Assessing the effectiveness of chemical treatment with nanomaterials in improving the quality of different industrial effluents

Industrial activities are the major sources of pollution in all environments. Depending on the type of industry, various levels of organic and inorganic pollutants are being continuously discharged into the environment. Although, several kinds of physical, chemical, biological or the combination of methods have been proposed and applied to minimize the impact of industrial effluents, few have proved to be totally effective in terms of removal rates of several contaminants, toxicity reduction or amelioration of physical and chemical properties. Hence, it is imperative to develop new and innovative methodologies for industrial wastewater treatment. In this context nanotechnology arises announcing the offer of new possibilities for the treatment of wastewaters mainly based on the enhanced physical and chemical proprieties of nanomaterials (NMs), which can remarkably increase their adsorption and oxidation potential. Although applications of NMs may bring benefits, their widespread use will also contribute for their introduction into the environment and concerns have been raised about the intentional use of these materials. Further, the same properties that make NMs so appealing can also be responsible for producing ecotoxicological effects. In a first stage, with the objective of selecting NMs for the treatment of organic and inorganic effluents we first assessed the potential toxicity of nanoparticles of nickel oxide (NiO) with two different sizes (100 and 10-20 nm), titanium dioxide (TiO2, < 25 nm) and iron oxide (Fe2O3, ≈ 85x425 nm). The ecotoxicological assessment was performed with a battery of assays using aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. Since TiO2 and Fe2O3 were the NMs that presented lower risks to the aquatic systems, they were selected for the second stage of this work. Thus, the two NMs pre-selected were tested for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW). They were used as catalyst in photodegradation systems (TiO2/UV, Fe2O3/UV, TiO2/H2O2/UV and Fe2O3/H2O2/UV). The treatments with TiO2 or Fe2O3 combined with H2O2 were the most efficient in ameliorating some chemical properties of the effluent. Regarding the toxicity to V. fischeri the highest reduction was recorded for the H2O2/UV system, without NMs. Afterwards a sequential treatment using photocatalytic oxidation with NMs and degradation with white-rot fungi was applied to OMW. This new approach increased the reduction of chemical oxygen demand, phenolic content and ecotoxicity to V. fischeri. However, no reduction in color and aromatic compounds was achieved after 21 days of biological treatment. The photodegradation systems were also applied to treat the kraft pulp mill and mining effluents. For the organic effluent the combination NMs and H2O2 had the best performances in reduction the chemical parameters as well in terms of toxicity reduction. However, for the mine effluent the best (TiO2/UV and Fe2O3/UV) were only able to significantly remove three metals (Zn, Al and Cd). Nonetheless the treatments were able of reducing the toxicity of the effluent. As a final stage, the toxicity of solid wastes formed during wastewater treatment with NMs was assessed with Chironomus riparius larvae, a representative species of the sediment compartment. Certain solid wastes showed the potential to negatively affect C. riparius survival and growth, depending on the type of effluent treated. This work also brings new insights to the use of NMs for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Although some potential applications have been announced, many evaluations have to be performed before the upscaling of the chemical treatments with NMs.

Integrated coastal geoengineering approach for maritime environments

This dissertation introduces several methodological approaches which integrate a proposed coastal management model in an interdisciplinary perspective. The research presented herein is displayed as a set of publications comprising different thematic outlooks. The thesis develops an integrated coastal geoengineering approach which is intrinsically linked to the studied maritime environments. From sandy coasts and marine works to rocky platforms and sea cliffs, this study includes field work between Caminha – Figueira da Foz (NW Portugal) and Galicia (NW Spain). The research also involves an analysis and geological-geotechnical characterisation of natural rock (armourstone) and artificial units (concrete blocks) applied to coastal structures. The main goal is to contribute to the characterisation and re-evaluation of georesources and to determine armourstone suitability and availability from its source (quarry). It was also important to diagnose the geomaterials in situ concerning their degradation/deterioration level on the basis of the current status of the coastal protection works in order to facilitate more efficient monitoring and maintenance, with economic benefits. In the rocky coast approach the coastal blocks were studied along the platform, but also the geoforms were studied from a coastal morphodynamics point of view. A shoreline evolution analysis was developed for sandy coasts through Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension. In addition, the spatial and statistical analysis applied to sea cliffs allowed the establishment of susceptibility zones to erosion and hazardous areas. All of these studies have different purposes and results however, there is a common denominator – GIS mapping. Hence, apart from the studied coastal environment, there is an integrated system which includes a sequence of procedures and methodologies that persisted during the research period. This is a step forward in the study of different coastal environments by using almost the same methodologies. This will allow the characterisation, monitoring and assessment of coastal protection works, rocky coasts, and shore platforms. With such data, it is possible to propose or recommend strategies for coastal and shoreline management based on several justifications in terms of social, economic, and environmental questions, or even provide a GIS-based planning support system reinforced by geocartographic decisions. Overall the development of the applied cartography embraces six stages which will allow the production of detailed maps of the maritime environment: (1) high-resolution aerial imagery surveys; (2) visual inspection and systematic monitoring; (3) applied field datasheet; (4) in situ evaluation; (5) scanline surveying; and (6) GIS mapping. This thesis covers fundamental matters that were developed over the course of scientific publication and as a consequence they represent the results obtained and discussed. The subjects directly related to the thesis architecture are: (i) cartography applied to coastal dynamics (including an art historical analysis as a tool to comprehend the coastal evolution and the littoral zone); (ii) georesources assessment (the role of cartography in georesources zoning, assessment and armourstone durability); (iii) coastal geoengineering applications and monitoring (Espinho pilot site in NW Portugal as an experimental field); (iv) rocky coast and shore platform studies and characterisation; (v) sandy and mixed environment approaches; (vi) coastal geosciences GIS mapping and photogrammetric surveying (coastal geoengineering); and (vii) shoreline change mapping and coastal management strategies (the CartGalicia Project as an example – NW Spain). Finally, all of these thematic areas were crucial to generate the conceptual models proposed and to shape the future of integrated coastal coastal geoengineering management.

Development of the sustainability of coastal activities through ICZM process

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

A system approach framework to the management of lake Baringo, Kenya

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

Aeroportos e turismo residencial. Do conhecimento às estratégias

Tese Dout., Turismo, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009

Evolução dos compostos nos lixiviados dos aterros sanitários do barlavento e sotavento algarvio

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia do Ambiente (Tecnologias Ambientais), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Promoção do turismo cultural em Cidade Velha

Dissertação de mest., Turismo e Culturas Urbanas, Escola Superior de Gestão, Hotelaria e Turismo, Univ. do Algarve, 2012

Calibração de um modelo hidrológico SWAT para a bacia hidrográfica da Ribeira de Quarteira

O Algarve é uma região que apresenta algumas particularidades no que toca às necessidades hídricas e respetiva disponibilidade. O consumo de água é relativamente elevado e as necessidades hídricas são mais elevadas nos meses de Verão quando a precipitação é escassa. Deste modo é de grande importância a realização de uma boa gestão dos recursos hídricos de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais. Neste âmbito surge a aplicação de softwares de modelação hidrológica que permitem realizar prognósticos simulando as condições a que o meio está sujeito. Na presente dissertação pretende-se aplicar o modelo SWAT para modelar as condições atuais registadas na bacia hidrográfica da Ribeira de Quarteira. Pretende-se também realizar a modelação de cenários de alterações climáticas previstas para dois períodos futuros: 2020-2050 e 2069-2099. A construção do modelo foi realizada em ArcSWAT, a análise de outputs foi feita em SWAT_Check e para a calibração e validação do modelo utilizou-se o software SWAT-CUP4. Os resultados obtidos na calibração e validação são relativamente satisfatórios tendo em conta a fraca qualidade e quantidade dos dados de entrada disponíveis e considerando-se o meio geológico cársico onde se pretendeu realizar a modelação. Os cenários simulados tiveram como base dois modelos climáticos realizados no âmbito do projeto CLIMWAT (ICTP-REGCM3 e CNRM-RM5.1). Os resultados de ambos modelos apontam para um aumento de temperatura e diminuição generalizada de precipitação que têm como consequência um aumento significativo de evapotranspiração real e uma diminuição muito grande de recarga profunda e do caudal instantâneo. Um dos modelos aponta para, no período 2020-2050, um aumento de eventos extremos (secas e cheias). Estas previsões vêm reforçar a grande necessidade de uma boa gestão dos recursos hídricos.

The effect of conservation measures on the spatial and temporal variation of rocky fish assemblages in the Arrábida Marine Park

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been widely proposed for conservation purposes and as a tool for fisheries management. The Arrábida Marine Park is the first MPA in continental Portugal having a management plan, fully implemented since 2009. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protection measures on rocky reef fish assemblages and target invertebrates through before-after and control-effect (no-take vs. fished areas) underwater visual surveys and analysis of landings trends. Second, we used surveys before, during and after implementation of the management plan to understand fishers‟ preferences for fishing grounds and adaptation to the new rules, and evaluated the reserve effect through analysis of both ecological responses and fishing effort density. Third, we identified the main oceanographic drivers influencing the structure of reef fish assemblages and predicted the community structure for the last 50 years, in light of climatic change. Overall results suggest positive responses in biomass but not yet in numbers of some commercial species, with no effects on non-target species. The reserve effect is reinforced by the increase in landings of commercial species, despite increased fishing effort density in some areas, especially with octopus traps. Fishing grounds are mainly chosen based on the distribution of target species and associated habitats, but distance to port, weather conditions and safety also influence fishers‟ choices. Moreover, different fisheries respond differently to the protection measures, and within each fishery, individual fishers show distinct strategies, with some operating in a broader area whereas others keep preferred territories. Our results also show that wind stress and temperature are the main oceanographic drivers for rocky reef fish assemblages, with tropicalization of assemblages and polewards movements of species over the last 50 years consistent with temperature trends. We believe this study provides significant lessons for marine conservation and management of coastal systems.

Relatório de actividade profissional

O presente relatório foi elaborado de acordo com o estipulado nas Normas apresentadas pelo Conselho Técnico-Científico do Instituto Superior de Engenharia da Universidade do Algarve para a elaboração do Relatório de Atividade Profissional. Pretendeu-se descrever as principais funções da autora na empresa Aviludo, SA, onde tem desenvolvido o seu percurso profissional. Desde 2006 a autora é Responsável da Qualidade e dos Aprovisionamentos e exerce funções em diferentes áreas, nomeadamente no Plano HACCP, Gestão da Qualidade (ISO 9001 e ISO22000), Rastreabilidade, Segurança Alimentar, Rotulagem e Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos. Neste relatório de atividade profissional são evidenciadas as competências adquiridas através da formação académica, formação complementar e experiência profissional. O percurso profissional evidencia um desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos adquiridos com a licenciatura em Engenharia Alimentar e um alargamento de competências e experiência na área da Rastreabilidade e Segurança Alimentar.

Catchment influences on the hydrological flows to lake terra alta (Linhares, ES, Brazil) and ecohydrology perspectives

Dissertação de mestrado, Ecohidrologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Caracterização das águas pluviais da cidade de Faro

Dissertação de mestrado,Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Screening of process conditions for the production of biogas from diluted organic waste streams using microreactors

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Contribuição dos métodos geofísicos para o modelo evolutivo da região de Santo André desde o último máximo glaciário

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Geologia Económica e do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Diatom-based characterization of iberian coastal environments at different time scales

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Geologia Económica e do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014