The effects of R(+)-lipoic acid supplementation on regulation of human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase

This thesis investigated whole body glucose disposal and the adaptive changes in skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism following 28 d of supplementation with 1000 mg R(+)-lipoic acid in young sedentary males (age, 22.1 ± 0.67 yr, body mass, 78.7 ± 10.3 kg, n=9). In certain individuals, lipoic acid decreased the 180-min area under the glucose concentration and insulin concentration curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (n=4). In the same individuals, lipoic acid supplementation decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity (PDK) (0.09 ± 0.024 min"^ vs. 0.137 ± 0.023 min'\ n=4). The fasting levels of the activated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were decreased following lipoic acid (0.42 ± 0.13 mmol-min'kg'^ vs. 0.82 ± 0.32 mmolrnin'^kg"\ n=4), yet increased to a greater extent during the OGTT (1.21 ± 0.34 mmol-min'kg"' vs. 0.81 ±0.13 mmolmin"'kg'\ n=4) following hpoic acid supplementation. No changes were demonstrated in the remaining subjects (n=5). It was concluded that improved glucose clearance during an OGTT following lipoic acid supplementation is assisted by increased muscle glucose oxidation through increased PDHa activation and decreased PDK activity in certain individuals.

Identification and characterization of retinoic acid-induced morphological and electrophysiological changes in an invertebrate nervous system

The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA) is known to play an important role in the development, patterning and regeneration of nervous tissue, both in the embryo and in the adult. Classically, RA is known to mediate the transcription of target genes through the binding and activation ofits nuclear receptors: the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Recently, mounting evidence from many animal models has implicated a number of RA-mediated effects operating independently of gene transcription, and thus highlights nove~ nongenornic actions of RA. For example, recent work utilizing cultured neurons from the pond snaa Lymnaea stagnalis, has shown that RA can elicit a regenerative response, growth cone turning, independently of "classical" transcriptional activation While this work illustrates a novel regeneration-inducing effect in culture, it is currently -unknown whether RA also induces regeneration in situ. This study has sought to determine RA's regenerative effucts at the morphological and molecular levels by utilizing an in situ approach focusing on a single identified dopaminergic neuron which possesses a known "mapped" morphology within the CNS. These studies show, for the first time in an invertebrate, that RA can increase neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic cells that have undergone a nerve-crush injury. Utilizing Western blot analysis, it was shown that this effect appears to be independent of any changes in whole CNS expression levels of either the RAR or RXR. Additionally, utilizing immunohistochemistry, to examine protein localization, there does not appear to be any obvious changes in the RXR expression level at the crush site. Changes in cell morphology such as neurity extension are known to be modulated by changes in neuronal firing activity. It has been previously shown that exposure to RA over many days can lead to changes in the electrophysiological properties of cultured Lymnaea neurons; however, no studies have investigated whether short-term exposure to RA can elicit electrophysiological changes and/or changes in firing pattern of neurons in Lymnaea or any other species. The studies performed here show, for the first time in any species, that short-tenn treatment with RA can elicit significant changes in the firing properties of both identified dopaminergic neurons and peptidergic neurons. This effect appears to be independent of protein synthesis, activation of protein kinase A or phospholipase C, and calcium influx but is both dose-dependent and isomer-dependent. These studies provide evidence that the RXR, but not RAR, may be involved, and that intracellular calcium concentrations decrease upon RAexposure with a time course, dose-dependency and isomer-dependency that coincide with the RA-induced electrophysiological changes. Taken together, these studies provide important evidence highlighting RA as a multifunctional molecule, inducing morphological, molecular and electrophysiological changes within the CNS, and highlight the many pathways through which RA may operate to elicit its effects.

The Arabidopsis NPR1 Protein Is a Receptor for the Plant Defense Hormone Salicylic Acid

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is a type of plant systemic resistance occurring against a broad spectrum of pathogens. It can be activated in response to pathogen infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and many agriculturally important crops. Upon SAR activation, the infected plant undergoes transcriptional reprogramming, marked by the induction of a battery of defense genes, including Pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Activation of the PR-1 gene serves as a molecular marker for the deployment of SAR. The accumulation of a defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA) is crucial for the infected plant to mount SAR. Increased cellular levels of SA lead to the downstream activation of the PR-1 gene, triggered by the combined action of the Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related Gene 1 (NPR1) protein and the TGA II-clade transcription factor (namely TGA2). Despite the importance of SA, its receptor has remained elusive for decades. In this study, we demonstrated that in Arabidopsis the NPR1 protein is a receptor for SA. SA physically binds to the C-terminal transactivation domain of NPR1. The two cysteines (Cys521 and Cys529), which are important for NPR1’s coactivator function, within this transactivation domain are critical for the binding of SA to NPR1. The interaction between SA and NPR1 requires a transition metal, copper, as a cofactor. Our results also suggested a conformational change in NPR1 upon SA binding, releasing the C-terminal transactivation domain from the N-terminal autoinhibitory BTB/POZ domain. These results advance our understanding of the plant immune function, specifically related to the molecular mechanisms underlying SAR. The discovery of NPR1 as a SA receptor enables future chemical screening for small molecules that activate plant immune responses through their interaction with NPR1 or NPR1-like proteins in commercially important plants. This will help in identifying the next generation of non-biocidal pesticides.

Régulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de PPARgamma via l'activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a : potentiel anti-athérosclérotique

Les sécrétines peptidiques de l’hormone de croissance (GHRPs) constituent une classe de peptides synthétiques capables de stimuler la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance (GH). Cette activité est médiée par leur liaison à un récepteur couplé aux protéines G : le récepteur des sécrétines de l’hormone de croissance (GHS-R1a), identifié subséquemment comme le récepteur de la ghréline. La ghréline est un peptide de 28 acides aminés sécrété principalement par les cellules de la muqueuse de l’estomac, qui exerce de nombreux effets périphériques indépendamment de la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance. Les effets indépendants de la sécrétion de GH incluent, entre autres, des actions sur le contrôle de la prise de nourriture, le métabolisme énergétique, la fonction cardiaque, le système immunitaire et la prolifération cellulaire. L’étude de la distribution périphérique des sites de liaison des GHRPs nous a permis d’identifier un second site, le CD36, un récepteur scavenger exprimé dans plusieurs tissus dont le myocarde, l’endothélium de la microvasculature et les monocytes/macrophages. Le CD36 exprimé à la surface du macrophage joue un rôle clé dans l’initiation du développement de l’athérosclérose par la liaison et l’internalisation des lipoprotéines de faible densité oxydées (LDLox) dans l’espace sous-endothélial de l’artère. L’hexaréline, un analogue GHRP, a été développé comme agent thérapeutique pour stimuler la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance par l’hypophyse. Sa propriété de liaison aux récepteurs GHS-R1a et CD36 situés en périphérie et particulièrement sa capacité d’interférer avec la liaison des LDLox par le CD36 nous ont incité à évaluer la capacité de l’hexaréline à moduler le métabolisme lipidique du macrophage. L’objectif principal de ce projet a été de déterminer les effets de l’activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a, par l’hexaréline et la ghréline, le ligand endogène du GHS-R1a, sur la physiologie du macrophage et de déterminer son potentiel anti-athérosclérotique. Les résultats montrent premièrement que l’hexaréline et la ghréline augmentent l’expression des transporteurs ABCA1 et ABCG1, impliqués dans le transport inverse du cholestérol, via un mécanisme contrôlé par le récepteur nucléaire PPARγ. La régulation de l’activité transcriptionnelle de PPARγ par l’activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a se fait indépendamment de la présence du domaine de liaison du ligand (LBD) de PPARγ et est conséquente de changements dans l’état de phosphorylation de PPARγ. Une étude plus approfondie de la signalisation résultant de la liaison de la ghréline sur le GHS-R1a révèle que PPARγ est activé par un mécanisme de concertation entre les voies de signalisation Gαq/PI3-K/Akt et Fyn/Dok-1/ERK au niveau du macrophage. Le rôle de PPARγ dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique par l’hexaréline a été démontré par l’utilisation de macrophages de souris hétérozygotes pour le gène de Ppar gamma, qui présentent une forte diminution de l’activation des gènes de la cascade métabolique PPARγ-LXRα-transporteurs ABC en réponse à l’hexaréline. L’injection quotidienne d’hexaréline à un modèle de souris prédisposées au développement de l’athérosclérose, les souris déficientes en apoE sous une diète riche en cholestérol et en lipides, se traduit également en une diminution significative de la présence de lésions athérosclérotiques correspondant à une augmentation de l’expression des gènes cibles de PPARγ et LXRα dans les macrophages péritonéaux provenant des animaux traités à l’hexaréline. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse identifie certains nouveaux mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de PPARγ et du métabolisme du cholestérol dans le macrophage via les récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a. Ils pourraient servir de cibles thérapeutiques dans une perspective de traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires.

Activation chimiosélective et dérivatisation d’amides et d'alcools : synthèse de plusieurs groupements fonctionnels et hétérocycles

Un objectif majeur en chimie organique est le développement de méthodes de synthèses générales, simples et peu coûteuses permettant la modification efficace des ressources naturelles en différents produits d’intérêt public. En particulier, la recherche de méthodes chimiosélectives et de méthodes dites « vertes » représente un intérêt croissant pour le secteur industriel (dont le domaine pharmaceutique). En fait, l’application en synthèse sur grande échelle de procédés catalytiques, sélectifs et utilisant des conditions douces permet de réduire le volume de déchets et la demande énergétique, minimisant ainsi les coûts de production et les effets néfastes sur l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, le groupe de recherche du Professeur André B. Charette de l’Université de Montréal s’intéresse au développement de méthodes générales et chimiosélectives permettant la transformation de fonctionnalités aisément accessibles tels que les amides et les alcools. La fonction amide, aussi appelée liaison peptidique dans les protéines, est présente dans diverses familles de molécules naturelles et est couramment employée comme intermédiaire synthétique dans la synthèse de produits d’intérêt pharmaceutique. Le groupement alcool est, quant à lui, l’une des fonctionnalités les plus abondantes dans la nature, intrinsèquement et largement utilisé en chimie de synthèse. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des transformations simples, générales et chimiosélectives ont été réalisées sur des amides secondaires et tertiaires, ainsi que sur des alcools primaires et secondaires. La première partie de ce manuscrit se penche sur l’activation de la fonction amide par l’anhydride triflique (Tf2O), suivie de l’addition nucléophile de différents réactifs permettant ainsi la formation de plusieurs groupements fonctionnels versatiles, parfois indispensables, couramment employés en chimie organique tels que les aldimines, les aldéhydes, les amines, les cétones, les cétimines et des dérivés de la fonction amidrazone. Cette dernière fonctionnalité a également été utilisée dans des réactions successives vers la formation d’hétérocycles. De ce fait, des 1,2,4-triazoles ont été formés suite à une cyclodéshydratation initiée en conditions thermiques et faiblement acides. D’autre part, des 3-aminoindazoles ont été synthétisés par une fonctionnalisation C–H catalysée par un sel de palladium (II). La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à la réaction de Mitsunobu en conditions acides, permettant ainsi la substitution nucléophile d’alcools en présence de carbamines (ou amines ne possédant pas de groupement électro-attracteurs). Ce type de nucléophile, basique lorsqu’utilisé comme base libre (avec un pKa se situant au-dessus de 13 dans le DMSO), n’est intrinsèquement pas compatible dans les conditions standards de la réaction de Mitsunobu. Contrairement aux conditions usuelles multi-étapes employant la réaction de Mitsunobu, la méthode développée au cours de cette étude permet la formation d’amines substituées en une seule étape et ne requiert pas l’emploi de groupements protecteurs.

Activation de la voie oncogénique mTOR par les formes mutées de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase 1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes

Une des caractéristiques principales des cellules cancéreuses est la reprogrammation de leur métabolisme énergétique. Des mutations d’enzymes impliquées dans différentes voies métaboliques sont récurrentes chez plusieurs tumeurs, contribuant ainsi à la dérégulation de ces cellules et à l’oncogénèse. C’est le cas de l’isocitrate déshydrogénase 1 (IDH1) et 2 (IDH2), responsables de la conversion de l’isocitrate en α-kétoglutarate dans le cycle de l’acide citrique. Ces enzymes sont fréquemment mutées chez les gliomes, acquérant ainsi la capacité de convertir l’α-kétoglutarate en 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), un oncométabolite inhibant les oxygénases α-kétoglutarate dépendantes parmi lesquelles figure notamment KDM4A, une déméthylase de lysines. À la recherche de nouvelles voies oncogéniques potentiellement régulées par les formes mutées de IDH1/2, nous avons initialement observé que les mutations de ces deux enzymes et de PTEN, un régulateur négatif de la voie mTOR, étaient mutuellement exclusives chez les gliomes. Ceci suggère que les mutations de IDH1/2 reproduiraient certains effets engendrés par les mutations de PTEN, créant ainsi un environnement oncogénique similaire. Nous avons observé que les formes mutées de IDH1/2 stimulent l’activation de mTOR grâce à la production et l’accumulation de 2HG. Cette activation repose en partie sur l’inhibition de KDM4A par cet oncométabolite. KDM4A est impliqué dans la stabilisation de DEPTOR, un inhibiteur de mTOR. Ainsi, l’inhibition de KDM4A par le 2HG entraîne la déstabilisation de DEPTOR et, par conséquent, l’activation de mTOR. Nos travaux ont donc permis l’identification d’un nouveau mécanisme oncogénique régulé par les formes mutées de IDH1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes, soit l’activation de mTOR.

Electron-donating, acid-base, and magnetic properties of samaria catalyst

The electron-donor properties of Sm2O3 activated at 300, 500, and 800°C are reported from studies on the adsorption of electron acceptors of various electron affinities (electron affinity values in eV are given in parentheses): 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (2.84), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2.40), p-dinitrobenzene (1.77), and m-dinitrobenzene (1.26) in acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. The extent of electron transfer during the adsorption was determined from magnetic measurements. The acid-base properties of Sm2O3 at different activation temperatures are reported using a set of Hammett indicators. Electron donor-acceptor interactions at interfaces are important in elucidating the adhesion forces.

Investigations on the electrical and structural properties of polyaniline doped with camphor sulphonic acid

Polyaniline is chemically synthesised and doped with camphor sulphonic acid. FTIR studies carried out on these samples indicate that the aromatic rings are retained after polymerisation. The percentage of crystallinity for polyaniline doped with camphor sulphonic acid has been estimated from the X-ray diffraction studies and is around 56% with respect to polyaniline emeraldine base. The change in dielectric permittivity with respect to temperature and frequency is explained on the basis of interfacial polarisation. AC conductivity is evaluated from the observed dielectric permittivity. The values of AC and DC conductivity and activation energy are calculated. The activation energy values suggested that the hopping conduction is the prominent conduction mechanism in this system.

The four major N- and C-terminal splice variants of the excitatory amino acid transporter GLT-1 form cell surface homomeric and heteromeric assemblies

The L-glutamate transporter GLT-1 is an abundant CNS membrane protein of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family which controls extracellular L-glutamate levels and is important in limiting excitotoxic neuronal death. Using RT-PCR, we have determined that four mRNAs encoding GLT-1 exist in mouse brain, with the potential to encode four GLT-1 isoforms that differ in their N- and C-termini. We expressed all four isoforms (termed MAST-KREK, MPK-KREK, MAST-DIETCI and MPK-DIETCI according to amino acid sequence) in a range of cell lines and primary astrocytes and show that each isoform can reach the cell surface. In transfected HEK-293 or COS-7 cells, all four isoforms support high-affinity sodium-dependent L-glutamate uptake with identical pharmacological and kinetic properties. Inserting a viral epitope (V5, HA or FLAG) into the second extracellular domain of each isoform allowed co-immunoprecipitation and tr-FRET studies using transfected HEK-293 cells. Here we show for the first time that each of the four isoforms are able to combine to form homomeric and heteromeric assemblies, each of which are expressed at the cell surface of primary astrocytes. After activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester, V5-tagged GLT-1 is rapidly removed from the cell surface of HEK-293 cells and degraded. This study provides direct biochemical evidence for oligomeric assembly of GLT-1 and reports the development of novel tools to provide insight into the trafficking of GLT-1.

Formulation of a live bacterial vaccine for stable room temperature storage results in loss of acid, bile and bile salt resistance

Live bacterial vaccines have great promise both as vaccines against enteric pathogens and as heterologous antigen vectors against diverse diseases. Ideally, room temperature stable dry formulations of live bacterial vaccines will allow oral vaccination without cold-chain storage or injections. Attenuated Salmonella can cross the intestinal wall and deliver replicating antigen plus innate immune activation signals directly to the intestinal immune tissues, however the ingested bacteria must survive firstly gastric acid and secondly the antimicrobial defences of the small intestine. We found that the way in which cells are grown prior to formulation markedly affects sensitivity to acid and bile. Using a previously published stable storage formulation that maintained over 10% viability after 56 days storage at room temperature, we found dried samples of an attenuated S. typhimurium vaccine lost acid and bile resistance compared to the same bacteria taken from fresh culture. The stable formulation utilised osmotic preconditioning in defined medium plus elevated salt concentration to induce intracellular trehalose accumulation before drying. Dried bacteria grown in rich media without osmotic preconditioning showed more resistance to bile, but less stability during storage, suggesting a trade-off between bile resistance and stability. Further optimization is needed to produce the ultimate room-temperature stable oral live bacterial vaccine formulation.

Platelet 12-lipoxygenase activation via glycoprotein VI: involvement of multiple signaling pathways in agonist control of H(P)ETE synthesis

Lipoxygenases (LOX) contribute to vascular disease and inflammation through generation of bioactive lipids, including 12-hydro(pero xyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-H(P)ETE). The physiological mechanisms that acutely control LOX product generation in mammalian cells are uncharacterized. Human platelets that contain a 12-LOX isoform (p12-LOX) were used to define pathways that activate H(P)ETE synthesis in the vasculature. Collagen and collagen-related peptide (CRP) (1 to 10 g/mL) acutely induced platelet 12-H(P)ETE synthesis. This implicated the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI), which signals via the immunoreceptor-based activatory motif (ITAM)- containing FcR chain. Conversely, thrombin only activated at high concentrations ( 0.2 U/mL), whereas U46619 and ADP alone were ineffective. Collagen or CRP-stimulated 12-H(P)ETE generation was inhibited by staurosporine, PP2, wortmannin, BAPTA/AM, EGTA, and L-655238, implicating src-tyrosine kinases, PI3-kinase, Ca2 mobilization, and p12-LOX translocation. In contrast, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition potentiated 12-H(P)ETE generation. Finally, activation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)– containing platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) inhibited p12-LOX product generation. This study characterizes a receptor-dependent pathway for 12-H(P)ETE synthesis via the collagen receptor GPVI, which is negatively regulated by PECAM-1 and PKC, and demonstrates a novel link between immune receptor signaling and lipid mediator generation in the vasculature. (Circ Res. 2004;94:1598-1605.)

Photocatalytic degradation of humic acid in saline waters. Part 1. Artificial seawater: influence of TiO2, temperature, pH, and air-flow

We report the first systematic study on the photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid (HA) in artificial seawater (ASW). TiO2 (Degussa P25) dispersions were used as the catalyst with irradiation from a medium-pressure mercury lamp. The optimum quantity of catalyst was found to be between 2 and 2.5 g l(-1); whiled the decomposition was fastest at low pH values (pH 4.5 in the range examined), and the optimum air-flow, using an immersion well reactor with a capacity of 400 ml, was 850 ml min(-1). Reactivity increased with air-flow up to this figure, above which foaming prevented operation of the reactor. Using pure. oxygen, an optimal flow rate was observed at 300 nil min(-1), above which reactivity remains essentially constant. Following treatment for 1 h, low-salinity water (2700 mg l(-1)) was completely mineralised, whereas ASW (46000 mg l(-1)) had traces of HA remaining. These effects are interpreted and kinetic data presented. To avoid problems of precipitation due to change of ionic strength humic substances were prepared directly in ASW, and the effects of ASW on catalyst suspension and precipitation have been taken into account. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model has been shown to be followed only approximately for the catalytic oxidation of HA in ASW. The activation energy for the reaction derived from an Arrhenius treatment was 17 ( +/-0.6) kJ mol(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The pro-inflammatory oxidant hypochlorous acid induces Bax-dependent mitochondrial permeabilisation and cell death through AIF-/EndoG-dependent pathways

At sites of chronic inflammation, such as in the inflamed rheumatoid joint, activated neutrophils release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the enzyme myeloperoxidase to catalyse the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). 3-chlorotyrosine, a marker of HOCl in vivo, has been observed in synovial fluid proteins from rheumatoid arthritis patients. However the mechanisms of HOCl-induced cytotxicity are unknown. We determined the molecular mechanisms by which HOCl induced cell death in human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) differentiated into a chondrocytic phenotype as a model of human cartilage cells and show that HOCl induced rapid Bax conformational change, mitochondrial permeability and release of intra-mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins which resulted in nuclear translocation of AIF and EndoG. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Bax substantially prevented mitochondrial permeability, release of intra-mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins. Cell death was inhibited by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Bax, AIF or EndoG. Although we observed several biochemical markers of apoptosis, caspase activation was not detected either by western blotting, fluorescence activity assays or by using caspase inhibitors to inhibit cell death. This was further supported by findings that (1) in vitro exposure of recombinant human caspases to HOCl caused significant inhibition of caspase activity and (2) the addition of HOCl to staurosporine-treated MPCs inhibited the activity of cellular caspases. Our results show for the first time that HOCl induced Bax-dependent mitochondrial permeability which led to cell death without caspase activity by processes involving AIF/EndoG-dependent pathways. Our study provides a novel insight into the potential mechanisms of cell death in the inflamed human joint. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-1 0,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune cell function in healthy humans

Background: Animal studies have suggested that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a natural component of ruminant meat and dairy products, may confer beneficial effects on health. However, little information on the effects of CLA on immune function is available, especially in humans. Furthermore, the effects of individual isomers of CLA have not been adequately investigated. Objective: This study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet with 3 doses of highly enriched cis-9,trans-11 CLA (0.59, 1.19, and 2.38 g/d) or trans-10,cis-12 CLA (0.63, 1.26, and 2.52 g/d) on immune outcomes in healthy humans. Design: The study had a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Healthy men consumed 1, 2, and 4 capsules sequentially that contained 80% of either cis-9,trans-11 CLA or trans-10,cis-12 CLA for consecutive 8-wk periods. This regimen was followed by a 6-wk washout and a crossover to the other isomer. Results: Both CLA isomers decreased mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation in a dose-dependent manner. There was a significant negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the proportions of both cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell lipids. However, CLA did not affect lymphocyte subpopulations or serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and did not have any consistent effects on ex vivo cytokine production. Conclusion: CLA supplementation results in a dose-dependent reduction in the mitogen-induced activation of T lymphocytes. The effects of cis-9,trans-l I CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA were similar, and there was a negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA contents of mononuclear cells.

Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects

The aim of the present study was to compare the response of a range of atherogenic and thrombogenic risk markers to two dietary levels of saturated fatty acid (SFA) substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in students living in a university hall of residence. Although the benefits of such diets have been reported for plasma lipoproteins in high-risk groups, more needs to be known about effects of more modest SFA-MUFA substitutions over the long term and in young healthy adults. In a parallel design over 16 weeks, fifty-one healthy young subjects were randomised to one of two diets: (1) a moderate-MUFA diet in which 16 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA (n 25); (2) a high-MUFA diet in which 33 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA (n 26). All subjects followed an 8-week run-in diet (reference diet), with a fatty acid composition close to the UK average values. There were no differences in plasma lipid responses between the two diets over 16 weeks of the study with similar reductions in total cholesterol (P<0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (P<0.01) in both groups; a small but significant reduction in HDL-cholesterol was also observed in both groups (P<0.01). Platelet responses to ADP (P<0.01) and arachidonic acid (P<0.05) differed with time on the two diets; at 16 weeks, platelet aggregatory response to ADP was significantly lower on the high-MUFA than the moderate-MUFA (P<0.01) diet; ADP responses were also significantly lower within this group at 8 (P< 0.05) and 16 (P< 0.01) weeks compared with baseline. There were no differences in fasting factor VII activity (factors VIII and VIIag), fibrinogen concentration or tissue-type plasminogen activator activity between the diets. There were no differences in postprandial factor VIII responses to a standard meal (area under the curve) between the diets after 16 weeks, but postprandial factor VIII response was lower than on the high-MUFA diet compared with baseline (P<0.01). In conclusion, a high-MUFA diet sustains potentially beneficial effects on platelet aggregation and postprandial activation of factor VII. Moderate or high substitution of MUFA for SFA achieves similar reductions in fasting blood lipids in young healthy subjects.