 with PIDS) and a comprehensive scheme of data-assessment. Most of Bed 3 formed very rapidly, at peak values of several tens of millimetres annually, in accordance with modelled effects of sea-level fluctuations on mature marshes (bed concordant and gradational) and on marshes growing up after coastal erosion and retreat (bed with discordant base). Using data from the modern Severn Estuary, the textural contrast within bands, and its variation between bands, points to a variable but overall milder mid-Holocene climate than today. The inter-annual variability affected marsh dynamics, as shown by the behaviour of the finely divided plant tissues present. Given local calibration, the methodology is applicable to other tidal systems with banded silts in Britain and mainland northwest Europe. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Holocene tidal palaeochannels, Severn Estuary Levels, UK: a search for granulometric and foraminiferal criteria

Holocene tidal palaoechannels, Severn Estuary Levels, UK: a search for granulometric and foraminiferal criteria. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 117, 329-344. Grain-size characteristics (by laser granulometry) and foraminiferal assemblages have been established for silts accumulated in five, dissimilar tidal palaeochannels of mid or late Holocene age in the Severn Estuary Levels, representative of muddy tidal systems. For purposes of general comparison, similar data were obtained from a representative active tidal inlet in the area, but all of these channels have been subject to human interference and are not relied upon as a model for environmental interpretation. Although the palaeochannel deposits differ substantially in their bedding characteristics and stratigraphical relationships from the level-bedded salt-marsh platform and mudflat deposits with which they are associated, and although the channel environment is distinctive morphologically and hydraulically, no critical textural differences could be found between the channel deposits and the associated facies. Similarly, no foraminiferal assemblages distinctive of a tidal channel were encountered. Instead, the assemblages compare with those from mudflats and salt-marsh platforms. It is concluded that the sides of the subfossil channels carried some vegetation, as was observed to be the case in the modern inlet. An alternative approach is necessary if concealed palaeochannel deposits are to be recognized in muddy systems from limited numbers of subsurface samples. Although the palaeochannels afforded no characteristic textural signature, they yield transverse grain-size patterns pointing to coastal movements during their evolution. Concave-up trends suggest outward coastal building, whereas convex-up ones point to marsh-edge retreat.

Seasonality of delta C-13 and C/N ratios in modern and mid-holocene sediments in the Severn Estuary levels, SW Britain

Bulk organic VC and C/N ratios from mid-Holocene salt-marsh deposits with sedimentary banding reveal subtle but significant differences between coarse- and fine-grained deposits. These are consistent with findings from seasonally sampled modern silts, and with the interpretation, on physical and palynological grounds, of the fine-grained and coarse-grained components as warm-season and cold-season deposits, respectively. The control is considered to be seasonal variations in the character of the organic matter supplied.

Seasonal deposition of Holocene banded sediments in the Severn Estuary Levels (southwest Britain): palynological and sedimentological evidence

Banded sediments outcrop widely in the intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary and have been suggested, on the basis of textural analysis, to have formed in response to seasonal variations in sea temperature and windiness (Holocene, 14 (2004) 536). Here palynological and sedimentological analyses of banded sediments of mid-Holocene date from Gold Cliff, on the Welsh side of the Severn Estuary, are combined to test and further develop the hypothesis of seasonal deposition. Pollen percentage and concentration data are presented from a short sequence of bands to establish whether textural variations in the bands coincide with variations in pollen content reflecting seasonal flowering patterns. It is shown that fine-grained band parts contain higher total pollen concentrations, and a higher proportion of pollen from late spring- to summer-flowering plants, than coarse-grained band parts. Pollen in the coarser deposits appears primarily to reflect deposition from the buffering `reservoir' of suspended pollen in the estuarine water-body and from rivers, when there is little pollen in the air in winter, while the finer sediments contain pollen deposited from the atmosphere during the flowering season, superimposed on these `background' sources. The potential of such deposits for refining chronologies and identifying seasonality of coastal processes is noted, and the results of charcoal particle analysis of the bands presented as an example of how they have the potential to shed light on seasonal and annual patterns of human activity. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.