Capitalism without Capitalists? A Bottom-Up View of Industrial Transformation in East Germany. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 00.1, 1999

Research on the industrial transition in East Germany and its outcomes has long focused on the strategy of the Treuhand­ anstalt (IHA). According to institutionalists, David Stark and Lazlo Brust!: (1998), the powerful position of the German privatization agency was not only a result of German unification but also a function of a pathway rooted in the institutional peculiarities of the East German economy before 1989. This paper shows that neither a simple top-down perspective nor the pathway approach, as Stark and Brust!: suggested, are adequate for explaining the internal dynamic of enterprise transformation as well as the outcomes of this process. First of all, the dissolution of the former organizational structures and hierarchies was less coordinated by the 1HA than is often assumed. Often Kombinates fell apart more quickly from below than they could be dismantled from above since enterprises or their units chose the exit­ option and had good reasons to do so. Secondly, although the privatization by the 1HA resulted in the clear dominance of Western investors, the new ownership structure of East German industry as a whole could be characterized as a "capitalism without (East German) capitalists." In fact, what exists in East Germany is rather a kind of "small business capitalism" (KleinbetriebsknpitalifmllS) in which small-and medium-sized producers dominate the landscape. Finally, there was no single starting point in 1989. Two different industrial orders shaped the industrial history of the East German regions which were not destroyed between 1945-89, but rather transformed into the state socialist production system. It can be shown that these older historical patterns are relevant for transition and their outcomes as well.

The Family’s Financial Support as a “Poisoned Gift”: A Family Embeddedness Perspective on Entrepreneurial Intentions

We argue that greater availability of financial support by the family for creating a new venture entails stronger financial and non-financial obligations. Cognizant of these obligations, potential founders anticipate negative performance implications for the planned firm and threats to the family system in the case of their non-fulfillment. We thus postulate that the formation of actual entrepreneurial intentions is less likely the greater the available financial support. We confirm this by studying a sample of 23,304 respondents from 19 countries and find the negative relationship to be dependent on family cohesion and on individual entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

Founder, Academic, or Employee? A Nuanced Study of Career Choice Intentions

We add novel insights to the debate about why individuals choose to start their own firm by comparing entrepreneurial intentions to the intentions to work at a university as an academic and to be employed in a private firm. To model this more complex set of career choices, we examine novel multiplicative aspects of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and test our hypotheses on survey data of 15,866 students from 13 European countries. Multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal how the different TPB elements influence career preferences and demonstrate the moderating effects of perceived controllability and desirability.

Entrepreneurial Orientation in Long-lived Family Firms

We apply a key construct from the entrepreneurship field, entrepreneurial orientation (EO), in the context of long-lived family firms. Our qualitative in-depth case studies show that a permanently high level of the five EO dimensions is not a necessary condition for long-term success, as traditional entrepreneurship and EO literature implicitly suggest. Rather, we claim that the level of EO is dynamically adapted over time and that the original EO scales (autonomy, innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness) do not sufficiently capture the full extent of entrepreneurial behaviors in long-lived family firms. Based on these considerations we suggest extending the existing EO scales to provide a more fine-grained depiction of firm-level corporate entrepreneurship in long-lived family firms.

Ventures in the informal sector, and how they worked out in Brazil /

"PN-AAL-009."

Federal financial assistance for pollution prevention and control /

Cover title.

Industrial supply and distribution in Puerto Rico.

On cover: Prepared by the Economic Development Administration of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for the Small Business Administration, Washington.

A guide to funding resources /

Mode of access: Internet.

Cost/benefit study of effects of using several headform sizes in testing motorcycle helmets under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 218. Final report (Task I).

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Congress and the monopoly problem : fifty-six years of antitrust development, 1900-1956 : history of congressional action in the antitrust field since 1900 /

Bibliography: p. 593-629.

More than a dream : raising the money /

Includes bibliographical references.

Export marketing for smaller firms.

Cover title.

Directory of combination export managers.

Section 1. Food, feed, and fertilizer.--section 2. Fuel.--section 3. Raw materials and semi-finished products.--section 4. Machinery and vehicles.--section 5. Miscellaneous and unclassified.

Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and related agencies appropriations for 1985 [microform] : hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session /

Includes indexes.