ASPECTOS GEOLÓGICOS E TECNOLÓGICOS DO GRANITO PRETO PIRACAIA – SP

A rocha ornamental chamada Granito Preto Piracaia constitui o nome comercial dos monzonitos ineqüigranulares de granulação fina, fina/média e média a localmente porfiríticos, de coloração cinza a cinza-escura do Maciço Piracaia. São rochas homogêneas, mas apresentam localmente pequenas variações composicionais. Encontram-se cortadas por veios de composições quartzo-feldspáticas, quartzosas ou sieníticas. As rochas apresentam fraca anisotropia, definida por uma foliação milonítica NE-SW de médio a alto ângulo e famílias de fraturas que apresentam orientações principais NNE-SSW/subvertical, E-W/subvertical, NW-SE/subvertical e suborizontal. Localmente apresentam-se fortemente orientadas, próximas às zonas de falhas. Os parâmetros tecnológicos físicos e físico-mecânicos e petrográficos do Monzonito Piracaia são próximos ou superam os valores médios dos melhores “granitos pretos brasileiros”, permitindo classificá-lo como ideal para revestimento em ambientes internos ou externos. Homogeneidade, coloração escura e fraca alterabilidade dos minerais constituintes valorizam o padrão estético como rocha ornamental.

ASPECTOS GEOLÓGICOS, PETROGRÁFICOS E QUÍMICOS DE INTERESSE PARA O APROVEITAMENTO ECONÔMICO DOS QUARTZITOS FOLIADOS DE SÃO THOMÉ DAS LETRAS – MINAS GERAIS

A região de São Thomé das Letras constitui o maior centro brasileiro de lavra de quartzitos foliados, com produção atual estimada em 250.000 t/ano. O baixo índice de recuperação decorrente das atividades de lavra destes quartzitos, estimada como inferiores a 20% do total extraído, estariam gerando cerca de 1.250.000 t/ano de rejeitos, o que tem se traduzido em grandes pilhas de bota-fora com evidentes desdobramentos ambientais indesejáveis. Objetivando a adequação ambiental da lavra, a Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente de Minas Gerais - FEAM iniciou, a partir do ano de 1993, trabalhos de fiscalização e orientação da atividade extrativa de quartzitos no Município de São Thomé das Letras. A partir de 1996, esses trabalhos foram ampliados através do Projeto Minas Ambiente - Mineração de Pedra São Tomé que, sob a coordenação da FEAM, promoveu estudos para disposição controlada e aproveitamento econômico de resíduos, revegetação das pilhas de bota-fora e técnicas menos impactantes de desmonte na lavra. Neste contexto, os estudos geológicos, petrográficos e químicos ora realizados visam contribuir com aspectos de interesse para as atividades extrativas e de aproveitamento industrial dos rejeitos da lavra e do beneficiamento dos quartzitos foliados São Tomé. Trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito do Projeto Minas Ambiente e, mais recentemente, pela Universidade Vale do Rio Verde de Três Corações demonstraram a viabilidade técnica de utilização dos quartzitos para elaboração de tijolos prensados e autoclavados. Algumas variedades de quartzitos também estão sendo aproveitadas na produção de vidrados e esmaltes cerâmicos, inclusive com vantagens técnicas e econômicas bastante competitivas sobre matérias-primas oriundas de sedimentos aluvionares. Outros usos para os quartzitos moídos, como carga mineral, material filtrante e argamassas em geral, estão em fase de estudos pelos mineradores e deverão ser brevemente viabilizados, o que permite vislumbrar, pelo menos a médio prazo, um expressivo incremento dos usos industriais para os quartzitos São Tomé. Palavras-chave: rocha ornamental; rocha de revestimento; quartzito laminado; recuperação de rejeito; quartzito São Tomé.

PANORAMA TÉCNICO - ECONÔMICO DO SETOR DE ROCHAS ORNAMENTAIS NO BRASIL

O Brasil, destacado pela sua espetacular “geodiversidade”, já se coloca no grupo dos grandes produtores e exportadores mundiais do setor de rochas. Sua produção inclui granitos, ardósias, quartzitos, mármores, travertinos, pedra-sabão, serpentinitos, calcários, conglomerados, basaltos, gnaisses foliados e várias outras rochas, somando cerca de 6 milhões de t/ano e abrangendo 600 variedades comerciais, derivadas de 1.500 frentes de lavra. Os 18 arranjos produtivos locais (APL’s) do setor de rochas, identificados no Brasil, envolvem atividades mínero-industriais em 10 estados e 80 municípios, nas regiões Sudeste, Sul, Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste. Mais amplamente, são registrados 370 municípios com recolhimento da CFEM (Compensação Financeira pela Exploração Mineral) para extração de rochas de revestimento. Estima-se a existência de 11.500 empresas do setor de rochas atuantes no Brasil, responsáveis pela geração de 120.000 empregos diretos e por um parque de beneficiamento com capacidade de serragem e polimento para 50 milhões m2/ano em granitos, mármores, travertinos, e de mais 40 milhões m2/ano para rochas de processamento simples, sobretudo ardósias, basaltos laminados, quartzitos e gnaisses foliados. As transações comerciais do setor nos mercados interno e externo, incluindo-se negócios com máquinas, equipamentos e insumos, movimentam cerca de US$ 2,5 bilhões/ano. As exportações do setor somaram US$ 429,4 milhões em 2003 e estão atendendo cerca de 90 países, destacando-se que o Brasil já é o principal fornecedor de granitos beneficiados para os EUA, além de ser o segundo maior exportador mundial de ardósias.

Relato de Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG I em crisântemo (Papiro Branco e Amarelo) e R. solani AG-4 HG III em gipsófila no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e sua patogenicidade cruzada

Currently, anastomosis groups (AG) of Rhizoctonia sp. on chrysanthemum and occurrence of this fungus on gypsophila have not been reported in Brazil. However, in the present study, normal and cross pathogenicity and sequencing of ITS-5.8S rDNA regions were used to confirm the AG of isolate of Rhizoctonia sp. obtained from chrysanthemum (White Papyrus) and from gypsophila plants cultivated in Holambra / São Paulo, Brazil. After these tests, it was confirmed the report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG I on chrysanthemum (White and Yellow Papyrus) and R. solani AG-4 HG III on gypsophila in the São Paulo state, Brazil, and also their cross pathogenicity.

Reação de crisântemos a Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii

This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of 14 chrysanthemum varieties to the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of 15 treatments and 4 replicates per nematode species. Each plot was constituted of one plant per pot; plants were kept in a greenhouse and inoculated with 5,000 eggs and possible juveniles of M. incognita, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. After 60 days, the rates of egg masses, the number of nematodes per gram of root and the reproduction factor were evaluated. The varieties showed immunity to M. incognita, M. javanica and M. enterolobii, except 'Capello Vermelho' and 'White Reagon', which were susceptible and resistant, respectively, to M. incognita.

Adubação fosfatada no desenvolvimento de Hemerocallis fulva L.

In clayey Oxisol from the Brazilian Cerrado, where there is high P fixation, the phosphorus fertilization is necessary to increase the growth and flowering of ornamental plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the development of Hemerocallis as affected by phosphorus application in clayey Oxisol (Typic Haplustox). The experiment was conducted at the Gardening area of University Federal of Grande Dourados (UFGD) in Dourados-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of four P2O5 rates (0, 250, 500, 1000 kg ha(-1)) using simple superphosphate as source. The experimental unit was composed of one Hemerocallis fulva 'Flore Pleno' plant, grown in a plastic pot (5 liters). Phosphorus fertilization increased linearly the concentration of phosphorus in the soil; the plant had maximum absorption (5.26 g kg(-1)) with the calculated dose of 727 kg ha(-1) P2O5. H. fulva has a root system that develops best under high availability of P, however, for aerial part, the maximum of shoots fresh mass (451.1 g) was obtained with 427 kg ha(-1) of P2O5. Number of flower buds, flower diameter and height flower stalks were higher in the presence of phosphorus.

Euterpe edulis Seedlings in the Understory of Two Forest Fragments

The palm Euterpe edulis is one of the most exploited due the intense illegal extraction, which is very harmful because this species dies right after the cutting process. This study aimed to assess the palms' development as an enrichment plant in a forest fragment belonging to a Preservation Area and the Biosphere Reserve of the Green Belt of Sao Paulo State, in Embu das Artes city. The seeds were obtained from the Instituto Florestal, which follows all the regulations for seeds, in order to get seedlings with a high genetic variation. The seedlings were planted in two successional stages: secondary forest with low trees (SFLT) and secondary forest with medium trees (SFMT). The seedlings survival and growth were periodically assessed and the results were compared by the variance analysis. Both areas presented high rates of survival, which were superior comparing to other similar studies with Euterpe edulis. Despite the successional difference between the areas, the development of the seedlings did not show significant difference on the analysis of variance regarding leaf number, height growth, stem diameter and survival, except for plant height at 60 days after planting, when seedlings planted in SFLT reached higher height (21.38 cm) than when planted in SFMT (19.31 cm).

Maturity, Pulp Removal and Storage Effects on the Germination of Livistona rotundifolia Seeds

The Livistona rotundifolia species is native to Oceania, and has a high potential for landscaping use and as a pot plant. This work aimed to study the effects of the maturation stage, pulp removal and storage on the germination of L. rotundifolia seeds. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a factorial arrangement 5x2x2 (five storage periods: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days; two maturation stages: green and ripe; and the presence or absence of the pulp - exocarp and mesocarp) with four replications of 25 seeds each. After sorting out the fruits by the maturity stage and removing the pulp out of half of the fruits from each plot, the seeds were placed in closed bottles, which were sealed and stored in a cold chamber at 10 degrees C. The seeds were removed from the cold chamber and left to germinate in plastic boxes (gerbox type) with sphagnum. The boxes were kept at 25-35 degrees C and photoperiod of 12 hours. The germination rate was determined when seed germination was steady. The highest germination rate was found when green fruits had their pulp removed. The germination rate gradually decreased with the increase of the storage period regardless the maturation stage and the presence or absence of the pulp.

Effects of the Temperature and Maturation Stages on the Germination of Roystonea regia Seeds

Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook is largely used as ornamental. The propagation is done almost exclusively by seeds; however, there is a great variation in the germination process influenced by many factors. The objective of this work was to study the effects of the temperature and maturation stages on the germination of R. regia seeds. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a factorial arrangement 6x3 (six temperatures: constant at 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C and alternated at 20-30 and 25-35 degrees C, with a photoperiod of 12 hours; and three fruit maturation stages: brown, yellow and black), with four replications of 25 disseminules (seed with stucked endocarp) each. The disseminules had their mesocarp and exocarp were removed and shade dried. Their moisture content was determined, and then they were placed in plastic boxes (gerbox type) containing vermiculite. The disseminules, with the germinative intumescence, were daily noted until germination was steady. The germination rate and the germination speed index were calculated, and the data were submitted to the variance analysis. The means were compared by the Tukey test. It was concluded that the highest germination rate (99.7%) and germination speed were obtained by seeds from mature (black) fruits at the temperature of 35 degrees C.

Germination of Roystonea borinquena OF Cook (Arecaceae) Seeds

This work aimed to study the effect of the temperature on the seed germination and to describe the morphology and germination process of disseminules (seeds with stucked endocarp) of R. borinquena species. The fruits were harvested and had their pulp (exocarp and mesocarp) removed and the disseminules were shade dried. The experimental design was entirely randomized and six treatments were performed (temperature conditions: constant at 25, 30 and 35 degrees C; alternated at 25-35 and 20-30 degrees C; and room temperature) with four replications with 25 disseminules per plot, placed in plastic boxes (gerbox) containing vermiculite. The germination rate and germination speed index were calculated, and the data were submitted to the variance analysis, and the means compared by the Tukey test. For the morphological studies, the external and internal sides of the disseminules, the embryo and the representative germination stages were sketched. The samples were fixed in FAA (formalin - acetic acid - ethyl alcohol). It was concluded that the highest germination rate and faster germination were at the constant temperature of 35 degrees C and alternated of 25-35 degrees C. The seeds are albuminous, with a hard endosperm that takes almost the entire interior of the disseminules; the embryo is lateral, peripheral and poorly differentiated; the germination is adjacent.

The Palm Collection of UNESP/FCAV - Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

The palm collection of UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was created in 1966 with the aim to keep different palm species for research purposes and conservation of native species, especially those threatened. Native and exotic species comprise the collection, which is held at the institution, where several studies with different species and in different areas are undertaken. Nevertheless, palm seeds and seedlings are also distributed to other research centers. The botanical review of the collection began in 2003 and there are, currently, 143 species or hybrids, in a total of 331 specimens. Considering the most ancient species, the immediate identification of many of them was possible; however, for others, such as the Attalea, Orbignya, Syagrus and Scheelea genera, future morphological studies is required, like the karyotype one or using molecular markers. Many species have been introduced and many seeds have been currently investigated regarding their germination process for future inclusion in the collection. Some of the palms do not bloom; others, however, bloom, but do not bear fruits; and others bear fruits, but their seeds do not germinate. They are either young plants, fruits which are constantly attacked by insects, like the Syagrus species and hybrids, or dioecious plants.

Belvosia sp (diptera: tachinidae) parasitizing halysidota sp (lepidoptera: arctiidae) caterpillars on ficus benjamina (moraceae) in Brazil

Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) is an exotic ornamental plant in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify a defoliator and its parasitoid on F. benjamina plants in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil and to determine the number of pupae and the emergence of lepidopteran and a dipteran. Four Halysidota sp. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) groups, with 158, 144, 137 and 129 last-instar caterpillars aggregated on the trunks of 4 F. benjamina trees. These caterpillars were collected, held in plastic containers with ficus leaves until development and emergence were completed. Adults of 1 undescribed lepidopteran species (Halysidota) and 1 dipteran species [Belvosia (Tachinidae)] emerged from the Halysidota pupae. An average of 118 viable Halysidota pupae per group were formed, and an average of 62.5 Belvosia individuals emerged from these host pupae per Halysidota group. From a grand total of 472 Halysidota pupae only one adult emerged. Halysidota sp. damaged F. benjamina plants in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, but this defoliator was parasitized by Belvosia sp. The findings reported here indicate that Belvosia sp. appears to have the potential to reduce populations of Halysidota sp. and possibly protect F. benjamina in ornamental plantings.

Germination of Phoenix roebelenii Seeds

The Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien is one of the most used plants in the Brazilian landscape. The work aimed to study the effect of different fruit harvesting locations, associated with seven temperature conditions, on the germination of P. roebelenii seeds. The fruits were collected from two different locations: Ilha Solteira, western Sao Paulo State and Jaboticabal in the middle East of the same State. The disseminules (seeds with stucked endocarp) were placed in plastic boxes (gerbox), and the experimental design was entirely randomized in a factorial scheme of 7x2 (seven temperatures conditions: room temperature, constant at 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C and alternated at 20-30 and 25-35 degrees C; and two fruit harvesting locations: Ilha Solteira and Jaboticabal, with four replications with 25 seeds each. The disseminules that emitted the germinative intumescence were daily noted until the germinative process got steady, in about 90 days. The germination rate (G%), the germination speed index (GSI), and the means were extracted and compared by the Tukey test. The highest values of germination rate were obtained at 30, 25-35 degrees C and room temperatures. The seeds showed a higher GSI at room temperature. The fruit harvesting locations influenced the germination.

Juvenile development of Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 ( Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) under laboratory conditions

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Adventitious shoot induction from leaf segments in Anthurium andreanum is affected by age of explant, leaf orientation and plant growth regulator

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)