Estimate of N2O release from pit-toilets

The use of pit-toilets has severely contaminated the groundwater with nitrate ions in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, India. This paper examines the potential of nitrate ions in the pit-toilet effluents to transform to N2O and to escape to atmosphere from 16 wards of Mulbagal town. Anaerobic conditions prevailing in the pit-toilet convert 25 % of the available N to ammonium ions. Only 3-33 % of ammonium ions transform to nitrate ions in the pit-toilet and escape with the effluent. During migration to aquifer, only 4.5 % of available nitrate concentration in the effluent transforms to N-2 and N2O gases in the 1.5-m-thick saturated zone underlying the pit-toilet; 36-55 % of the gases comprise N2O and the remainder of N-2. Further only 18 % of N2O formed escapes to atmosphere, while the remainder is retained in soil solution. Calculations show that 9.88 x 10(13) molecules of N2O/cm(2) would be cumulatively released from 16 wards of Mulbagal town, over an area of 4.9 km(2).

Towards an exact factorization of the molecular wave function

An exact single-product factorisation of the molecular wave function for the timedependent Schrodinger equation is investigated by using an ansatz involving a phasefactor. By using the Frenkel variational method, we obtain the Schrodinger equations for the electronic and nuclear wave functions. The concept of a potential energy surface (PES) is retained by introducing a modified Hamiltonian as suggested earlier by Cederbaum. The parameter in the phase factor is chosen such that the equations of motion retain the physically appealing Born- Oppenheimer-like form, and is therefore unique.

Amperometric acetylcholinesterase biosensor for pesticides monitoring utilising iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid)

A new electrochemical sensing device was constructed for determination of pesticides. In this report, acetylcholinesterase was bioconjugated onto hybrid nanocomposite, i.e. iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) (Fe(3)O(4)NPs/Pin5COOH) was deposited electrochemically on glassy carbon electrode. Fe(3)O(4)NPs was showed as an amplified sensing interface at lower voltage which makes the sensor more sensitive and specific. The enzyme inhibition by pesticides was detected within concentrations ranges between 0.1-60 and 1.5-70 nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively, under optimal experimental conditions (sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C). Biosensor determined the pesticides level in water samples (spiked) with satisfactory accuracy (96%-100%). Sensor showed good storage stability and retained 50% of its initial activity within 70 days at 4 degrees C.

Effect of methylene group insertions on the structural rigidity of Aib containing helices

Nonprotein amino acids are being extensively used in the design of synthetic peptides to create new structure mimics. In this study we report the effect of methylene group insertions in a heptapeptide Boc-Ala(1)-Leu(2)-Aib(3)-Xxx(4)-Ala(5)-Leu(6)-Aib(7)-OMe which nicely folds into a mixed 3(10)-/-helical structure when Xxx= Ala. Analogs of this peptide have been made and studied by replacing central Xxx(4) residue with Glycine (-residue), -Alanine (-la), -aminobutyric acid (Gaba), and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon-Aca). NMR and circular dichroism were used to study the solution structure of these peptides. Crystals of the peptides containing alanine, -la, and Gaba reveal that increasing the number of central methylene (-CH2-) groups introduces local perturbations even as the helical structure is retained. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 720-732, 2015.

Potency and pharmacokinetics of broad spectrum and isoform-specific p110 gamma and delta inhibitors in cancers

Emerging data on cancer suggesting that target-based therapy is promising strategy in cancer treatment. PI3K-AKT pathway is extensively studied in many cancers; several inhibitors target this pathway in different levels. Recent finding on this pathway uncovered the therapeutic applications of PI3K-specific inhibitors; PI3K, AKT, and mTORC broad spectrum inhibitors. Noticeably, class I PI3K isoforms, p110 and p110 catalytic subunits have rational therapeutic application than other isoforms. Therefore, three classes of inhibitors: isoform-specific, dual-specific and broad spectrum were selected for molecular docking and dynamics. First, p110 structure was modelled; active site was analyzed. Then, molecular docking of each class of inhibitors were studied; the docked complexes were further used in 1.2ns molecular dynamics simulation to report the potency of each class of inhibitor. Remarkably, both the studies retained the similar kind of protein ligand interactions. GDC-0941, XL-147 (broad spectrum); TG100-115 (dual-specific); and AS-252424, PIK-294 (isoform-specific) were found to be potential inhibitors of p110 and p110, respectively. In addition to that pharmacokinetic properties are within recommended ranges. Finally, molecular phylogeny revealed that p110 and p110 are evolutionarily divergent; they probably need separate strategies for drug development.

Comparison of Convective and Radiative Heating Modes on the Thermophysical Changes of a Cerium Nitrate Droplet

In this paper, we try to establish the equivalence or similarity in the thermal and physiochemical changes in precursor droplets (cerium nitrate) in convective and radiative fields. The radiative field is created through careful heating of the droplet using a monochromatic light source (CO2 laser). The equivalence is also established for different modes of convection like droplet injected into a high-speed flow and droplet experiencing a convective flow due to acoustic streaming (levitated) only. The thermophysical changes are studied in an aqueous cerium nitrate droplet, and the dissociation of cerium nitrate to ceria is modeled using modified Kramers' reaction rate formulation. It is observed that vaporization, species accumulation, and chemical characteristics obtained in a convectively heated droplet are retained in a radiatively heated droplet by careful adjustment of the laser intensity. The timescales and ceria yield match reasonably well for both the cases. It is also noted that similar conclusions are drawn in both levitated droplet and a nonlevitated droplet.

Organization dependent collective magnetic properties of secondary nanostructures with differential spatial ordering and magnetic easy axis orientation

Achieving control on the formation of different organization states of magnetic nanoparticles is crucial to harness their organization dependent physical properties in desired ways. In this study, three organization states of iron oxide nanoparticles (gamma-Fe2O3), defining as (i) assembly (ii) network aggregate and (iii) cluster, have been developed by simply changing the solvent evaporation conditions. All three systems have retained the same phase and polydispersity of primary particles. Magnetic measurements show that the partial alignment of the easy axes of the particles in the network system due to the stacking aggregation morphology can result in significant enhancement of the coercivity and remanence values, while the opposite is obtained for the cluster system due to the random orientation of easy axes. Partial alignment in the aggregate system also results in noticeable non -monotonic field dependence of ZFC peak temperature (TpeaB). The lowest value of the blocking temperature (TB) for the cluster system is related to the lowering of the effective anisotropy due to the strongest demagnetizing effect. FC (Field cooled) memory effect was observed to be decreasing with the increasing strength of dipolar interaction of organization states. Therefore, the stacking aggregation and the cluster formation are two interesting ways of magnetic nanoparticles organization for modulating collective magnetic properties significantly, which can have renewed application potentials from recording devices to biomedicine. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electron transfer amongst flavo- and hemo-proteins: diffusible species effect the relay processes, not protein-protein binding

Hitherto, electron transfer (ET) between redox proteins has been deemed to occur via donor-acceptor binding, and diffusible reactive species are considered as deleterious side-products in such systems. Herein, ET from cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR, an animal membrane flavoprotein) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP, a plant hemoprotein) to cytochrome c (Cyt c, a soluble animal hemoprotein) was probed under diverse conditions, using standard assays. ET in the CPR-Cyt c system was critically inhibited by cyanide and sub-equivalent levels of polar one-electron cyclers like copper ions, vitamin C/Trolox and superoxide dismutase. In the presence of lipids, inhibition was also afforded by amphipathic molecules vitamin E, palmitoyl-vitamin C and the membrane hemoprotein, cytochrome b(5). Such nonspecific inhibition (by diverse agents in both aqueous and lipid phases) indicated that electron transfer/relay was effected by small diffusible agents, whose lifetimes are shortened by the diverse radical scavengers. When CPR was retained in a dialysis membrane and Cyt c presented outside in free solution, ET was still observed. Further, HRP (taken at nM levels) catalyzed oxidation of a phenolic substrate was significantly inhibited upon the incorporation of sub-nM levels of Cyt c. The findings imply that CPR-Cyt c or HRP-Cyt c binding is not crucial for ET. Further, fundamental quantitative arguments (based on diffusion/collision) challenge the erstwhile protein-protein binding-assisted ET hypothesis. It is proven beyond reasonable doubt that mobile and diffusible electron carriers (ions and radicals) serve as ``redox-relay agents'' in the biological ET models/setup studied.

Estudio epidemiológico de la prevalencia de brucelosis bovina en la zona seca del municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago, Chontales

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de Brucelosis bovina en condiciones tradicionales en batos de diferentes comarcas del municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago. Se realizó un estudio en 170 fincas, con un total de 13915 bovinos muestreados de los cuales se tornaron 1047 muestras correspondientes a la zona seca del municipio siendo analizadas en el laboratorio regional del MAG-FOR de Juigalpa. Se utilizó la prueba de Rosa de Bengala para la detección de anticuerpos contra Brucella sp. seguida por la prueba confirmativa de Rivanol. La prueba Rosa de Bengala es una prueba de campo de simple realización y se recomienda para estudios de prevalencia en lugares donde no se practica la vacunación contra la brucelosis como es el caso de Nicaragua. El periodo de muestreo fue de Abril hasta Octubre del 2005. La información fue proporcionada por los productores, los cuales evidencian la existencia de problemas reproductivos como los abortos o retenciones de placenta, que son los signos clínicos más importantes de la brucelosis. Los resultados demuestran una baja prevalencia global de brucelosis bovina de 0.19% de las comarcas ubicadas en la zona seca.

Caracterizacion de sistemas de produccion bovina en el municipio de San Pedro de Lovago - Chontales

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en 64 fincas seleccionadas al azar ubicadas en 15 comarcas con el objetivo de realizar una caracterización de los sistemas de producción bovina de doble prepósito en el municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago, Chontales. El estudio se desarrolló en cuatro fases: Realización de la encuesta a los productores, elaboración de la base de datos, el análisis estadístico y redacción de resultados utilizando los programas computarizados Excel, Access y Word. Se realizó una caracterización general de las fincas y se analizaron siete componentes obteniendo los siguientes resultados: Características generales de las fincas: El 85.93% de los productores poseen fincas con extensiones menores de 100mz, dedicadas más del 90% de su superficie a la actividad ganadera; el total de ganado perteneciente a los productores consultados es de 4775 cabezas lo que representa aproximadamente el 10% del total de cabezas de este municipio; el 81.75% poseen únicamente corrales de alambre de púas; el 62.5% de las fincas consultadas tienen principalmente ríos y quebradas como fuente de abastecimiento de agua para el ganado; sólo el 34.37% de las fincas se benefician de la asistencia técnica brindada a los productores por parte de las cooperativas; el 92% de los productores consultados obtienen el mayor ingreso de sus fincas a través de la venta de leche. Caracterización del manejo del ganado: el 58.81% de los productores consultados se dedican a la explotación de doble propósito; la producción de leche promedio por vaca/día es de 3.4l; el 65% de los productores llevan registros de su ganado aunque solo registran un tipo de evento, ya sea de nacimiento, pesaje de leche o reproductivo; el 85.94% de estos productores realizan trashumancia de todo el ganado, cuya actividad la desarrollan mayormente en el mes de enero. Caracterización del manejo de la sanidad animal: Ninguno de los productores consultados posee y cumplen con un calendario zoosanitario completo en sus fincas. Caracterización del manejo reproductivo: Se caracteriza por la poca atención reproductiva a las vacas, y en casos necesarios la realiza el mismo productor; los problemas reproductivos lo representan en su mayoría la retención de placenta con un 43.75%. Manejo genético y razas de interés para el mejoramiento: Las razas predominantes en los hatos son las de origen cebuino , las que representan el 57.81% del hato; entre los sementales utilizados el 56.26% pertenecen a las razas Pardo Suizo y Holstein; en la actualidad solamente el 4.68% de los productores están utilizan do la técnica de inseminación artificial, para llevar a cabo el mejoramiento genético del ganado. Caracterización del manejo de la alimentación del ganado: La alimentación del ganado es a base de pasturas en su mayoría naturales; el 51.56% de las fincas están divididas ente 6-10 potreros; El 75% de los productores suministran sales minerales a su ganado. Comercialización de la leche y carne: El 89.06% de los productores comercializan su leche a través de las cooperativas, la mayoría de los productores realizan sus transacciones comerciales de ganado en pie (novillos y vacas de descarte) a través de intermediarios.

Determinación de las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de hierba buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN

En Nicaragua carece de análisis sobre el grado de incidencia y el impacto de las patologías reproductivas en hembras de ganadería bovina, lo cual ha impedido adoptar medidas sanitarias para controlar dichas enfermedades, por esta razón realizamos nuestro trabajo investigativo que se baso en la “DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS PRINCIPALES PATOLOGÍAS REPRODUCTIVAS EN HEMBRAS BOVINAS EN LA COMUNIDAD DE HIERBA BUENA, MUNICIPIO DE WASLALA, RAAN”. Este estudio se realizó en el municipio de Waslala, se encuentra entre las coordenadas geográficas de 13˚20¨ latitud norte y 85˚22” longitud oeste, dista a 241 Km. de la capital Managua y a 112km. del municipio de Matagalpa. Siendo el objetivo principal de este estudio Determinar las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de Hierba Buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN. Dicho estudio se realizo de manera descriptiva paralo cual se elaboraron formatos específicos para obtener datos generales de todas las fincas, se selecciono una muestra de 138 hembras bovinas elegidas de forma aleatoria deseis fincas de dicha comunidad; A cada hembra se realizo palpación y valoración externa para determinar patologías existentes, además se efectuaron encuestas a productores de la comunidad para averiguar el historial reproductivo de todo el área de estudio. Obteniendo los siguientes resultados: que el anestro prolongado y retención de placenta son las patologías con mayor presencia en las unidades de producción con un 23% del total de patologías encontradas seguido de quistes ováricos con un 20%. Así como las hembras entre los rangos de edad de 4 a 5.5 años de edad son las que mayormente se detectaron presencia de patologías reproductivas. Las causas más frecuentes depatologías reproductivas identificadas fueron en primer lugar las deficiencias nutricionales con un 8.7%, trastornos hormonales con 5.1%. La metritis y el anestro prolongado son las patologias con mayor incidencia con relacion al numero de partos, esto tiene como justificante las deficiencias nutricionales y el mal manejo que se le ofrece a las hembras antes y luego del parto. Y otros resultados de importancia para el estudio son las pérdidas economicas por las diferentes patologias reproductivas en donde las mayores pérdidas fueron las ocasionadas por Anestro prolongado con perdida por animal de C$6910.75, seguido de quistes ováricos con C$5319.5 (P/A), y por abortos en el primer periodo de gestación con C$5202 (P/A) al igual que el aborto en el segundo periodo; así como también se logro determinar una pérdida total solamente por Anestro prolongado de C$55286 según el numero de casos encontrados en la zona de estudio.

Stress reduction and bond stability during thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon

A comprehensive study of the stress release and structural changes caused by postdeposition thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) on Si has been carried out. Complete stress relief occurs at 600-700°C and is accompanied by minimal structural modifications, as indicated by electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical gap measurements. Further annealing in vacuum converts sp3 sites to sp2 with a drastic change occurring after 1100°C. The field emitting behavior is substantially retained up to the complete stress relief, confirming that ta-C is a robust emitting material. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation about Internal and External Flows

In this paper, TASCflow3D is used to solve inner and outer 3D viscous incompressible turbulent flow (R-e = 5.6 X 10(6)) around axisymmetric body with duct. The governing equation is a RANS equation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model. The discrete method used is a finite volume method based on the finite element approach. In this method, the description of geometry is very flexible and at the same time important conservative properties are retained. The multi-block and algebraic multi-grid techniques are used for the convergence acceleration. Agreement between experimental results and calculation is good. It indicates that this novel approach can be used to simulate complex flow such as the interaction between rotor and stator or propulsion systems containing tip clearance and cavitation.

Low Spring Constant Regulates P-Selectin-Psgl-1 Bond Rupture

Forced dissociation of selectin-ligand bonds is crucial to such biological processes as leukocyte recruitment, thrombosis formation, and tumor metastasis. Although the bond rupture has been well known at high loading rate r(f) (>= 10(2) pN/s), defined as the product of spring constant k and retract velocity v, how the low r(f) (< 10(2) pN/s) or the low k regulates the bond dissociation remains unclear. Here an optical trap assay was used to quantify the bond rupture at r(f) <= 20 pN/s with low k (similar to 10(-3)-10(-2) pN/nm) when P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) were respectively coupled onto two glass microbeads. Our data indicated that the bond rupture force f retained the similar values when r(f) increased up to 20 pN/s. It was also found that f varied with different combinations of k and v even at the same r(f). The most probable force, f

Barium-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Yarns As Low-Work-Function Thermionic Cathodes

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA/cm(2) in a field of 850 V/5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of similar to 250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.