Procedimiento sancionatorio de alimentos en el ámbito territorial

El Estado colombiano tiene una capacidad de sanción que ha sido diseñada para ser ejercida por el presidente de la república. En algunas ocasiones gracias a la figura de la delegación se les entregan estas facultades de sanción a los gobernadores, los alcaldes de los distritos y los alcaldes de los municipios, quienes actúan como representantes legales de estas entidades territoriales que hasta la fecha son las únicas que existen en Colombia. El presente trabajo evaluará esa capacidad de sanción en un tema especifico como es el procedimiento sancionatorio de alimentos, procedimiento que es similar en su estructura legal en todas las entidades territoriales, pero que en su aplicación presenta características diferentes, estas diferencias permiten demostrar la hipótesis planteada que los procedimientos sancionatorios en alimentos en las entidades territoriales son débiles, no obstante contar con toda la facultad sancionadora delegada para ejercer esta actividad.

El aula abierta en espacios naturales: Una experiencia en el Bosque Ramón Álvarez

Recibido 07 de noviembre de 2010 • Aceptado 09 de marzo de 2011 • Corregido 04 de mayo de 2011      El artículo presenta la experiencia de acercar los espacios naturales a la realidad educativa, como una estrategia para la formación de valores en educación ambiental y conservación. La misma constituye una experiencia de aula abierta en espacios naturales, ejecutada en el Bosque Ramón Álvarez y desarrollada por docentes universitarios y estudiantes de la Sede Guanacaste, de la Universidad de Costa Rica. En dicha experiencia, se han integrado docentes, niños y niñas de instituciones educativas de la región.

TRANSFORMACIÓN EN EL USO DE LA TIERRA: UN ESTUDIO DE LA MICROCUENCA QUEBRADA ESTERO, SAN RAMÓN

En el siguiente artículo se analizan las transformaciones en el uso de la tierra en la microcuenca de la quebrada Estero en San Ramón, provincia de Alajuela. La investigación se basa en el análisis de fotografías aéreas pertene­cientes a los períodos que abarcan 1979, 1989 y 1999. Se estiman los cambios en el área ocupada por los diferentes tipos de usos de la tierra. Se identifica su evolución y se muestran, a partir de suficiente información cuantitativa, los porcentajes de cambios en los distintos usos y las tendencias espaciales de éstos. La investigación demuestra que actualmente existe un acelerado creci­miento urbano con un inadecuado patrón de ordenamiento territorial y una disminución progresiva de áreas dedicadas a bosque, pasto y cultivos.ABSTRACT In the following article, transformation of land use in the microcuenca Estero in San Ramón, province of Alajuela is analyzed. The investigation is based upon the analysis of aerial photographs of three different periods of 1979, 1989 and 1999. This allows for the estimation of change in each distinct Land use type and the identification of the evolution of Land use, gives enough quantitative information to calculate the percentage of change between each period, and the tendencies of incremental expansion. The investigation shows a current, incremental acceleration of urban áreas with minimal territorial planning and a progressive decrease of áreas previously occupied by forests, pastures and agriculture.

LOS PROCESOS DE REMOCIÓN EN MASA; GÉNESIS, LIMITACIONES Y EFECTOS EN EL CRECIMIENTO URBANO DE LA CIUDAD DE TUXTLA GUTIÉRREZ, CHIAPAS, MÉXICO

La ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas de 16°45´14.5´´N y 93°06´56.5´´W, (mapa 1) asentada en un valle fluvial modelado por el río Sabinal y sus afluentes, delimitado por la Meseta de las Ánimas al norte y por la Meseta de Copoya al sur, ambas con una litología de naturaleza caliza con diferente edad.Las características geológicas y geomorfológicas de la meseta de Copoya, la interacción con fenómenos climáticos y demográficos, aunado a la falta de estudios especializados, han influido en el comportamiento de los procesos gravitacionales o remoción en masa (Lugo, 2003) y los depósitos de talud que se han producido, tienen como consecuencia los daños a la obra civil y a la población asentadas en la ladera sur de dicha geoforma cárstica.A partir del análisis de la cartografía topográfica, geológica, de vegetación y urbana, además de verificaciones en campo, se generaron mapas derivados como son los de relieve y temáticos que delimitan las zonas problemáticas, proponiendo criterios adicionales para el ordenamiento territorial y que puedan emplearse en la planeación de acciones que lleven a atenuar la vulnerabilidad del espacio en el que conviven los residentes

Hoja San Ramón: Uso de la Tierra

Proyecto de Actualización Cartográfica de usos de la Tierra a escala 1:10.000 GAM de Costa Rica. Elaboración de Cartografía digital y Ortofotos.

An Asp49 Phospholipase A2 From Snake Venom Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression And Prostaglandin E2 Production Via Activation Of Nf-κb, P38mapk, And Pkc In Macrophages.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are key enzymes for production of lipid mediators. We previously demonstrated that a snake venom sPLA2 named MT-III leads to prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis in macrophages by inducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Herein, we explored the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to these MT-III-induced effects. Results demonstrated that MT-III induced activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in isolated macrophages. By using NF-κB selective inhibitors, the involvement of this factor in MT-III-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production was demonstrated. Moreover, MT-III-induced COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 release were attenuated by pretreatment of macrophages with SB202190, and Ly294002, and H-7-dihydro compounds, indicating the involvement of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways, respectively. Consistent with this, MT-III triggered early phosphorylation of p38MAPK, PI3K, and PKC. Furthermore, SB202190, H-7-dihydro, but not Ly294002 treatment, abrogated activation of NF-κB induced by MT-III. Altogether, these results show for the first time that the induction of COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 release, which occur via NF-κB activation induced by the sPLA2-MT-III in macrophages, are modulated by p38MAPK and PKC, but not by PI3K signaling proteins.

A New Extraction Approach To Correct The Effect Of Apparent Increase In The Secoiridoid Content After Filtration Of Virgin Olive Oil.

In the current study, a new approach has been developed for correcting the effect that moisture reduction after virgin olive oil (VOO) filtration exerts on the apparent increase of the secoiridoid content by using an internal standard during extraction. Firstly, two main Spanish varieties (Picual and Hojiblanca) were submitted to industrial filtration of VOOs. Afterwards, the moisture content was determined in unfiltered and filtered VOOs, and liquid-liquid extraction of phenolic compounds was performed using different internal standards. The resulting extracts were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS, in order to gain maximum information concerning the phenolic profiles of the samples under study. The reduction effect of filtration on the moisture content, phenolic alcohols, and flavones was confirmed at the industrial scale. Oleuropein was chosen as internal standard and, for the first time, the apparent increase of secoiridoids in filtered VOO was corrected, using a correction coefficient (Cc) calculated from the variation of internal standard area in filtered and unfiltered VOO during extraction. This approach gave the real concentration of secoiridoids in filtered VOO, and clarified the effect of the filtration step on the phenolic fraction. This finding is of great importance for future studies that seek to quantify phenolic compounds in VOOs.

Antioxidant Activity Of Hydrophilic And Lipophilic Extracts Of Brazilian Blueberries.

Hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts of ten cultivars of Highbush and Rabbiteye Brazilian blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. and Vacciniumashei Reade, respectively) that are used for commercial production were analysed for antioxidant activity by the FRAP, ORAC, ABTS and β-carotene-linoleate methods. Results were correlated to the amounts of carotenoids, total phenolics and anthocyanins. Brazilian blueberries had relatively high concentration of total phenolics (1,622-3,457 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g DW) and total anthocyanins (140-318 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g DW), as well as being a good source of carotenoids. There was a higher positive correlation between the amounts of these compounds and the antioxidant activity of hydrophilic compared to lipophilic extracts. There were also significant differences in the level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities between different cultivars, production location and year of cultivation.

[the Modified Us7 Score In The Assessment Of Synovitis In Early Rheumatoid Arthritis].

To evaluate the modified US7 score (MUS7 score SYN) in the assessment of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). In addition, dorsal and palmar recesses of the wrists as well as of small joints of the hands and feet were examined for the presence of synovitis by means of a global assessment of joints. The study sample comprised 32 patients treated for arthritis, with an average disease duration of 13 months. An ultrasound machine with high frequency transducer was used. Hands were also X-rayed and analysed by Larsen score. Out of the 832 examined joints, synovitis was detected in 173 (20,79%), tenosynovitis in 22 (4,91%), and erosions in 3 (1,56%). Synovitis was predominantly detected in the dorsal recess (73,38%) of MCP and PIP joints, when compared with palmar recess (26%). The presence of synovitis in the joints evaluated correlated with clinical (HAQ-DI, DAS28), laboratory (ACPA, RF, CRP), and ultrasound results (r = 0,37 to r = 0,42; p = 0,04 to p = 0,003). We found correlation of the MUS7 score SYN of the gray scale US or of the power Doppler US with DAS28 (PCR) values (r = 0,38; p = 0,0332), and with CRP results (r = 0,39; p = 0,0280), respectively. The dorsal recess, the wrist, and small joints can be considered as important sites to detect synovitis by the MUS7 score SYN in patients with ERA.

Gênero e estresse em trabalhadores de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo

The aim of this paper was to identify, according to gender, the indexes of Mental Health and the Psychosocial Risk Factors in workers at a state University. A sample of 400 was randomly selected, 253 female and 147 male. They were assessed by means of The Questionnaire SWS Survey (Self, Work and Social) (Ostermann & Gutiérrez, 1992), validated in Brazil by Guimarães and Macfadden (1999). Univariate, bivariate, multivariate statistics were assessed. Significant associations emerged from Mental Health and Gender, and Psychosocial Risk Factors and Gender. Women showed greater Psychosocial Risk Factors, Work and Social Stress, worst mental health than men (p < 0.05), which place them at greater risk for developing physical and/or mental illness.

Congenital eruption cyst: a case report

Congenital pathologies are those existing at or dating from birth. Occurrence of congenital cystic lesions in the oral cavity is uncommon in neonates. Eruption cyst (EC) is listed among these unusual lesions. It occurs within the mucosa overlying teeth that are about to erupt and, according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of epithelial cysts of the jaws, EC is a separate entity. This paper presents a case of congenital EC successfully managed by close monitoring of the lesion, without any surgical procedure or tooth extraction. Eruption of the teeth involved, primary central incisors, occurred at the fourth month of age. During this time neither the child nor mother had any complication such as pain on sucking, refusal to feed, airway obstruction, or aspiration of fluids or teeth.

Re-evaluation of the cytokinin receptor role of the Arabidopsis gene GCR1

GCR1 has been tentatively identified in Arabidopsis thaliana as the first plant G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) (Josefsson and Rask 1997) implicated in the cytokinin sensory pathway (Plakidou-Dymock et al. 1998). A protein fusion of GCR1 and green fluorescent protein has been expressed in Arabidopsis and shown GCR1 to be located on the plasma membrane. Studies of plants with altered GCR1 expression have led us to question GCR1's involvement in cytokinin signaling. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing sense and antisense constructs for GCR1 have been produced and over- and under-expression confirmed. The analysis of 12 antisense and 17 sense lines has failed to reveal the previously reported Dainty phenotype or altered cytokinin sensitivity. We have used the Gauntlet approach to test the plants' response to various plant hormones although this has not yet identified a mutant phenotype. The yeast-two hybrid system has been used and so far there is no evidence to suggest GCR1 interacts with heterotrimeric G proteins. Before GCR1 can be identified as genuine G-protein coupled receptor, the identification of a ligand and a proof of association with heterotrimeric G-proteins should be obtained.

Multiplicação in vitro de Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae)

Tapirira guianensis possui grande relevância medicinal, ecológica e socioeconômica, ocorrendo em todo o território brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer e determinar as melhores condições para a sua multiplicação in vitro. Os explantes, segmentos nodais, cotiledonares e epicótilos, oriundos de plântulas germinadas in vitro, foram testados em concentrações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) e, ou, ácido naftalenoacético (ANA), em meio de cultura WPM. As características avaliadas foram a percentagem de explantes responsivos, o número de brotos e de gemas, o comprimento dos brotos e a matéria seca da parte aérea, aos 30 e 60 dias após inoculação. Foi observado que o segmento cotiledonar, nas condições deste estudo, foi o explante mais indicado para a multiplicação, não havendo indução de brotos adventícios nos epicótilos. O tratamento com 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP na ausência de ANA é o mais responsivo para a regeneração de T. guianensis.

Greguerías - da metáfora literária à metáfora visual

A presente investigação visa a passagem da metáfora literária para a metáfora visual, através do resultado de um trabalho de ilustração, tendo como ponto de partida, as Greguerías de Ramón Gómez de la Serna (1888 - 1963). Reflectindo sobre a interpretação da metáfora, o objectivo passa por criar uma nova selecção de Greguerías ilustradas que também estabeleçam novas metáforas visuais, a partir da sua interacção com a palavra. Mas uma vez independentes, cada ilustração ou cada conjunto de ilustrações, resultem num trabalho de conjunto, enquanto série, como processo criativo e inserido no panorama artístico da ilustração de autor.

La emergencia del ambientalismo estatal y social en Argentina

La primera agencia ambiental estatal fue tempranamente creada en Argentina con el retorno a la democracia en 1973 y tras la Conferencia de Estocolmo de 1972. No obstante, la creación de instituciones estatales ambientales ha distado de ser incremental y sólo comenzó a ganar vigor en la década de 1990. Simultáneamente, las organizaciones sociales ambientalistas emergieron en sucesivas oleadas desde mediados de los años 1960 hasta nuestros días. Este trabajo reconstruye el surgimiento de las instituciones ambientales y la forma en que los actores estatales y sociales han interactuado a lo largo del proceso. Argumentaremos que el ambientalismo social y la creación de instituciones estatales ambientales recorrieron caminos paralelos y no tuvieron mayor contacto hasta el nuevo milenio, cuando un nuevo tipo de ambientalismo social logró impactar en la agenda gubernamental a partir de una serie de conflictos ambientales. Argumentaremos, también, que el recorrido del ambientalismo estatal y social en Argentina debe entenderse a la luz de la influencia internacional (tanto ideológico-normativa como financiera) y de la dinámica del régimen político. Respecto de esta última, mostraremos que tanto el cambio de régimen como cambios institucionales dentro del régimen fueron favorables al desarrollo de una agenda pública ambiental y de su encuentro con la agenda gubernamental.