Análise do controle do equilíbrio em surfistas durante a postura ereta

INTRODUÇÃO: O surfe é uma modalidade que tem crescido bastante, aumentando o interesse nas pesquisas interessadas nos aspectos que podem influenciar no desempenho desses atletas, como, por exemplo, lesões, aptidão aeróbia e tempo de reação. Devido ao ambiente em constante mudança e de alta instabilidade exigido na prática do surfe, é necessário que os surfistas desenvolvam habilidades neuromusculares (agilidade, equilíbrio, força muscular e flexibilidade) para obter um melhor desempenho nesta atividade esportiva. No entanto, ainda são escassos os trabalhos científicos que se preocupam em investigar tais capacidades motoras em surfistas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o controle do equilíbrio em surfistas amadores em relação aos praticantes de outras atividades físicas. MÉTODOS: Os participantes permaneceram sobre uma plataforma de força enquanto realizavam tarefas que envolviam privação visual (olhos abertos ou fechados) e perturbação somatossensorial (superfície firme ou uso de espuma), com covariação das condições experimentais. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: velocidade e raiz quadrática média (RMS) do deslocamento do centro de pressão nas direções anteroposterior (AP) e mediolateral (ML). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença entre os grupos, durante as condições experimentais, isto é, tanto surfistas quanto grupo controle oscilaram mais nas condições de olhos fechados e sobre espuma. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de o surfe exigir, por parte do esportista, uma grande capacidade em controlar o equilíbrio, os resultados não revelaram relação entre a prática deste esporte e um melhor desempenho no controle do equilíbrio. Porém, devemos considerar o reduzido tamanho da amostra e o fato de a modalidade exigir um equilíbrio dinâmico, enquanto o estudo avaliou o equilíbrio estático.

Comparação do sinal EMG e das características da passada em diferentes protocolos de corrida incremental

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o sinal eletromiográfi co, a frequência e a amplitude de passada entre diferentes intensidades de corrida: 60%, 80% e 100% da velocidade máxima em dois protocolos incrementais. Participaram deste estudo 11 corredores do sexo masculino. Os protocolos de corrida foram realizados com velocidades iniciais de 10 km.hr-1, com incrementos de 1 km.hr-1 a cada três minutos até a exaustão, que diferiram em relação ao intervalo entre cada estágio incremental: 30 e 120 segundos. Foram analisados valores RMS dos músculos iliocostal lombar, reto femoral, vasto lateral, vasto medial, bíceps femoral, tibial anterior, e gastrocnêmio, e a amplitude e frequência de passada. Os valores RMS mostraram aumento entre as intensidades para quase todos os músculos, e não foram influenciados pelo tipo de protocolo utilizado para maioria dos músculos. A frequência e amplitude de passada apresentaram contribuições percentuais diferenciadas para o aumento da velocidade de corrida.

Análise eletromiográfica dos músculos da coxa no exercício agachamento afundo até a exaustão

O agachamento afundo possui um posicionamento dos membros inferiores diferencial em relação ao agachamento padrão, necessitando de maiores esclarecimentos acerca das participações dos músculos envolvidos. O objetivo foi analisar a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), bíceps femoris (BF) e semitendinosus (ST) durante a execução do agachamento afundo até à exaustão com o membro inferior posicionado frontalmente e posteriormente. Participaram do estudo nove mulheres ativas com média (DP) de idade de 22 (3,4) anos e massa corporal 60,3 (4,1) kg. O agachamento afundo foi dividido em duas etapas, diferindo apenas o posicionamento do membro inferior dominante (randomizado). Os sinais eletromiográficos foram captados utilizando um eletromiógrafo e analisados os valores "root mean square" (RMS) na fase concêntrica. Os resultados indicaram um aumento significativo do RMS em função do tempo para o membro inferior posicionado frontalmente e posteriormente (p< 0,001). No membro posicionado frontalmente, o aumento do RMS correspondeu a 50% para o VL, 54% para o VM e 48% para o BF. O membro posicionado posteriormente apresentou um aumento de 75% para o VL, 113% para o VM, 62% para o BF e 48% para o ST. O RMS também foi significativamente maior no músculo VM em relação ao ST no membro inferior posicionado anteriormente (p = 0,03) e em relação ao ST e BF no membro inferior posicionado posteriormente (p = 0,02). Não ocorreu interação significativa entre o efeito do tempo e músculo na atividade eletromiográfica. O RMS normalizado não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas no que se refere ao posicionamento do membro inferior dominante. A atividade muscular foi semelhante em ambos os posicionamentos do membro inferior, apresentando maior aumento de ativação dos músculos VL e VM em relação ao BF e ST.

Statistical properties of Radio Halos and the re-acceleration model

Galaxy clusters occupy a special position in the cosmic hierarchy as they are the largest bound structures in the Universe. There is now general agreement on a hierarchical picture for the formation of cosmic structures, in which galaxy clusters are supposed to form by accretion of matter and merging between smaller units. During merger events, shocks are driven by the gravity of the dark matter in the diffuse barionic component, which is heated up to the observed temperature. Radio and hard-X ray observations have discovered non-thermal components mixed with the thermal Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) and this is of great importance as it calls for a “revision” of the physics of the ICM. The bulk of present information comes from the radio observations which discovered an increasing number of Mpcsized emissions from the ICM, Radio Halos (at the cluster center) and Radio Relics (at the cluster periphery). These sources are due to synchrotron emission from ultra relativistic electrons diffusing through µG turbulent magnetic fields. Radio Halos are the most spectacular evidence of non-thermal components in the ICM and understanding the origin and evolution of these sources represents one of the most challenging goal of the theory of the ICM. Cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe and a fraction of the energy dissipated during these mergers could be channelled into the amplification of the magnetic fields and into the acceleration of high energy particles via shocks and turbulence driven by these mergers. Present observations of Radio Halos (and possibly of hard X-rays) can be best interpreted in terms of the reacceleration scenario in which MHD turbulence injected during these cluster mergers re-accelerates high energy particles in the ICM. The physics involved in this scenario is very complex and model details are difficult to test, however this model clearly predicts some simple properties of Radio Halos (and resulting IC emission in the hard X-ray band) which are almost independent of the details of the adopted physics. In particular in the re-acceleration scenario MHD turbulence is injected and dissipated during cluster mergers and thus Radio Halos (and also the resulting hard X-ray IC emission) should be transient phenomena (with a typical lifetime <» 1 Gyr) associated with dynamically disturbed clusters. The physics of the re-acceleration scenario should produce an unavoidable cut-off in the spectrum of the re-accelerated electrons, which is due to the balance between turbulent acceleration and radiative losses. The energy at which this cut-off occurs, and thus the maximum frequency at which synchrotron radiation is produced, depends essentially on the efficiency of the acceleration mechanism so that observations at high frequencies are expected to catch only the most efficient phenomena while, in principle, low frequency radio surveys may found these phenomena much common in the Universe. These basic properties should leave an important imprint in the statistical properties of Radio Halos (and of non-thermal phenomena in general) which, however, have not been addressed yet by present modellings. The main focus of this PhD thesis is to calculate, for the first time, the expected statistics of Radio Halos in the context of the re-acceleration scenario. In particular, we shall address the following main questions: • Is it possible to model “self-consistently” the evolution of these sources together with that of the parent clusters? • How the occurrence of Radio Halos is expected to change with cluster mass and to evolve with redshift? How the efficiency to catch Radio Halos in galaxy clusters changes with the observing radio frequency? • How many Radio Halos are expected to form in the Universe? At which redshift is expected the bulk of these sources? • Is it possible to reproduce in the re-acceleration scenario the observed occurrence and number of Radio Halos in the Universe and the observed correlations between thermal and non-thermal properties of galaxy clusters? • Is it possible to constrain the magnetic field intensity and profile in galaxy clusters and the energetic of turbulence in the ICM from the comparison between model expectations and observations? Several astrophysical ingredients are necessary to model the evolution and statistical properties of Radio Halos in the context of re-acceleration model and to address the points given above. For these reason we deserve some space in this PhD thesis to review the important aspects of the physics of the ICM which are of interest to catch our goals. In Chapt. 1 we discuss the physics of galaxy clusters, and in particular, the clusters formation process; in Chapt. 2 we review the main observational properties of non-thermal components in the ICM; and in Chapt. 3 we focus on the physics of magnetic field and of particle acceleration in galaxy clusters. As a relevant application, the theory of Alfv´enic particle acceleration is applied in Chapt. 4 where we report the most important results from calculations we have done in the framework of the re-acceleration scenario. In this Chapter we show that a fraction of the energy of fluid turbulence driven in the ICM by the cluster mergers can be channelled into the injection of Alfv´en waves at small scales and that these waves can efficiently re-accelerate particles and trigger Radio Halos and hard X-ray emission. The main part of this PhD work, the calculation of the statistical properties of Radio Halos and non-thermal phenomena as expected in the context of the re-acceleration model and their comparison with observations, is presented in Chapts.5, 6, 7 and 8. In Chapt.5 we present a first approach to semi-analytical calculations of statistical properties of giant Radio Halos. The main goal of this Chapter is to model cluster formation, the injection of turbulence in the ICM and the resulting particle acceleration process. We adopt the semi–analytic extended Press & Schechter (PS) theory to follow the formation of a large synthetic population of galaxy clusters and assume that during a merger a fraction of the PdV work done by the infalling subclusters in passing through the most massive one is injected in the form of magnetosonic waves. Then the processes of stochastic acceleration of the relativistic electrons by these waves and the properties of the ensuing synchrotron (Radio Halos) and inverse Compton (IC, hard X-ray) emission of merging clusters are computed under the assumption of a constant rms average magnetic field strength in emitting volume. The main finding of these calculations is that giant Radio Halos are naturally expected only in the more massive clusters, and that the expected fraction of clusters with Radio Halos is consistent with the observed one. In Chapt. 6 we extend the previous calculations by including a scaling of the magnetic field strength with cluster mass. The inclusion of this scaling allows us to derive the expected correlations between the synchrotron radio power of Radio Halos and the X-ray properties (T, LX) and mass of the hosting clusters. For the first time, we show that these correlations, calculated in the context of the re-acceleration model, are consistent with the observed ones for typical µG strengths of the average B intensity in massive clusters. The calculations presented in this Chapter allow us to derive the evolution of the probability to form Radio Halos as a function of the cluster mass and redshift. The most relevant finding presented in this Chapter is that the luminosity functions of giant Radio Halos at 1.4 GHz are expected to peak around a radio power » 1024 W/Hz and to flatten (or cut-off) at lower radio powers because of the decrease of the electron re-acceleration efficiency in smaller galaxy clusters. In Chapt. 6 we also derive the expected number counts of Radio Halos and compare them with available observations: we claim that » 100 Radio Halos in the Universe can be observed at 1.4 GHz with deep surveys, while more than 1000 Radio Halos are expected to be discovered in the next future by LOFAR at 150 MHz. This is the first (and so far unique) model expectation for the number counts of Radio Halos at lower frequency and allows to design future radio surveys. Based on the results of Chapt. 6, in Chapt.7 we present a work in progress on a “revision” of the occurrence of Radio Halos. We combine past results from the NVSS radio survey (z » 0.05 − 0.2) with our ongoing GMRT Radio Halos Pointed Observations of 50 X-ray luminous galaxy clusters (at z » 0.2−0.4) and discuss the possibility to test our model expectations with the number counts of Radio Halos at z » 0.05 − 0.4. The most relevant limitation in the calculations presented in Chapt. 5 and 6 is the assumption of an “averaged” size of Radio Halos independently of their radio luminosity and of the mass of the parent clusters. This assumption cannot be released in the context of the PS formalism used to describe the formation process of clusters, while a more detailed analysis of the physics of cluster mergers and of the injection process of turbulence in the ICM would require an approach based on numerical (possible MHD) simulations of a very large volume of the Universe which is however well beyond the aim of this PhD thesis. On the other hand, in Chapt.8 we report our discovery of novel correlations between the size (RH) of Radio Halos and their radio power and between RH and the cluster mass within the Radio Halo region, MH. In particular this last “geometrical” MH − RH correlation allows us to “observationally” overcome the limitation of the “average” size of Radio Halos. Thus in this Chapter, by making use of this “geometrical” correlation and of a simplified form of the re-acceleration model based on the results of Chapt. 5 and 6 we are able to discuss expected correlations between the synchrotron power and the thermal cluster quantities relative to the radio emitting region. This is a new powerful tool of investigation and we show that all the observed correlations (PR − RH, PR − MH, PR − T, PR − LX, . . . ) now become well understood in the context of the re-acceleration model. In addition, we find that observationally the size of Radio Halos scales non-linearly with the virial radius of the parent cluster, and this immediately means that the fraction of the cluster volume which is radio emitting increases with cluster mass and thus that the non-thermal component in clusters is not self-similar.

Inibizione selettiva del gene MYCN mediante PNA (acidi peptido nucleici) anti-gene nel rabdomiosarcoma umano

MYCN oncogene amplification/expression is a feature of many childhood tumors, and some adult tumors, and it is associated with poor prognosis. While MYC expression is ubiquitary, MYCN has a restricted expression after birth and it is an ideal target for an effective therapy. PNAs belong to the latest class of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, and they can bind chromosomal DNA and block gene transcription (anti-gene activity). We have developed an anti-gene PNA that targets specifically the MYCN gene to block its transcription. We report for the first time MYCN targeted inhibition in Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) by the anti-MYCN-PNA in RMS cell lines (four ARMS and four ERMS) and in a xenograft RMS mouse model. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma, comprising two main subgroups [Alveolar (ARMS) and Embryonal (ERMS)]. ARMS is associated with a poorer prognosis. MYCN amplification is a feature of both the ERMS and ARMS, but the MYCN amplification and expression levels shows a significant correlation and are greater in ARMS, in which they are associated with adverse outcome. We found that MYCN mRNA and protein levels were higher in the four ARMS (RH30, RH4, RH28 and RMZ-RC2) than in the four ERMS (RH36, SMS-CTR, CCA and RD) cell lines. The potent inhibition of MYCN transcription was highly specific, it did not affect the MYC expression, it was followed by cell-growth inhibition in the RMS cell lines which correlated with the MYCN expression rate, and it led to complete cell-growth inhibition in ARMS cells. We used a mutated- PNA as control. MYCN silencing induced apoptosis. Global gene expression analysis (Affymetrix microarrays) in ARMS cells treated with the anti-MYCN-PNA revealed genes specifically induced or repressed, with both genes previously described as targets of N-myc or Myc, and new genes undescribed as targets of N-myc or Myc (mainly involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell motility, metastasis, angiogenesis and muscle development). The changes in the expression of the most relevant genes were confirmed by Real-Time PCR and western blot, and their expression after the MYCN silencing was evaluated in the other RMS cell lines. The in vivo study, using an ARMS xenograft murine model evaluated by micro-PET, showed a complete elimination of the metabolic tumor signal in most of the cases (70%) after anti-MYCN-PNA treatment (without toxicity), whereas treatment with the mutated-PNA had no effect. Our results strongly support the development of MYCN anti-gene therapy for the treatment of RMS, particularly for poor prognosis ARMS, and of other MYCN-expressing tumors.

In-situ-Präparation von komplexen supraleitenden und ferroelektrischen Heterostrukturen mittels gepulster Laser-Deposition

In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Konstruktion und der Aufbau eines Systems zur gepulsten Laserablation von dünnen Schichten beschrieben. Die hohe Flexibilität der Anlage wird ermöglicht durch einen sechsfach-Targethalter und eine Heizerkonstruktion, die einfachen Substrateinbau, hohe Temperaturhomogenität und einen zugänglichen Temperaturbereich von bis zu 1000°C erlaubt. Durch eine komplexe Laser-Optik, die eine homogene Energiedichte auf dem Target sicherstellt, wird eine optimale Filmqualität erreicht.Durch die Entwicklung einer zweistufigen Prozeßführung für Y-stabilisiertes ZrO2 wird eine Wachstumsbasis hoher kristalliner Qualität für funktionale Oxidschichten auf Silizium zur Verfügung gestellt. Es zeigt sich, daß die dielektrischen Eigenschaften der YSZ Schicht stark vom Sauerstoffgehalt, der Grenzflächenmorphologie sowie der Dicke der ersten Schicht abhängig sind. Basierend auf dieser Schicht wurde BaZrO3 als zusätzliche Pufferschicht für den Hochtemperatursupraleiter (HTSL) YBa2Cu3O7 ? untersucht. Unter Verwendung von SrTiO3 Substraten konnte die dielektrische Konstante von BaZrO3 zu ? ? 65 bestimmt sowie das Dispersionsverhalten mittels modifizierter Debye-Gleichungen erklärt werden. Vergleichende Messungen auf einkristallinen SrTiO3 Substraten zeigen eine erhöhte Übergangstemperatur von 90.2 K und eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit des HTSL von 2 nm (rms) durch die Verwendung von BaZrO3 Schichten hoher Qualität. Eine nur wenige Monolagen dicke zusätzliche BaZrO3 Pufferschicht auf YSZ-gepufferten Silizium Substraten verhindert die Ausbildung von ?9° rotierten YBCO Körnern, die üblicherweise bei der direkten Deposition auf YSZ beobachtet werden. Resistive Messungen mit Übergangstemperaturen oberhalb 89 K sind vergleichbar zu Ergebnissen, die für CeO2/YSZ Pufferschichtkombinationen erreicht werden. Durch kontinuierliche Gitteranpassung wurde eine neue Schichtabfolge YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/BaZrO3 für die Erzeugung bi-epitaxialer Korngrenzen-Josephson Kontake gefunden und deren Epitaxiebeziehungen geklärt. Eine in-situ deponierte Schichtabfolge zeigt mit einer Übergangstemperatur von 91.7 K und einer Übergangsbreite von 0.15 K supraleitende Eigenschaften vergleichbar zu den besten bisher auf diesem Gebiet erreichten Ergebnissen. Voruntersuchungen zur Realisierung eines Josephsonkontaktes mit dieser Schichtabfolge zeigen jedoch, daß die erreichten Eigenschaften für die technologische Anwendung nicht ausreichend sind.Die Verwendung einer YSZ/CeO2 Pufferschichtkombination ermöglicht die Herstellung von c Achsen orientiertem ferroelektrischem SrBi2Ta2O9 auf Silizium. Im Gegensatz hierzu führt die direkte Deposition auf Silizium zu polykristallinem SrBi2Ta2O9 oder zur Ausbildung der Pyrochlor Phase, wenn nur YSZ als Pufferschicht verwendet wird. Obwohl die Polarisierung von SrBi2Ta2O9 in der ab-Ebene liegt, konnte in MFIS Strukturen ein Speicherfenster von maximal 0.87 V beobachtet werden, was eine Verbesserung um nahezu einen Faktor drei im Vergleich zu polykristallinem SrBi2Ta2O9 bedeutet. Messungen an ferroelektrischen Kondesatorstrukturen ergeben Hystereseschleifen mit einer remanenten Polarisierung von Pr = 6.5 µC/cm2 sowie einem Koerzitivfeld von Ec = 35 kV/cm. AFM Messungen im Piezo-Response Modus zeigen ferroelektrische Domänen, die durch Anlegen einer Gleichspannung reversibel umpolarisiert werden können. Im Nicht-Kontakt AFM Modus wurde die lokale Polarisierung der Schichten zu 3.4 µC/cm2 bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde eine alternative Pufferschichtkombination SrZrO3/YSZ zur Erzeugung von a-Achsen orientiertem SrBi2Ta2O9 untersucht. SrZrO3 zeigt a Achsen Orientierung in vier Wachstumsdomänen, die durch ein Model erklärt werden können. Die SrBi2Ta2O9 Schicht zeigt a Achsen sowie (116)-orientierte Körner mit derselben Domänenstruktur. Die dielektrische Konstanten von SrZrO3 und SrBi2Ta2O9 wurden zu ? ? 29 und ? ? 20 bestimmt. Die beobachteten Speicherfenster sind allerdings nicht ferroelektrischer Natur, sondern wahrscheinlich durch mobile Ionen und Ladungsfangstellen in den Pufferschichten verursacht. Die stark abgesenkte dielektrische Konstante von SrBi2Ta2O9 kann durch die im Vergleich zu polykristallinem verkleinerte Korngröße erklärt werden.

Analytische und funktionale Charakterisierung von ultradünnen kohlenstoffbasierten Schichten in der Magnetspeichertechnologie

Ein Schwerpunkt der in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Analysen konzentrierte sich auf den Einfluss der Kohlenstoffschichtdicke auf die resultierenden Schichteigenschaften. Dies erfolgte vor dem Hintergrund, dass ein Anstieg der Speicherdichte auf 100 Gbits/in2 mit einer Dickenreduzierung der magnetisch inaktiven Kohlenstoffschutzschichten auf 2 nm verbunden ist. Im Rahmen der Charakterisierung von wasserstoffhaltigen, mittels einem CVD-Netzhohlkathodenreaktor abgeschiedenen Schichten, wurde eine zuverlässige Anwen-dung der XRR zur Dickenbestimmung ultradünner Kohlenstoffschichten im Bereich von 2-20 nm demonstriert. Die konsistente Verwendung eines optischen Einschichtmodells deutet auf eine homogene Tiefenstruktur ohne deutliche Ausprägung von scharf defi-nierten Grenzflächenbereichen zum Substrat und zur Oberfläche hin. Die Analyse des Schichtdickeneinflusses ergab eine leichte Verminderung der Kratz-härte sowie einen Rückgang des Elastizitätsmoduls von 90 GPa auf etwa 60 GPa, wenn die Schichtdicken bei Raumtemperaturabscheidung von 17 nm auf 2 nm reduziert wer-den. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in guter Übereinstimmung mit gewonnen ramanspektro-skopischen Resultaten, die einen ansteigenden sp2-Bindungsanteil für abnehmende Schichtdicken belegen. Die Charakterisierung von wasserstofffreien, gepulsten Vakuumbogen-Schichten ergab ein heterogenes Tiefenprofil, bestehend aus Oberflächen-, Bulk- und Interfacebereich. Diese Struktur führt zu einer Schichtdickenabhängigkeit von mechanischen und struktu-rellen Parametern, die über die gesamte Schichtdicke gemittelt werden. XRR-Analysen ergaben Bulkdichten von 2.8-3.0 g/cm3 bei Raumtemperaturabscheidung und 2.2 g/cm3 für eine Beschichtung von Speicherplatten bei einer Temperatur von 200 °C. Durchgeführte AFM-Messungen an Schichten auf Silizumsubstraten zeigten nahezu kei-ne Abhängigkeit der RMS-Oberflächenrauhigkeit von der Schichtdicke bis zu 18 nm und lieferten konstante Werte im Bereich der Substratrauhigkeit von etwa 0.1 nm. Bei der Beschichtung von Speicherplatten bewirkt eine Dickenabnahme der aufgebrachten Filme sogar einen glättenden Einfluss auf die Oberflächentopographie. Der Elastizitätsmodul und die mittels Mehrwellenlängen-Ramanspektroskopie ermittelte Raman-G-Peak-Dispersion als Maße für Schichthärte und Schichtstruktur zeigen einen korrelierenden Abfall für verringerte Schichtdicken. Der Elastizitätsmodul fällt im Fall ei-ner Raumtemperaturabscheidung von etwa 450 GPa bei 20 nm Dicke auf ca. 50 GPa bei weniger als 2 nm Dicke ab. Diese Resultate werden durch röntgenabsorptionsspektro-skopische Untersuchungen der Kohlenstoff-K-Kante bestätigt. Kombinierte XPS- und XANES-Analysen der Bedeckungsqualität von Vakuumbogen-Schichten ergaben eine kritische Dicke von nur ca. 1 nm. Bei einer Unterschreitung die-ses Dickenwertes kann eine vollständige Bedeckung bzw. der Korrosionsschutz des un-terliegenden metallischen Mediums nicht mehr uneingeschränkt gewährleistet werden. XPS-Referenzmessungen an konvenzionellen CNx-Schichten weisen demgegenüber oxidische Cobaltsignale bereits im Bereich von 2-3 nm nach.

A numerical study of temperature effects on hot wire measurements inside turbulent channel flows

A way to investigate turbulence is through experiments where hot wire measurements are performed. Analysis of the in turbulence of a temperature gradient on hot wire measurements is the aim of this thesis work. Actually - to author's knowledge - this investigation is the first attempt to document, understand and ultimately correct the effect of temperature gradients on turbulence statistics. However a numerical approach is used since instantaneous temperature and streamwise velocity fields are required to evaluate this effect. A channel flow simulation at Re_tau = 180 is analyzed to make a first evaluation of the amount of error introduced by temperature gradient inside the domain. Hot wire data field is obtained processing the numerical flow field through the application of a proper version of the King's law, which connect voltage, velocity and temperature. A drift in mean streamwise velocity profile and rms is observed when temperature correction is performed by means of centerline temperature. A correct mean velocity pro�le is achieved correcting temperature through its mean value at each wall normal position, but a not negligible error is still present into rms. The key point to correct properly the sensed velocity from the hot wire is the knowledge of the instantaneous temperature field. For this purpose three correction methods are proposed. At the end a numerical simulation at Re_tau =590 is also evaluated in order to confirm the results discussed earlier.

Elektrochemisch gesteuerte zeitaufgelöste Infrarotspektroskopie an Redox-Membranproteinen in einer biomimetischen Membran-Architektur

Das Protein Cytochrom c Oxidase (CcO) ist ein Enzym der mitochondrialen Atmungskette. Als letzter Komplex (Komplex IV) einer Elektronentransportkette katalysiert sie die Reduktion von molekularem Sauerstoff zu Wasser. Hierbei werden Elektronen von Cytochrom c (Cc) in das Enzym geleitet. Die durch den Redoxprozess freiwerdende freie Enthalpie wird dazu genutzt, einen Protonengradienten über die innere Mitochondrien-Membran aufzubauen. Die zurückwandernden Protonen treiben in der ATP-Synthase die Produktion von Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) an, dem universellen Energieträger in lebenden Organismen. Gegenstand dieser Dissertation sind zeitaufgelöste ATR-FTIR-Messungen des direkten Elektronentransfers in die CcO. Das Protein wird hierzu orientiert auf einer Goldelektrode immobilisiert und in eine künstliche Membran rekonstituiert (Protein-tethered Bilayer Lipid Membrane, ptBLM). Das ptBLM-System wird hinsichtlich einer möglichst hohen Protein-Aktivität optimiert. Elektronen werden durch elektrochemische Anregung von der Elektrode in die CcO injiziert. Die Goldoberfläche wird auf die reflektierende Oberfläche eines Silizium-ATR-Kristalls aufgebracht. Durch die Präparation einer rauen Oberfläche (RMS-Rauigkeit ca. 5 nm) wird eine Verstärkung der IR-Absorption erreicht. Die mit den Ladungstransferprozessen einhergehenden Konformationsänderungen der die Redoxzentren umgebenden Gruppen (CONH-Gerüst und Aminosäure-Seitenketten) können durch Infrarot-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Phasensensitive Detektion (PSD) wird zur Rauschminderung eingesetzt, um Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Redox-Übergänge zu bestimmen. Im Bereich der Amid-I-Bande werden etliche Peaks identifiziert, die sich mit dem Redoxzustand des Proteins ändern. Für das CuA-Zentrum, welches als erstes der vier Redoxzentren der CcO reduziert wird, wird die schnellste Geschwindigkeitskonstante ks=4870/s ermittelt. Für das Häm a3-Zentrum wird eine Geschwindigkeitskonstante von ks=13,8/s ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent zu elektrochemischen und Raman-Spektroskopie-Experimenten, welche ebenfalls in unserer Gruppe durchgeführt wurden. Weitere Themen dieser Dissertation sind der Nachweis der Anwendbarkeit des ptBLM-Systems für andere Membranproteine (Beispiel: bakterielles photosynthetisches Reaktionszentrum) und der Einsatz des ATR-FTIR-Setups für verschiedene künstliche Membransysteme (Aktivitätsnachweis des OR5-Geruchsrezeptors in einer peptidgestützten Membran, Eigenschaften eines Oligoethylenglycol-Spacers).

Zelluläre Kontrolle adulter Neurogenese - Expression und Funktion des VEGF-Rezeptor-1 (Flt-1) im adulten Säugerhirn

Neurale Stammzellen sind im adulten Säugerhirn in der Subventrikulären Zone (SVZ) der Lateralventrikel und dem Hippokampus lokalisiert. In der SVZ entstandene neurale Zellen migrieren entlang eines von Astrozyten umgebenen Pfades, dem Rostralmigratorischen Strom (RMS), zum Olfaktorischen Bulbus (OB), wo sie zu olfaktorischen Interneuronen differenzieren. Vaskuläre Wachstumsfaktoren, wie VEGF-A beeinflussen die adulte Neurogenese. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt erstmalig detailliert die spezifische Expression des VEGF-Rezeptor-1 (VEGFR-1) in den Regionen olfaktorischer und hippokampaler Neurogenese des adulten ZNS. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass VEGFR-1 im adulten Hirn hauptsächlich in GFAP-positiven Zellen in der SVZ, dem RMS, dem OB, dem Corpus callosum und dem Hippokampus exprimiert ist. In vivo-Analysen transgener Mäuse (Flt-1TK-/-), denen die Signaltransduktionsdomäne des VEGFR-1 fehlt, demonstrieren hier erstmals eine Rolle des VEGFR-1 in adulter Neurogenese. Flt-1TK-/- weisen eine erhöhte Proliferation neuronaler Vorläuferzellen der SVZ auf. Im RMS ist jedoch 6 Tage nach BrdU-Administration die Anzahl markierter Zellen im Vergleich zum Wildtyp (wt) um 47,97% reduziert, ohne dass es zu einer Akkumulation in der SVZ kommt. Zusammen mit der in Kulturversuchen stark erhöhten Migrationsgeschwindigkeit von Neuroblasten der Flt-1TK-/- und einer verminderten Abwanderung von Zellen aus dem RMS ins Corpus callosum der Flt-1Tk-/-, weist dies auf eine gesteigerte Migration zum OB hin. Tatsächlich war der OB der Flt-1TK-/-, vor allem die Plexiform- und Periglomerulärzellschicht (PGL), signifikant vergrößert. Im OB der transgenen Tiere migrieren zudem signifikant mehr BrdU-markierte Zellen in die PGL. Dort differenzieren signifikant mehr Neurone als im wt. Subtypisierungen zeigen, zudem eine erhöhte Differenzierung in dopaminerge Interneurone in der PGL der Flt-1TK-/-. Im Gehirn Flt-1TK-/- war die Konzentration von VEGF-A erhöht. Intrazerebroventrikuläre Infusion von VEGF-A in wt-Tiere erbrachte den eindeutigen Nachweis, dass die Erhöhung der VEGF-A-Konzentration im Gehirn der Flt-1TK-/- ursächlich für die in diesen Tieren beobachtete Reduktion der BrdU-positiven Zellen im RMS ist. Dies ist gleichzeitig der erste Nachweis einer Wirkung von VEGF-A auf Neuroblasten im RMS in vivo unter physiologischen Bedingungen. Die erhöhte VEGF-A-Konzentration könnte auch den anderen hier dargelegten Effekten zugrunde liegen. VEGFR-1 ist somit ein regulatorischer Faktor für die adulte olfaktorische Neurogenese und spielt eine potentielle Rolle in der Differenzierung dopaminerger Interneurone.

Investigation of the nuclear matter density distributions of the exotic 12 Be, 14 Be and 8 B nuclei by elastic proton scattering in inverse kinematics

The proton-nucleus elastic scattering at intermediate energies is a well-established method for the investigation of the nuclear matter distribution in stable nuclei and was recently applied also for the investigation of radioactive nuclei using the method of inverse kinematics. In the current experiment, the differential cross sections for proton elastic scattering on the isotopes $^{7,9,10,11,12,14}$Be and $^8$B were measured. The experiment was performed using the fragment separator at GSI, Darmstadt to produce the radioactive beams. The main part of the experimental setup was the time projection ionization chamber IKAR which was simultaneously used as hydrogen target and a detector for the recoil protons. Auxiliary detectors for projectile tracking and isotope identification were also installed. As results from the experiment, the absolute differential cross sections d$sigma$/d$t$ as a function of the four momentum transfer $t$ were obtained. In this work the differential cross sections for elastic p-$^{12}$Be, p-$^{14}$Be and p-$^{8}$B scattering at low $t$ ($t leq$~0.05~(GeV/c)$^2$) are presented. The measured cross sections were analyzed within the Glauber multiple-scattering theory using different density parameterizations, and the nuclear matter density distributions and radii of the investigated isotopes were determined. The analysis of the differential cross section for the isotope $^{14}$Be shows that a good description of the experimental data is obtained when density distributions consisting of separate core and halo components are used. The determined {it rms} matter radius is $3.11 pm 0.04 pm 0.13$~fm. In the case of the $^{12}$Be nucleus the results showed an extended matter distribution as well. For this nucleus a matter radius of $2.82 pm 0.03 pm 0.12$~fm was determined. An interesting result is that the free $^{12}$Be nucleus behaves differently from the core of $^{14}$Be and is much more extended than it. The data were also compared with theoretical densities calculated within the FMD and the few-body models. In the case of $^{14}$Be, the calculated cross sections describe the experimental data well while, in the case of $^{12}$Be there are discrepancies in the region of high momentum transfer. Preliminary experimental results for the isotope $^8$B are also presented. An extended matter distribution was obtained (though much more compact as compared to the neutron halos). A proton halo structure was observed for the first time with the proton elastic scattering method. The deduced matter radius is $2.60pm 0.02pm 0.26$~fm. The data were compared with microscopic calculations in the frame of the FMD model and reasonable agreement was observed. The results obtained in the present analysis are in most cases consistent with the previous experimental studies of the same isotopes with different experimental methods (total interaction and reaction cross section measurements, momentum distribution measurements). For future investigation of the structure of exotic nuclei a universal detector system EXL is being developed. It will be installed at the NESR at the future FAIR facility where higher intensity beams of radioactive ions are expected. The usage of storage ring techniques provides high luminosity and low background experimental conditions. Results from the feasibility studies of the EXL detector setup, performed at the present ESR storage ring, are presented.

Caratterizzazione della superficie di array di nanofili di silicio

Nel primo capitolo viene introdotto lo studio eff�ettuato e descritto un metodo di misure successivo alla caratterizzazione della super�ficie. Nel secondo capitolo vengono descritti i campioni analizzati e, nello speci�fico, la crescita attraverso MaCE dei nanofi�li di silicio. Nel terzo capitolo viene descritto lo strumento AFM utilizzato e la teoria della caratterizzazione alla base dello studio condotto. Nella quarta sezione vengono descritti i risultati ottenuti mentre nelle conclusioni viene tratto il risultato dei valori ottenuti di RMS roughness e roughness exponent.

Agents, nodes & resources: Universal naming system for a coordination middleware

La tesi si propone di sviluppare un modello, l'architettura e la tecnologia per il sistema di denominazione del Middleware Coordinato TuCSoN, compresi gli agenti, i nodi e le risorse. Identità universali che rappresentano queste entità, sia per la mobilità fisica sia per quella virtuale, per un Management System (AMS, NMS, RMS) distribuito; tale modulo si occupa anche di ACC e trasduttori, prevedendo questioni come la tolleranza ai guasti, la persistenza, la coerenza, insieme con il coordinamento disincarnata in rete, come accade con le tecnologie Cloud. All’interno dell’elaborato, per prima cosa si è fatta una introduzione andando a descrivere tutto ciò che è contenuto nell’elaborato in modo da dare una visione iniziale globale del lavoro eseguito. Di seguito (1° capitolo) si è descritta tutta la parte relativa alle conoscenze di base che bisogna avere per la comprensione dell’elaborato; tali conoscenze sono relative a TuCSoN (il middleware coordinato con cui il modulo progettato dovrà interfacciarsi) e Cassandra (sistema server distribuito su cui si appoggia la parte di mantenimento e salvataggio dati del modulo). In seguito (2° capitolo) si è descritto JADE, un middleware da cui si è partiti con lo studio per la progettazione del modello e dell’architettura del modulo. Successivamente (3° capitolo) si è andati a spiegare la struttura e il modello del modulo considerato andando ad esaminare tutti i dettagli relativi alle entità interne e di tutti i legami fra esse. In questa parte si è anche dettagliata tutta la parte relativa alla distribuzione sulla rete del modulo e dei suoi componenti. In seguito (4° capitolo) è stata dettagliata e spiegata tutta la parte relativa al sistema di denominazione del modulo, quindi la sintassi e l’insieme di procedure che l’entità consumatrice esterna deve effettuare per ottenere un “nome universale” e quindi anche tutti i passaggi interni del modulo per fornire l’identificatore all’entità consumatrice. Nel capitolo successivo (5° capitolo) si sono descritti tutti i casi di studio relativi alle interazioni con le entità esterne, alle entità interne in caso in cui il modulo sia o meno distribuito sulla rete, e i casi di studio relativi alle politiche, paradigmi e procedure per la tolleranza ai guasti ed agli errori in modo da dettagliare i metodi di riparazione ad essi. Successivamente (6° capitolo) sono stati descritti i possibili sviluppi futuri relativi a nuove forme di interazione fra le entità che utilizzano questo modulo ed alle possibili migliorie e sviluppi tecnologici di questo modulo. Infine sono state descritte le conclusioni relative al modulo progettato con tutti i dettagli in modo da fornire una visione globale di quanto inserito e descritto nell’elaborato.

Measurement of the elastic electron-proton cross section and separation of the electric and magnetic form factor in the Q 2 range from 0.004 to 1 (GeV/c) 2

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton are fundamental quantities sensitive to the distribution of charge and magnetization inside the proton. Precise knowledge of the form factors, in particular of the charge and magnetization radii provide strong tests for theory in the non-perturbative regime of QCD. However, the existing data at Q^2 below 1 (GeV/c)^2 are not precise enough for a hard test of theoretical predictions.rnrnFor a more precise determination of the form factors, within this work more than 1400 cross sections of the reaction H(e,e′)p were measured at the Mainz Microtron MAMI using the 3-spectrometer-facility of the A1-collaboration. The data were taken in three periods in the years 2006 and 2007 using beam energies of 180, 315, 450, 585, 720 and 855 MeV. They cover the Q^2 region from 0.004 to 1 (GeV/c)^2 with counting rate uncertainties below 0.2% for most of the data points. The relative luminosity of the measurements was determined using one of the spectrometers as a luminosity monitor. The overlapping acceptances of the measurements maximize the internal redundancy of the data and allow, together with several additions to the standard experimental setup, for tight control of systematic uncertainties.rnTo account for the radiative processes, an event generator was developed and implemented in the simulation package of the analysis software which works without peaking approximation by explicitly calculating the Bethe-Heitler and Born Feynman diagrams for each event.rnTo separate the form factors and to determine the radii, the data were analyzed by fitting a wide selection of form factor models directly to the measured cross sections. These fits also determined the absolute normalization of the different data subsets. The validity of this method was tested with extensive simulations. The results were compared to an extraction via the standard Rosenbluth technique.rnrnThe dip structure in G_E that was seen in the analysis of the previous world data shows up in a modified form. When compared to the standard-dipole form factor as a smooth curve, the extracted G_E exhibits a strong change of the slope around 0.1 (GeV/c)^2, and in the magnetic form factor a dip around 0.2 (GeV/c)^2 is found. This may be taken as indications for a pion cloud. For higher Q^2, the fits yield larger values for G_M than previous measurements, in agreement with form factor ratios from recent precise polarized measurements in the Q2 region up to 0.6 (GeV/c)^2.rnrnThe charge and magnetic rms radii are determined as rn⟨r_e⟩=0.879 ± 0.005(stat.) ± 0.004(syst.) ± 0.002(model) ± 0.004(group) fm,rn⟨r_m⟩=0.777 ± 0.013(stat.) ± 0.009(syst.) ± 0.005(model) ± 0.002(group) fm.rnThis charge radius is significantly larger than theoretical predictions and than the radius of the standard dipole. However, it is in agreement with earlier results measured at the Mainz linear accelerator and with determinations from Hydrogen Lamb shift measurements. The extracted magnetic radius is smaller than previous determinations and than the standard-dipole value.

Partial Discharge Phenomena in Converter and Traction Transformers: Identification and Reliability

After the development of power electronics converters, the number of transformers subjected to non-sinusoidal stresses (including DC) has increased in applications such as HVDC links and traction (electric train power cars). The effects of non-sinusoidal voltages on transformer insulation have been investigated by many researchers, but still now, there are some issues that must be understood. Some of those issues are tackled in this Thesis, studying PD phenomena behavior in Kraft paper, pressboard and mineral oil at different voltage conditions like AC, DC, AC+DC, notched AC and square waveforms. From the point of view of converter transformers, it was found that the combined effect of AC and DC voltages produces higher stresses in the pressboard that those that are present under pure DC voltages. The electrical conductivity of the dielectric systems in DC and AC+DC conditions has demonstrated to be a critical parameter, so, its measurement and analysis was also taken into account during all the experiments. Regarding notched voltages, the RMS reduction caused by notches (depending on firing and overlap angles) seems to increase the PDIV. However, the experimental results show that once PD activity has incepted, the notches increase PD repetition rate and magnitude, producing a higher degradation rate of paper. On the other hand, the reduction of mineral oil stocks, their relatively low flash point as well as environmental issues, are factors that are pushing towards the use of esters as transformer insulating fluids. This PhD Thesis also covers the study of two different esters with the scope to validate their use in traction transformers. Mineral oil was used as benchmark. The complete set of dielectric tests performed in the three fluids, show that esters behave better than mineral oil in practically all the investigated conditions, so, their application in traction transformers is possible and encouraged.