Effect of wavelength of sensitizing light on holographic storage properties in LiNbO3 : Fe : Ni crystal

By sensitizing with 514 nm green light, 488 nm blue light and 390 nm ultraviolet light, respectively, recording with 633 nm red light, effect of wavelength of sensitizing light on holographic storage properties in LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystal is investigated in detail. It is shown that by shortening the wavelength of sensitizing light gradually, nonvolatile holographic recording properties of oxidized LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystal is optimized gradually, 390 nm ultraviolet light is the best as the sensitizing light. Considering the absorption of sensitizing light, to obtain the best performance in two-center holographic recording we must choose a sensitizing wavelength that is long enough to prevent unwanted absorptions (band-to-band, etc.) and short enough to result in efficient sensitization from the deep traps. So in practice a trade-off is always needed. Explanation is presented theoretically. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Optimal recording wavelength for nonvolatile photorefractive holograms in Ce : Cu : LiNbO

Three wavelengths of red, green and blue of recording beams are systemically tested for the UV-assistant recording and optical fixing of holograms in a strongly oxidized Ce:Cu:LiNbO3 crystal. Three different photorefractive phenomena are observed. It is shown that the green beams will optimally generate a critical strong nonvolatile hologram with quick sensitivity and the optimal switching technique could be jointly used to obtain a nearly 100% high diffraction. Theoretical verification is given, and a prescription on the doping densities and on the oxidation/reduction states of the material to match a defined recording wavelength for high diffraction is suggested.

Melatonina, isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases e estresse oxidante em pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

O oxigênio é fundamental para os vertebrados. No entanto, variações dos níveis de oxigênio na água podem provocar estresse oxidante em peixes porque privação de oxigênio seguida de reoxigenação forma espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) em células. Níveis intracelulares de ERO aumentados favorecem que moléculas de proteínas, fosfolipídios e ácidos nucleicos sofram alterações, vindo a prejudicar muitas funções celulares. No Pantanal, habitat do pacu, o nível de oxigênio varia circadianamente na água das lagoas rasas que acabam isoladas dos rios na seca. O pacu evoluiu sob a pressão contínua da exposição aos efeitos prejudiciais das ERO causados pelos pulsos de inundação. A melatonina, uma indolamina produzida na glândula pineal, influencia os níveis de atividade de enzimas antioxidantes que reduzem ERO, além de ser capaz de doar elétrons ou captar radicais livres de forma não enzimática. Os níveis de melatonina no pacu são mais altos no verão e menores no inverno. Isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases que conjugam o tripetídeo glutationa com o 4-hidroxinonenal, aldeído derivado da peroxidação de ácidos graxos por ERO, são importantes para evitar alteração funcional de proteínas por ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal à sua estrutura. Neste trabalho procuramos relação entre estresse oxidante, níveis de atividades de glutationa S-transferase e melatonina, para estabelecer se a melatonina ajudaria pacus a superar os efeitos deletérios das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Ensaiamos atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases no citosol de fígado de pacus mantidos em normoxia, hipoxia, reoxigenação e hiperoxia no inverno e no verão. Medimos o efeito da melatonina in vitro e in vivo sobre as atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. Medimos os efeitos do estresse oxidante sobre a ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas nos fígados de pacus tratados com melatonina. Somente as isoenzimas que conjugam 4-hidroxinonenal com glutationa mostraram menor atividade no inverno em relação ao verão; outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases não alteram suas atividades sazonalmente. In vitro a melatonina não alterou a atividade de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal, mas inibiu outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. In vivo a melatonina aumentou a atividade encontrada no inverno das isoenzimas que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal para os níveis do verão. A ligação de 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas foi menor em pacus inoculados com melatonina. Nossos resultados mostram que a melatonina pode influenciar os efeitos de ERO em fígado de pacus. Ficou claro que a melatonina do plasma mantém os níveis de atividade conjugadora de 4-hidroxinonenal do fígado em pacus e que a baixa produção de melatonina no inverno não é adequada para a conjugação do 4-hidroxinonenal em fígado de pacus.

Spin wave resonance in ferromagnetic films

The objective of this investigation has been a theoretical and experimental understanding of ferromagnetic resonance phenomena in ferromagnetic thin films, and a consequent understanding of several important physical properties of these films. Significant results have been obtained by ferromagnetic resonance, hysteresis, torque magnetometer, He ion backscattering, and X-ray fluorescence measurements for nickel-iron alloy films.

Taking into account all relevant magnetic fields, including the applied, demagnetizing, effective anisotropy and exchange fields, the spin wave resonance condition applicable to the thin film geometry is presented. On the basis of the simple exchange interaction model it is concluded that the normal resonance modes of an ideal film are expected to be unpinned. The possibility of nonideality near the surface of a real film was considered by means of surface anisotropy field, inhomogeneity in demagnetizing field and inhomogeneity of magnetization models. Numerical results obtained for reasonable parameters in all cases show that they negligibly perturb the resonance fields and the higher order mode shapes from those of the unpinned modes of ideal films for thicknesses greater than 1000 Å. On the other hand for films thinner than 1000 Å the resonance field deviations can be significant even though the modes are very nearly unpinned. A previously unnoticed but important feature of all three models is that the interpretation of the first resonance mode as the uniform mode of an ideal film allows an accurate measurement of the average effective demagnetizing field over the film volume. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that it is possible to choose parameters which give indistinguishable predictions for all three models, making it difficult to uniquely ascertain the source of spin pinning in real films from resonance measurements alone.

Spin wave resonance measurements of 81% Ni-19% Fe coevaporated films 30 to 9000 Å thick, at frequencies from 1 to 8 GHz, at room temperature, and with the static magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the film plane have been performed. A self-consistent analysis of the results for films thicker than 1000 Å, in which multiple excitations can be observed, shows for the first time that a unique value of exchange constant A can only be obtained by the use of unpinned mode assignments. This evidence and the resonance behavior of films thinner than 1000 Å strongly imply that the magnetization at the surfaces of permalloy films is very weakly pinned. However, resonance measurements alone cannot determine whether this pinning is due to a surface anisotropy, an inhomogeneous demagnetizing field or an inhomogeneous magnetization. The above analysis yields a value of 4πM=10,100 Oe and A = (1.03 ± .05) x 10^-6 erg/cm for this alloy. The ability to obtain a unique value of A suggests that spin wave resonance can be used to accurately characterize the exchange interaction in a ferromagnet.

In an effort to resolve the ambiguity of the source of pinning of the magnetization, a correlation of the ratio of magnetic moment and X-ray film thickness with the value of effective demagnetizing field 4πNM as determined from resonance, for films 45 to 300 Å has been performed. The remarkable agreement of both quantities and a comparison with the predictions of five distinct models, strongly imply that the thickness dependence of both quantities is related to a thickness dependent average saturation magnetization, which is far below 10,100 Oe for very thin films. However, a series of complementary experiments shows that this large decrease of average saturation magnetization cannot be simply explained by either oxidation or interdiffusion processes. It can only be satisfactorily explained by an intrinsic decrease of the average saturation magnetization for very thin films, an effect which cannot be justified by any simple physical considerations.

Recognizing that this decrease of average saturation magnetization could be due to an oxidation process, a correlation of resonance measurements, He ion backscattering, X-ray fluorescence and torque magnetometer measurements, for films 40 to 3500 Å thick has been performed. On basis of these measurements it is unambiguously established that the oxide layer on the surface of purposefully oxidized 81% Ni-19% Fe evaporated films is predominantly Fe-oxide, and that in the oxidation process Fe atoms are removed from the bulk of the film to depths of thousands of angstroms. Extrapolation of results for pure Fe films indicates that the oxide is most likely α-Fe₂O₃. These conclusions are in agreement with results from old metallurgical studies of high temperature oxidation of bulk Fe and Ni-Fe alloys. However, X-ray fluorescence results for films oxidized at room temperature, show that although the preferential oxidation of Fe also takes place in these films, the extent of this process is by far too small to explain the large variation of their average saturation magnetization with film thickness.

The E2F2 Transcription Factor Sustains Hepatic Glycerophospholipid Homeostasis in Mice

Increasing evidence links metabolic signals to cell proliferation, but the molecular wiring that connects the two core machineries remains largely unknown. E2Fs are master regulators of cellular proliferation. We have recently shown that E2F2 activity facilitates the completion of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) by regulating the expression of genes required for S-phase entry. Our study also revealed that E2F2 determines the duration of hepatectomy-induced hepatic steatosis. A transcriptomic analysis of normal adult liver identified "lipid metabolism regulation" as a major E2F2 functional target, suggesting that E2F2 has a role in lipid homeostasis. Here we use wild-type (E2F2(+/+)) and E2F2 deficient (E2F2(-/-)) mice to investigate the in vivo role of E2F2 in the composition of liver lipids and fatty acids in two metabolically different contexts: quiescence and 48-h post-PH, when cellular proliferation and anabolic demands are maximal. We show that liver regeneration is accompanied by large triglyceride and protein increases without changes in total phospholipids both in E2F2(+/+) and E2F2(-/-) mice. Remarkably, we found that the phenotype of quiescent liver tissue from E2F2(-/-) mice resembles the phenotype of proliferating E2F2(+/+) liver tissue, characterized by a decreased phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and a reprogramming of genes involved in generation of choline and ethanolamine derivatives. The diversity of fatty acids in total lipid, triglycerides and phospholipids was essentially preserved on E2F2 loss both in proliferating and non-proliferating liver tissue, although notable exceptions in inflammation-related fatty acids of defined phospholipid classes were detected. Overall, our results indicate that E2F2 activity sustains the hepatic homeostasis of major membrane glycerolipid components while it is dispensable for storage glycerolipid balance.

Cultura de tecidos, análise fitoquímica e avaliação da atividade biológica de Arachis villosulicarpa Hoehne

O amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea) possui várias substâncias com capacidade antioxidante que apresentam efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana. Entretanto, a produção dessas substâncias ainda não foi observada em outras espécies do gênero. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de sistemas de cultura in vitro para Arachis villosulicarpa, visando o desenvolvimento de alternativas para a produção metabólitos especiais. Segmentos nodais, internodais e foliares foram excisados de plantas in vitro e inoculados em meio MS suplementado com BAP, ANA, PIC ou 2,4-D. Os explantes apresentaram respostas distintas de acordo com o regulador de crescimento utilizado. Na presença de PIC, foi observada a formação de calos friáveis levemente oxidados em todos os explantes. Por outro lado, quando cultivados na presença de BAP ou 2,4-D, os explantes apresentaram a formação de calos compactos, com formação de brotos em diferentes taxas. Na presença de ANA, segmentos nodais e internodais não apresentaram resposta, enquanto que segmentos foliares apresentaram a formação de raízes adventícias em todas as concentrações testadas. Neste trabalho foi realizado uma avaliação comparativa da produção de metabólitos especiais e da atividade biológica em extratos de calos oriundos de folíolos inoculados em BAP 8,8 M, plantas in vitro e plantas ex vitro . Nas análises por meio do HPTLC e do HPLC foi possível demonstrar a diferença na produção de algumas substâncias e indicar a presença de flavonóides e polifenóis nos materiais analisados. Além disso, a partir das atividades biológicas foi possível identificar tanto a atividade antioxidante quanto a não mutagênica dos extratos. Dessa forma, estudos visando à detecção de metabólitos especiais em A. villosulicarpa podem expandir o conhecimento sobre as possibilidades de utilização de espécies do gênero Arachis.

Defects in U3+: CaF2 single crystals grown under different conditions by the temperature gradient technique

Defects in as-grown U3+ : CaF2 crystals grown with or without PbF2 as an oxygen scavenger were studied using Raman spectra, thermoluminescence glow curves, and additional absorption (AA) spectra induced by heating and gamma-irradiation. The effects of heating and irradiation on as-grown U3+: CaF2 crystals are similar, accompanied by the elimination of H-type centers and production of F-type centers. U3+ is demonstrated to act as an electron donor in the CaF2 lattice, which is oxidized to the tetravalent form by thermal activation or gamma-irradiation. In the absence of PbF(2)as an oxygen scavenger, the as-grown U3+:CaF2 crystals contain many more lattice defects in terms of both quantity and type, due to the presence of O2- impurities. Some of these defects can recombine with each other in the process of heating and gamma-irradiation. (c) 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Estudos dos efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios da própolis sobre as células RAW 264.7 e na resposta inflamatória pulmonar aguda causada pela exposição à fumaça de cigarro em camundongos

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) causa a redução da capacidade respiratória e seu desenvolvimento é associado à fumaça de cigarro. O cigarro possui mais de 4800 substâncias tóxicas e causa a morte de seis milhões de pessoas por ano no mundo. Estudos buscam meios de reverter os males causados pela fumaça de cigarro. A própolis (P) é um produto produzido por abelhas que possui várias propriedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes da P em macrófagos murinos e na inflamação pulmonar aguda induzida pela fumaça de cigarro (CS) em camundongos. A análise dos compostos fitoquímicos do extrato alcóolico da P (EAP) foi feita por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Células da linhagem RAW 264.7 foram tratadas em diversas concentrações de P durante 24 horas. Após tratamento, as seguintes análises foram realizadas: polifenóis totais; viabilidade celular (MTT); potencial redutor (DPPH); espécies reativas de oxigênio totais (ROS) e de malondialdeído (MDA). Trinta camundongos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=10/grupo): Controle+P, CS e CS+P. Ambos os grupos CS foram expostos a 6 cigarros/dia durante 5 dias. O grupo CS foi tratado com veículo. O pulmão e o lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) foram coletados para análise histológica e contagem diferencial de células. As análises para mieloperoxidase (MPO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG), MDA, nitrito e western blotting para TNF-alfa foram realizadas. A análise fitoquímica do EAP mostrou a presença dos ácidos hidrocinâmicos e coumárico, a artepilina C e a drupanina. Foi observado o aumento concentração-dependente dos níveis de polifenóis totais (p<0,001), do MTT (p<0,001) e do DPPH (p<0,001), e o inverso com o MDA (p<0,001). Os níveis de ROS diminuem nas concentrações de 15,6 e 31,2 mg/mL (p<0,05, ambos). A histologia pulmonar do grupo Controle+P foi similar ao do CS+P e foi observado um influxo de macrófagos e neutrófilos no grupo CS (p<0,01 e p<0,001, respectivamente). Os níveis de MPO foram aumentados no grupo CS (526,534,72 mU/mg ptn, p<0,01), mas houve uma redução no grupo CS+P (385,127,64 mU/mg ptn, p<0,05) comparável ao Controle+P (13412,99 mU/mg ptn, p<0,001), o mesmo aconteceu com as enzimas antioxidantes: SOD (Controle+P: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn; CS: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 246,815,69 U/mg ptn, p<0,001); CAT (Controle+P: 37,383,39 U/mg ptn; CS: 92,686,24 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 59,844,55 U/mg ptn, p<0,05); GPx (Controle+P: 2,230,17 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1; CS: 4,510,31 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,001; CS+P: 2,640,19 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,05). O inverso ocorreu com a relação GSH/GSSG (Controle+P: 1,0880,17; CS: 0,7360,07, p<0,05; CS+P: 1,2580,10, p<0,05). Os níveis de MDA (Controle+P: 0,2660,05 nMol/mg ptn; CS: 0,940,076 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 0,4980,06 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) e de nitrito (Controle+P: 50,014,19 Mol/mg ptn; CS: 108,77,73 Mol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 58,843,42 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) estavam aumentados no CS que em outros grupos. A expressão de TNF-α foi observada no grupo CS. O tratamento da P apresentou ação anti-inflamatória e antioxidante em macrófagos e em camundongos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, possivelmente pela ação dos polifenóis presentes nela

Influência do chá verde sobre a reatividade vascular em mulheres obesas

O Chá Verde, derivado das folhas da planta Camellia sinensis, rico em flavonóides, cuja maior concentração é de Epigalocatequina gallato (EGCG), possui efeito termogênico, além de promover a oxidação da gordura corporal, tendo potencial interesse para o tratamento da obesidade, que atinge prevalência alarmante em diversos países no mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos e investigação da função endotelial em mulheres com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre 30kg/m2 e 40kg/m2, na faixa de 30 e 50 anos, antes e após 03 meses de consumo de chá verde (600mL/dia, equivalente a 114,42mg de EGCG). Todas as 60 pacientes voluntárias foram submetidas à análise das medidas antropométricas (Peso, Altura, Índice de Massa Corporal, Circunferência de Cintura, Circunferência de Quadril, Relação Cintura-Quadril, Pressão Arterial, à análise da bioquímica de rotina (Glicemia e Insulina de jejum, Triglicerídeos, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, LDL-Colesterol, Teste Oral de Tolerância à Glicose, Hemograma Completo, Proteína C-Reativa), à análise da bioquímica específica para estresse oxidativo e inflamação (Interleucinas 1 e 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa, LDL-Oxidado, VCAM Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule, ICAM Intercellular Adhesion Molecule, e E-Selectina) e à Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa (variação de fluxo médio máximo durante a Hiperemia Reativa/Fluxo Basal 1 (VQ Hiper) e fluxo após administração de 0,4mg de Nitroglicerina Sublingual/Fluxo Basal 2 (VQ Nitro)). Após os 3 meses (3M) de tratamento houve redução no peso corporal (86,35[83,00-94,25] vs 3M = 86,00[81,50-92,00] Kg, P < 0,05); no IMC (34,02[32,05-35,62] vs 3M = 33,13[32,28-35,05] kg/m2, P < 0,05); na circunferência de cintura (99[93-107] vs 3M = 98[91-105]cm, P < 0,001); na circunferência de quadril (115[110-119] vs 3M = 114[110-117] cm, P < 0,001); na relação cintura-quadril (0,89[0,84-0,93] vs 3M = 0,88[0,83-0,93], P < 0,001); e, na pressão arterial diastólica (75[73-82] vs 3M = 69[67-72] mmHg, P < 0,001); e, melhora significativa no fluxo sanguíneo da VQ Hiper (4,57[3,54-5,01] vs 3M = 5,83[4,46-6,56], P < 0,001); e da VQ Nitro (1,26[1,13-1,38] vs 3M = 1,41[1,25-1,50], P < 0,001). Com o uso do chá verde, 600mL/dia, contendo 114,42mg de EGCG, durante 3 meses observamos a redução de 3% no IMC e a redução da circunferência de cintura e de circunferência de quadril em 1cm; a não modificação do padrão bioquímico, incluindo os marcadores de inflamação e de estresse oxidativo; e, o aumento das vasodilatações endotélio-dependente e endotélio-independente, visualizadas por Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa Não-Invasiva.

Ni-silicide growth kinetics in Si and Si/SiO2 core/shell nanowires.

A systematic study of the kinetics of axial Ni silicidation of as-grown and oxidized Si nanowires (SiNWs) with different crystallographic orientations and core diameters ranging from ∼ 10 to 100 nm is presented. For temperatures between 300 and 440 °C the length of the total axial silicide intrusion varies with the square root of time, which provides clear evidence that the rate limiting step is diffusion of Ni through the growing silicide phase(s). A retardation of Ni-silicide formation for oxidized SiNWs is found, indicative of a stress induced lowering of the diffusion coefficients. Extrapolated growth constants indicate that the Ni flux through the silicided NW is dominated by surface diffusion, which is consistent with an inverse square root dependence of the silicide length on the NW diameter as observed for (111) orientated SiNWs. In situ TEM silicidation experiments show that NiSi(2) is the first forming phase for as-grown and oxidized SiNWs. The silicide-SiNW interface is thereby atomically abrupt and typically planar. Ni-rich silicide phases subsequently nucleate close to the Ni reservoir, which for as-grown SiNWs can lead to a complete channel break-off for prolonged silicidation due to significant volume expansion and morphological changes.

内蒙古多伦草原土壤微生物多样性对全球变化的响应

气候变暖和氮沉降是全球变化现象中最为重要和广为关注的两个方面，它们给陆地生态系统带来了深刻的影响。目前，已有众多研究就二者对地上植被的影响展开了大量工作;而作为陆地生态系统的另一重要生命组分，土壤微生物群落对二者的响应与适应机制还不明了，还需要相关工作的不断补充和完善。本文正是在温带典型草原通过设置增温、施氮等模拟控制实验，探讨增温、施氮及其交互效应对草原生态系统土壤微生物群落多样性和功能多样性的影响，使我们对该地区土壤微生物群落的响应与适应有了一个初步的了解，有助于全面分析和评估气候变化对温带典型草原生态系统的影响。 目前，全球变暖表现出时间上的不均衡性，即夜间增温的幅度要大于白天增温的幅度，而且这种现象在欧亚大陆尤为普遍。这种气候变暖的不均衡性是否会给草原生态系统土壤微生物群落带来显著的影响是我们所关注的问题之一。在第二章中，于多伦典型草原设置了对照、白天增温、夜间增温和全天增温处理，处理时间起始于2006 年5 月，并通过磷脂脂肪酸和BIOLOG 分析方法分别对土壤微生物的群落多样性和碳源利用能力（即功能多样性）进行分析。结果表明，不同增温处理对土壤微生物群落组成的影响均不显著，而夜间增温对土壤细菌群落的碳源利用能力具有显著的促进作用。这说明土壤微生物群落结构对短期增温处理的响应要滞后于功能的响应，而功能上的响应又首先出现在细菌群落，并且这种响应表现为白天增温和夜间增温的非加和效应。 气候变暖往往与降雨的变化相伴而生，而水分又是半干旱典型草原重要限制因子，因此探讨降雨的变化对土壤微生物的影响有助于更深入的了解土壤微生物对气候变暖的响应。在第三章中，分别设置了对照、增温、夏季增雨及增温×夏季增雨处理，处理时间起始于2005 年4 月，并同样分析了土壤微生物的群落组成和功能多样性。结果表明，增温和夏季增雨对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响具有明显的一致性，二者均降低了革兰氏阴性菌的相对含量，并且促进了细菌群落的碳源利用能力。增温和增雨在影响细菌群落结构（即，革兰氏阴性菌与阳性菌之比）上具有一定程度的交互效应。 陆地生态系统生产力普遍受到土壤氮素的限制，由于人类活动的干扰，尤其是农业生产和化石燃料燃烧，使土壤氮素含量增加，改变土壤理化环境和地上植物群落，这将直接或间接地影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能。就已有的研究结果来看施氮究竟如何影响土壤微生物群落尚无定论。第四章主要是针对相关研究结果上的分歧，在2003 年设置的0-64 g N m-2 yr-1 的指数施氮梯度实验上进行土壤理化因子、微生物量、净氮矿化和微生物碳源利用能力的分析。结果表明，土壤微生物群落对施氮的响应存在一个介于16 和32 g N m-2y-1 最优施氮量，即低于最优施氮量施氮处理表现为对土壤微生物的促进作用，而过高的施氮量则表现为抑制作用。这一结果说明施氮量是影响土壤微生物对施氮处理做出响应的重要方面之一，有助于解释目前相关研究中出现的结果分歧。 第五章的研究则是考虑了地形和火烧这两个草原生态系统普遍存在的干扰因素，比较分析二者与施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。实验设置在多伦典型草原一个坡度为15﹪的南向阳坡，坡上坡下分别设置对照、施氮和火烧处理，处理的起始时间为2005 年4 月。结果表明，土壤微生物群落结构存在地形上的显著差异，表现为坡下以细菌类群占优势，而坡上真菌类群的相对优势较大;火烧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响显著，并表现出明显的地形上的差异，即坡下微生物对火烧的响应敏感性要高于坡上;而短期的施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响不显著。第六章的研究主要是针对增温、施氮和增温×施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响，处理时间起始于2006 年5 月。结果表明，土壤微生物群落结构和功能年际变化显著;增温和施氮对土壤微生物的影响均不显著，但增温复合施氮处理中的土壤微生物群落结构表现出一定的响应趋势。

Studies on fish lipids. Pt. 2. Fatty acid composition of lipids of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps)

Gas-liquid chromatography has been employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the component fatty acids in lipids of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps). Phospholipids and triglycerides of the lipids were previously separated by column chromatography before they were converted into the methyl esters of the fatty acids. The predominant acids present in the depot fat of the fish have been found to be C14:0=8.13%, C16:0=27.9%, C18:0=3.8%, C18:1=15.4%., C20:5=10.6% and C22:6=8.8%. Apart from the above acids the distribution of minor acids belonging to Cl8, C20 and C22 groups have also been worked out. The separated phospholipid fraction contained more than 70% polyunsaturated acids of which the important constituents were docosahexaenoic (C22:6=28%) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5=10.6%). A marked reduction was found in the amounts of polyunsaturated acids in triglycerides, their total amount registering about 20%. This fraction recorded about 48% of C16 acids of which palmitic and palmitoleic acids amounted to 25.8% and 19.1% respectively. Occurrence of odd numbered fatty acids C15 and C17 has also been noted in the phospholipid and composite samples of the fish.

Changes in lipids of mussel during storage

Proximate composition, lipid and fatty acid components of dried mussel and changes in lipids during 1 year storage were studied. Male mussel contained lower fat contents and higher contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids of C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3. High percentages of Cl6:1, Cl7:1, Cl8:3n-3, C20:3n-8 existed in NL and C!6:0, C18:0, Cl8:1n-9, C20:2n-6, C20:5n- 3, C22:6n-3 were very rich in PL. Triglycerides phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol were major components of mussel lipids. Free fatty acids (FFA) increased greatly and phospholipids decreased during storage, saturated fatty acids showed an increase trend and polyunsaturated fatty adds decreased differently. Dried mussels were vacuum packed and air packed and packaging methods had a great influence on the oxidation of mussellip,ids, indicating preference of vacuum packaging.

Comparative study on the toxin production and profiles Raphidophytes at different salinities

PLEASE ALSO CHECK THE FULL TEXT ABSTRACT. Toxin production and toxin profiles of four Raphidophytes grown under different salinities were compared to investigate the influence of salinity on cellular content of neurotoxin. In Chatonella andqua CaTx-1, CaTx-11, and CaTx-111 peaked at 25 pplt with yields of 0.99, 0.42, and 2.90 pg/ceU, but the highest yields (2.35 pg/cell) of CaTx-IV was attained at 30 ppt. On the other hand, Chatonella marina yielded higher proportions of CmTx-1 (0.55 pg/ceH) and CmTx-111 (2.50 pg/cell) at 25 ppt. However, CmTx-IV was present in its highest amount (1.65 pg/cell) at 30 ppt, as seen in C anriqua. A smaH amount of CmTx-11 was also detected at 20-35 ppt. The toxin compositions indicate that H. akashiwo is more sensitive to higher salinities than the other three raphidophytes. Substantial compositional change was observed in case of H. akashiwo. HaTx-11 (corresponding to PbTx-9) was detected only as a trace at 20 and 25 ppt. Toxin HaTx-IV (corresponding to oxidized PbTx-2) was most dominant and peaked at 20 ppt with a yield of 0.3 pg/cell. Considerable amounts of HaTx-1 and III (corresponding to PbTx-2 and 3) were also detected. At higher salinities of above 25 ppt HaTx-11 was not detected. F. japonica gave highest yields of FjTx-11 (PbTx-2) and FjTx-IV (Oxidized PbTx-2) at 20 ppt with yields of 0.95, 1.54 pg/cell while the production of toxic profiles FjTx-1 (PbTx- 1) and FjTx-111 (PbTx-3) peaked at 25 ppt with yields of 0.99, 2.54 pg/ceU. A sharp decrease in all toxins profiles (CaTx, CmTx, HaTX and FjTx) was found at salinities of above 30 ppt.

Studies on radiation pasteurisation of medium fatty fish 2. Precursors of yellow discolouration in irradiated white pomfret (Stromateus cinereus)

Triglycerides, phospholipids and sarcoplasmic proteins fractions of white pomfret produced considerable amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBRS) on irradiation. Incubation of malonaldehyde with pomfret skin under aseptic conditions developed yellow pigmentation of the skin tissues, similar in spectral characteristics to those produced on irradiation of the skin.