El fotorreactor elíptico

In this paper, the mathematical model of the elliptical photoreactor , an special type of reactor that uses ultraviolet radiation, is presented. In the elliptical photoreactor the cylindrical reactor is irradiated from the outside by placing the lamp and the reactor at the foci of an elliptical reflector. The two main models of radiation -radial and difusse- are studied, an finally the general method of resolution of the mathematical model and its resolution in certain simple cases is shown.

Reação de cultivares de soja à podridão vermelha da raiz causada por Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines

A podridão vermelha da raiz, causada por Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, é considerada uma das doenças mais severas de soja (Glycine max) no Sul do Brasil. Este trabalho avaliou a reação de 30 genótipos de soja em experimentos conduzidos em câmara de crescimento, na Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, RS. Inoculou-se o fungo nos genótipos pelo método "palito-de-dente", através da introdução de uma ponta de palito colonizada pelo fungo no hipocótilo de cada plântula e pelo método "grão de sorgo", em que o inóculo, constituído de grãos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) colonizados, foi colocado ao redor do colo da planta. Avaliaram-se os sintomas na parte aérea e no sistema radicular. Para ambos métodos de inoculação, houve diferenças entre genótipos e a amplitude de reação variou de resistência moderada à alta suscetibilidade. Os genótipos BRS 66, BRS 137 e BRS 138, pelo método "palito-de-dente", e IAS 5 e BRS 137, pelo método "grão de sorgo", foram considerados moderadamente resistentes. Os genótipos Embrapa 59, CEP 12-Cambará, Ipagro 21, FT-Guaíra, FT-Abyara, BR-4 e FT-2003 foram moderadamente suscetíveis (MS) pelo método "palito-de-dente", enquanto Ivorá, RS 7-Jacuí, Fepagro RS-10, BR-16, CD 203, BR-4, CEP 20-Guajuvira, BRS 154, BRS 138 e Cobb foram MS pelo método "grão de sorgo". Por outro lado, Bragg, CD 205, RS 5-Esmeralda, RS 9- Itaúba, IAS 4, Ocepar 14, CD 201, FT 2011, FT-Saray, BRS 153 e FT-2004 foram suscetíveis em ambos os métodos usados.

Time-Resolved Photoluminescence in Antimonide and Dilute Nitride Quantum Well Structures

This Master's thesis is devoted to semiconductor samples study using time-resolved photoluminescence. This method allows investigating recombination in semiconductor samples in order to develop quality of optoelectronic device. An additional goal was the method accommodation for low-energy-gap materials. The first chapter gives a brief intercourse into the basis of semiconductor physics. The key features of the investigated structures are noted. The usage area of the results covers saturable semiconductor absorber mirrors, disk lasers and vertical-external-cavity surface-emittinglasers. The experiment set-up is described in the second chapter. It is based on up-conversion procedure using a nonlinear crystal and involving the photoluminescent emission and the gate pulses. The limitation of the method was estimated. The first series of studied samples were grown at various temperatures and they suffered rapid thermal annealing. Further, a latticematched and metamorphically grown samples were compared. Time-resolved photoluminescence method was adapted for wavelengths up to 1.5 µm. The results allowed to specify the optimal substrate temperature for MBE process. It was found that the lattice-matched sample and the metamorphically grown sample had similar characteristics.

Volume of polyethylene bags for development of papaya seedlings in protected environments

The objective of this study was to test container of polyethylene bags and protected environments on the papaya seedlings production, from May to August of 2008, in Aquidauana state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Five bags of polyethylene were used: 7.5 cm x 11.5 cm, 205.9 cm³; 8.4 cm x 10.6 cm, 238.1cm³; 10.0 cm x 16.5 cm, 525.2 cm³; 12.0 cm x 12.0 cm, 550.0 cm³ and 15.0 cm x 21.5 cm, 1539.8 cm³. These containers were placed in three protected environments: greenhouse; screened nursery with Sombrite® and screened nursery with Aluminet®. Because there is no replication of growing environment, each one was considered an experiment. For each cultivation environment, it was adopted a completely randomized design with eight replications of two plants each. Initially, data were submitted to analysis of individual variance of the container (for each cultivation environment), then performing the evaluation of the residual mean squares and the combined analysis of these environments for comparison of protected environments. The greenhouse and nursery with thermal reflector screen produced the best seedlings. The bags of 15.0 x 21.5 cm produced the best papaya seedlings. The Dickson Quality Index pointed the nursery with screen of thermal reflector as the environment that produced the most vigorous seedlings, when using the best container.

Comportamento de cultivares de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] em resposta ao metribuzin aplicado em diferentes doses

Durante o ano agrícola de 1978/79, foi realizado um experimento a campo, na re gião da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de conhecer o comportamento das cultivares de soja BR1, Bragg, Davis, IAS4, IAS5, Paraná e Planalto em relação ao metribuzin aplicado em pré-emergência nas doses de 0, 490 e 980 g/ha. Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram estimados através de avaliação visual de fitotoxicidade, contagem da população de plantas, determinações do peso seco da parte aérea e do número de grãos e obtenção do rendimento de grãos. Para a maioria das variáveis em estudo, constatou-se que ocorreram reduções proporcionais aos acréscimos das doses do herbicida. Os resultados da avaliação visual de fitotoxicidade mostraram que houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos de doses, tendo as cultivares Bragg e Davis demonstrado o menor efeito fito-tóxico, enquanto BR1 foi a que apresentou maior grau de injúria. Quanto ao rendimento de grãos alcançado pelas cultivares, foi constatado que Bragg comportou-se como altamente tolerante; BR1 e Davis como moderadamente tolerantes; IAS5 como intermediária e Paraná, Planalto e IAS4 como moderadamente suscetíveis.

Efeitos de ácido ferúlico em interações com densidades de soja e caruru

Um experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa-de-vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de ácido ferúlico (ácido 4-hidróxi-3-metóxi-t-cinâmico) sobre combinações de densidade de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg] com caruru (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) num modelo substitutivo de competição. As proporções de plantas de soja para caruru estabelecidas por vaso foram de 4:0, 3:2, 2:4, 1:6 e 0:8. As doses de ácido ferúlico foram de zero, 500 e 1000 ppm. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A duração do experimento foi de 33 dias. Houve atraso de dois e três dias na emergência da soja, nas doses de 500 e 1000 ppm de ácido ferúlico, respectivamente. A altura das plantas de soja aumentou nas menores proporções de soja: caruru e com doses crescentes de ácido ferúlico, observando-se o oposto para o caruru. Reduções na biomassa seca por planta da parte aérea e das raízes de soja foram observadas com aumentos de proporção de plantas de soja, ao contrário do caruru. Doses crescentes de ácido ferúlico reduziram a biomassa seca da parte aérea por planta de caruru, reduzindo a produção total relativa. A competição intra-específica em cultura pura foi maior em soja do em caruru. A soja foi mais competitiva que caruru até os 33 dias após o plantio. Ácido ferúlico afetou a competitividade de caruru em maior grau do que a soja.

The myth of nitric oxide in central cardiovascular control by the nucleus tractus solitarii

Considerable evidence suggests that nitroxidergic mechanisms in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) participate in cardiovascular reflex control. Much of that evidence, being based on responses to nitric oxide precursors or inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis, has been indirect and circumstantial. We sought to directly determine cardiovascular responses to nitric oxide donors microinjected into the NTS and to determine if traditional receptor mechanisms might account for responses to certain of these donors in the central nervous system. Anesthetized adult Sprague Dawley rats that were instrumented for recording arterial pressure and heart rate were used in the physiological studies. Microinjection of nitric oxide itself into the NTS did not produce any cardiovascular responses and injection of sodium nitroprusside elicited minimal depressor responses. The S-nitrosothiols, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and S-nitroso-D-cysteine (D-SNC) produced no significant cardiovascular responses while injection of S-nitroso-L-cysteine (L-SNC) elicited brisk, dose-dependent depressor and bradycardic responses. In contrast, injection of glyceryl trinitrate elicited minimal pressor responses without associated changes in heart rate. It is unlikely that the responses to L-SNC were dependent on release of nitric oxide in that 1) the responses were not affected by injection of oxyhemoglobin or an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis prior to injection of L-SNC and 2) L- and D-SNC released identical amounts of nitric oxide when exposed to brain tissue homogenates. Although GSNO did not independently affect blood pressure, its injection attenuated responses to subsequent injection of L-SNC. Furthermore, radioligand binding studies suggested that in rat brain synaptosomes there is a saturable binding site for GSNO that is displaced from that site by L-SNC. The studies suggest that S-nitrosocysteine, not nitric oxide, may be an interneuronal messenger for cardiovascular neurons in the NTS

Evaluation of an anti-carcinoembryonic monoclonal antibody suitable for immunoscintigraphy

An anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody (mAb 6D1.1) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine its suitability as a tracer for immunoscintigraphy of colorectal carcinomas. Determination of mAb affinity for CEA showed a constant of association of 0.63 ± 0.11 x 109 M-1. Binding of technetium-99m (99mTc)-6D1.1, labeled by a direct method, to human cultured lineages was highly specific. Binding to only CEA-positive LS-174T cells resulted in a saturable curve inhibited by pre-incubation with unlabeled mAb. No binding at all was observed for the human lineages MeWo (melanoma) or ZR75-30 (breast carcinoma), neither of them expressing CEA cells. Intravenous injection of 99mTc-6D1.1 into nude mice xenografted with human LS-174T tumors resulted in planar images of excellent quality. Localization of an irrelevant mAb labeled with either 99mTc or iodine-125 was never observed in tumor masses. Biodistribution studies on excised tumoral tissue showed retention of 28.48% of the injected dose per gram of LS-174T tumor. The tumor-to-blood ratio was 3.46. The same analysis performed on the other three human xenografted tumors studied demonstrated that only the CEA-producing HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) retained 99mTc-6D1.1 while the other two (ZR75-30 and MeWo) did not. These data demonstrate that this mAb is an adequate tool for targeting CEA-expressing tumors in experimental models.

Comparison of Different Concentrated Solar Power Collector Designs and Development of a Linear Fresnel Solar Collector Model

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a renewable energy technology, which could contribute to overcoming global problems related to pollution emissions and increasing energy demand. CSP utilizes solar irradiation, which is a variable source of energy. In order to utilize CSP technology in energy production and reliably operate a solar field including thermal energy storage system, dynamic simulation tools are needed in order to study the dynamics of the solar field, to optimize production and develop control systems. The object of this Master’s Thesis is to compare different concentrated solar power technologies and configure a dynamic solar field model of one selected CSP field design in the dynamic simulation program Apros, owned by VTT and Fortum. The configured model is based on German Novatec Solar’s linear Fresnel reflector design. Solar collector components including dimensions and performance calculation were developed, as well as a simple solar field control system. The preliminary simulation results of two simulation cases under clear sky conditions were good; the desired and stable superheated steam conditions were maintained in both cases, while, as expected, the amount of steam produced was reduced in the case having lower irradiation conditions. As a result of the model development process, it can be concluded, that the configured model is working successfully and that Apros is a very capable and flexible tool for configuring new solar field models and control systems and simulating solar field dynamic behaviour.

MÉTODOS ESTATÍSTICO-SENSORIAIS PARA "OTIMIZAR" ABSORÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM SOJA DURANTE A MACERAÇÃO

Soja é comumente macerada em água em etapas iniciais de processos produtivos para obtenção de seus produtos. Para tornar mais econômicos estes processos de produção, torna-se necessário otimizar o tempo de absorção de água (tempo mínimo para se atingir absorção máxima), no entanto, esta otimização nem sempre é possível pelos métodos tradicionais. Assim, este trabalho determinou os tempos "ótimos" (em horas) de absorção através de métodos estatístico-sensoriais, em que estão embutidas noções de erro e sensoriais. Uma equipe de julgadores e, paralelamente, um especialista em análise de dados experimentais, determinaram pontos "ótimos" em curvas de absorção através de experimentos de visualização. Vinte cultivares de soja cultivadas no Brasil foram avaliadas pelo especialista e pela equipe em três formas de apresentação visual de dados. Consistência de 80,43% foi obtida entre as avaliações procedentes dos dois gráficos de conjuntos de pontos nos julgamentos da equipe, e de 83,22 % nestes mesmos gráficos nos julgamentos do especialista. A consistência entre julgamentos da equipe e do especialista nestes dois tipos de gráficos foi de 77,01 % e 83,22%. Não houve diferença significativa de eficiência entre julgamentos do especialista e da equipe em termos de erros quadráticos relativos. Houve divergência no julgamento da cultivar MSBR-21 (Buriti); o especialista julgou que foi atingida absorção no período observado de 14 horas, enquanto que a equipe discordou. Segundo a equipe, as cultivares OCEPAR-4, Davis e IAC-12 apresentaram os menores tempos de absorção para atingir saturação (de aproximadamente 7,5 a 9,5h), enquanto que FT-2, MSBR-21 (Buriti) e Bragg apresentaram os maiores (>14h), ou seja, não saturaram.

Amino acid transport : the special case of a H/L-glutamate cotransport system in Asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cells /

The addition of L-Glutamate (L-GLU) and L-Hethionine ~ulfoximine (L-HSO) to mechanically isolated. photosynthetically competent, Asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cells ~u~pended in 1mM CaS04 cau~ed an immediate transient alkalinization of the cell su~pension medium in both the light and dark. The alkalinization response was specific and stereospecific as none of the L-isomers of the other 19 protein amino acids tested or D-GLU gave this response. Uptake of 14C-L-GLU was stimulated by the light. The addition of non-radioactive L-GLU. or L-GLU analogs together with 14C-L-GLU showed that only L-GLU and L-HSO stimulated alkalinization whilst inhibiting the uptake of 14C-L-GLU. Both the L-GLU dependent alkalinization and the upt~ke of 14C-L-GLU were stimulated when the external pH was decreased from 6.5 to 5.5. Increasing external K+ concentrations inhibited the uptake of 14C-L-GLU. Fusicoccin (FC) stimulated uptake. The L-GLU dependent alkalinization re~ponse exhibited monophasic saturation kinetics while the uptake of 14C-L-GLU exhibited biphasic saturation kinetics. In addition to a saturable component. the uptake kinetics also showed a linear component of uptake. Addition of L-GLU and L-MSO caused internal acidification of the cell as measured by a change in the distribution of 14C-DMO. There was no change in K+ efflux when L-GLU was added. A H+ to L-GLUinflux stoichiometry of 3:1 wa~ mea~ured at an external I.-GLU concentration of O.5mM and increased with increasing external 13 L-QLU concentration. Metabolism of L-GLU was detected manometrlcally by observing an increase in COa evolution upon the addition of L-QLU and by detection of i*C02 evolution upon the addition of »*C-L-GLU. »*C02 evolution was higher in the dark than in the light. The data are consistent with the operation of a H+/L-QLO cotransport system. The data also show that attempts to quantify the stoichlometry of the process were complicated by the metabolism of L-GLU.

Transport d’iode par le transporteur de sodium/acide monocarboxylique SMCT1

Le transporteur de Na+/ acide monocarboxylique sensible à l’ibuprofène (SMCT1) est exprimé dans la membrane apicale de plusieurs épithélia. Son rôle physiologique dans la glande thyroïde reste cependant obscur mais on présume qu’il pourrait agir comme un transporteur apical d’iode nécessaire pour la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes. Récemment, on a montré que SMCT1 possède un courant de fuite anionique sensible à [Na+]e qui permettrait de transporter l’iode de façon électrogénique. Cependant, un efflux d’iode sensible à l’ibuprofène, mais indépendant de la [Na+]e a été aussi observé sur des cultures primaires des thyrocytes porcins, suggérant un autre mécanisme de transport d’iode par SMCT1. Ce travail vise à comprendre les caractéristiques de ce genre de transport en utilisant comme modèle d’expression les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis. Les résultats obtenus des essais de captation d’iode radioactif montrent que SMCT1 présente un transport d’iode sensible à l’ibuprofène de l’ordre de 30nmol/ovocyte/h. Si ce transport est non saturable en iode (0-100 mM), il nécessite du Na+ dans la solution externe. En effet, le remplacement du Na+ extracellulaire par le NMDG inhibe complètement le transport. En outre, on s’est intéressé à exclure la possibilité de différents artefacts. En ayant trouvé que la grande majorité de l’iode radioactif se trouve dans la partie soluble de l’ovocyte, on exclut une liaison non spécifique de l’iode à la membrane cellulaire. Cependant, une bonne proportion de l’iode transporté pourrait être liée à des protéines à l’intérieur de l`ovocyte. En effet, on observe une réduction du transport d’iode dans les ovocytes exprimant SMCT1 de 81,6 ± 2 % en présence de 2 % BSA dans la solution extracellulaire. Également, on écarte la possibilité que le transport d’iode soit le résultat de la surexpression de protéines de transport endogènes dont les canaux chlore. Le transport d’iode semble spécifique à l’expression de SMCT1 et de manière intéressante à l’expression d’un autre transporteur de monocarboxylates, MCT1. L’analyse de l’ensemble des essais, y compris le fait que l’amplitude du transport observé est 20 fois plus grande que celle du courant de fuite nous mène à proposer que SMCT1 puisse transporter l’iode de façon électroneutre. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel ceci est accompli n’est pas évident à identifier. L’utilisation d’un autre modèle cellulaire serait surement utile pour répondre à cette question.

Étude et modélisation de la cinétique orale de l'amoxicilline chez le porcelet

Il est rapporté que la biodisponibilité orale de l’amoxicilline chez le porc est environ trois fois moindre que chez l’homme. Pour élucider les raisons de cette différence, la pharmacocinétique artérielle, veineuse porte et urinaire de cet antibiotique a été caractérisée à des doses intragastriques de 4 à 30 mg/kg et différents modèles compartimentaux physiologiques ont été conçus pour l’analyse des données. La biodisponibilité orale de l’amoxicilline est maximale à 4 mg/kg, avec une valeur moyenne de 52%. Les différences porto-systémiques de concentrations plasmatiques d’amoxicilline et la clairance urinaire ont permis de démontrer une augmentation de la clairance hépatique jusqu’à la dose de 30 mg/kg. Un modèle compartimental comprenant deux voies parallèles d’absorption (de type Michaelis- Menten d’accessibilité limitée dans le temps et d’ordre 1), deux compartiments de distribution (central et périphérique) deux voies d’élimination (excrétions urinaire et biliaire) est celui qui prédit le mieux les données observées. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le rôle prépondérant du transporteur saturable PepT1 dans l’absorption orale de l’amoxicilline administrée à faible dose, ainsi que l’importance croissante de l’absorption passive lors d’administration à forte dose.

Comparison of Microwave and Electrical Properties Selected Conducting Polymers

Microwave properties of conductive polymers is crucial because of their wide areas of applications such as coating in reflector antennas, coating in electronic equipments, firequenry selective .surfaces, EMI materials, satellite communication links, microchip antennas, and medical applications. This work involves a comparative study of dielectric properties of selected conducting polymers such as polyaniline. poly(3,4-eth),lenedio.syt2iophene), polvthiophene, polvpvrrole. and pohparaphenylene diazomethine (PPDA) in microwave and DC,fields. The inicrowave properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss. absorption coefficient, heating coefficient, skin depth, and conductivity in the microwave frequency (S hand), and DC fields were compared. PEDOT and polccuiiline were found to exhibit excellent properties in DC field and microwave frequencies, which make thein potential materials in many of the alorenientioned applications

Analysis and Testing of a Novel Oadm Based on FBG and Machzehnder Interferometer

A novel optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) based on the Mach-Zelauler interferometer (MZI) and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed for the first tittle to the authors ' knowledge. In the structure, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer acts as an optical switch. The principle of the OADM is analyzed in this paper. The OADM can add/drop one of the multi-input channels or pass the channel directly by adjusting the difference of the two arms of the interferometer. The channel isolation is more than 20 dB