Organic compounds from plant extracts and their effect on soil phosphorus availability

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic compounds from plant extracts of six species and phosphate fertilization on soil phosphorus availability. Pots of 30 cm height and 5 cm diameter were filled with Typic Hapludox. Each pot constituted a plot of a completely randomized design, in a 7x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Aqueous extracts of black oat (Avena strigosa), radish (Raphanus sativus), corn (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and water, as control, were added in each plot, with or without soluble phosphate fertilization. After seven days of incubation, soil samples were taken from soil layers at various depths, and labile, moderately labile and nonlabile P fractions in the soil were analysed. Plant extracts led to an accumulation of inorganic phosphorus in labile and moderately labile fractions, mainly in the soil surface layer (0-5 cm). Radish, with a higher amount of malic acid and higher P content than other species, was the most efficient in increasing soil P availability.

Organic geochemistry of Jurassic-Cretaceous source rocks and oil seeps from the profile across the Adriatic-Dinaric carbonate platform

Organic geochemical and stable isotope investigations were performed to provide an insight into the depositional environments, origin and maturity of the organic matter in Jurassic and Cretaceous formations of the External Dinarides. A correlation is made among various parameters acquired from Rock-Eval, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data and isotope analysis of carbonates and kerogen. Three groups of samples were analysed. The first group includes source rocks derived from Lower Jurassic limestone and Upper Jurassic ``Leme'' beds, the second from Upper Cretaceous carbonates, while the third group comprises oil seeps genetically connected with Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of all the carbonates display marine isotopic composition. Rock-Eval data and maturity parameter values derived from biomarkers define the organic matter of the Upper Cretaceous carbonates as Type I-S and Type II-S kerogen at the low stage of maturity up to entering the oil-generating window. Lower and Upper Jurassic source rocks contain early mature Type III mixed with Type IV organic matter. All Jurassic and Cretaceous potential source rock extracts show similarity in triterpane and sterane distribution. The hopane and sterane distribution pattern of the studied oil seeps correspond to those from Cretaceous source rocks. The difference between Cretaceous oil seeps and potential source rock extracts was found in the intensity and distribution of n-alkanes, as well as in the abundance of asphaltenes which is connected to their biodegradation stage. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous potential source rock samples a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons with their alkyl derivatives were indicated, whereas in the oil seep samples extracts only asphaltenes were observed.

Earthworm communities in organic and conventional coffee cultivation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic and conventional coffee crops on biomass, population density and diversity of earthworms, in Lerroville, district of Londrina County, Paraná state, Brazil. Earthworm communities were sampled in three areas with organic coffee cultivation (CO1, CO2 and CO3), two with conventional coffee (CC1 and CC2), and a native forest fragment (MT). The soil of the areas CO1, CC1, and MT was classified as Nitossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Kandiudox), while CO2, CO3, and CC2 were on Latossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Hapludox). Eight samples were taken in each area on two occasions, winter and summer, using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The earthworms were handsorted and preserved in 4% formaldehyde, and were later weighed, counted and identified. The highest earthworm biomass, both in winter and summer, occurred in the CO3 area. For population density, the higher numbers of individuals were found in CO1 and CO3. The highest number of species was identified in the organic cultivation. The adoption of organic practices in coffee cultivation favored the diversity, density and biomass of earthworm communities.

Characterization of GLUT8 and GLUT9, two novel glucose transporter isoforms

Summary Prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide at alarming rates, probably secondarily to that of obesity. As type 2 diabetes is characterized by blood hyperglycemia, controlling glucose entry into tissues from the bloodstream is key to maintain glycemia within acceptable ranges. In this context, several glucose transporter isoforms have been cloned recently and some of them have appeared to play important regulatory roles. Better characterizing two of them (GLUT8 and GLUT9) was the purpose of my work. The first part of my work was focused on GLUT8, which is mainly expressed in the brain and is able to transport glucose with high affinity. GLUT8 is retained intracellularly at basal state depending on an N-terminal dileucine motif, thus implying that cell surface expression may be induced by extracellular triggers. In this regard, I was interested in better defining GLUT8 subcellular localization at basal state and in finding signals promoting its translocation, using an adenoviral vector expressing a myc epitope-tagged version of the transporter, thus allowing expression and detection of cell-surface GLUT8 in primary hippocampal neurons and PC 12 cells. This tool enabled me to found out that GLUT8 resides in a unique compartment different from lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes and the Golgi. In addition, absence of GLUT8 translocation following pharmacological activation of several signalling pathways suggests that GLUT8 does not ever translocate to the cell surface, but would rather fulfill its role in its unique intracellular compartment. The second part of my work was focused on GLUT9, which -contrarily to GLUT8 - is unable to transport glucose, but retains the ability to bind glucose-derived cross-linker molecules, thereby suggesting that it may be a glucose sensor rather than a true glucose transporter. The aim of the project was thus to define if GLUT9 triggers intracellular signals when activated. Therefore, adenoviral vectors expressing GLUTS were used to infect both ßpancreatic and liver-derived cell lines, as GLUTS is endogenously expressed in the liver. Comparison of gene expression between cells infected with the GLUTS-expressing adenovirus and cells infected with a GFP-expressing control adenovirus ended up in the identification of the transcription factor HNF4α as being upregulated in aGLUT9-dependent manner. Résumé La prévalence du diabète de type 2 augmente de façon alarmante dans le monde entier, probablement secondairement à celle de l'obésité. Le diabète de type 2 étant caractérisé par une glycémie sanguine élevée, l'entrée du glucose dans les tissus depuis la circulation sanguine constitue un point de contrôle important pour maintenir la glycémie à des valeurs acceptables. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs isoformes de transporteurs au glucose ont été clonées récemment et certaines d'entre elles sont apparues comme jouant d'importants rôles régulateurs. Mieux caractériser deux d'entre elles (GLUT8 et GLUT9) était le but de mon travail. La première partie de mon travail a été centrée sur GLUT8, qui est exprimé principalement dans le cerveau et qui peut transporter le glucose avec une haute affinité. GLUT8 est retenu intracellulairement à l'état basal de façon dépendante d'un motif dileucine N-terminal, ce qui implique que son expression à la surface cellulaire pourrait être induite par des stimuli extracellulaires. Dans cette optique, je me suis intéressé à mieux définir la localisation subcellulaire de GLUT8 à l'état basal et à trouver des signaux activant sa translocation, en utilisant comme outil un vecteur adénoviral exprimant une version marquée (tag myc) du transporteur, me permettant ainsi d'exprimer et de détecter GLUT8 à la surface cellulaire dans des neurones hippocampiques primaires et des cellules PC12. Cet outil m'a permis de montrer que GLUT8 réside dans un compartiment unique différent des lysosomes, du réticulum endoplasmique, des endosomes, ainsi que du Golgi. De plus, l'absence de translocation de GLUT8 à la suite de l'activation pharmacologique de plusieurs voies de signalisation suggère que GLUT8 ne transloque jamais à la membrane plasmique, mais jouerait plutôt un rôle au sein même de son compartiment intracellulaire unique. La seconde partie de mon travail a été centrée sur GLUT9, lequel -contrairement à GLUT8 -est incapable de transporter le glucose, mais conserve la capacité de se lier à des molécules dérivées du glucose, suggérant que ce pourrait être un senseur de glucose plutôt qu'un vrai transporteur. Le but du projet a donc été de définir si GLUT9 active des signaux intracellulaires quand il est lui-même activé. Pour ce faire, des vecteurs adénoviraux exprimant GLUT9 ont été utilisés pour infecter des lignées cellulaires dérivées de cellules ßpancréatiques et d'hépatocytes, GLUT9 étant exprimé de façon endogène dans le foie. La comparaison de l'expression des gènes entre des cellules infectées avec l'adénovirus exprimant GLUT9 et un adénovirus contrôle exprimant la GFP a permis d'identifier le facteur de transcription HNF4α comme étant régulé de façon GLUT9-dépendante. Résumé tout public Il existe deux types bien distincts de diabète. Le diabète de type 1 constitue environ 10 des cas de diabète et se déclare généralement à l'enfance. Il est caractérisé par une incapacité du pancréas à sécréter une hormone, l'insuline, qui régule la concentration sanguine du glucose (glycémie). Il en résulte une hyperglycémie sévère qui, si le patient n'est pas traité à l'insuline, conduit à de graves dommages à divers organes, ce qui peut mener à la cécité, à la perte des membres inférieurs, ainsi qu'à l'insuffisance rénale. Le diabète de type 2 se déclare plus tard dans la vie. Il n'est pas causé par une déficience en insuline, mais plutôt par une incapacité de l'insuline à agir sur ses tissus cibles. Le nombre de cas de diabète de type 2 augmente de façon dramatique, probablement à la suite de l'augmentation des cas d'obésité, le surpoids chronique étant le principal facteur de risque de diabète. Chez l'individu sain, le glucose sanguin est transporté dans différents organes (foie, muscles, tissu adipeux,...) où il est utilisé comme source d'énergie. Chez le patient diabétique, le captage de glucose est altéré, expliquant ainsi l'hyperglycémie. Il est ainsi crucial d'étudier les mécanismes permettant ce captage. Ainsi, des protéines permettant l'entrée de glucose dans la cellule depuis le milieu extracellulaire ont été découvertes depuis une vingtaine d'années. La plupart d'entre elles appartiennent à une sous-famille de protéines nommée GLUT (pour "GLUcose Transporters") dont cinq membres ont été caractérisés et nommés selon l'ordre de leur découverte (GLUT1-5). Néanmoins, la suppression de ces protéines chez la souris par des techniques moléculaires n'affecte pas totalement le captage de glucose, suggérant ainsi que des transporteurs de glucose encore inconnus pourraient exister. De telles protéines ont été isolées ces dernières années et nommées selon l'ordre de leur découverte (GLUT6-14). Durant mon travail de thèse, je me suis intéressé à deux d'entre elles, GLUT8 et GLUT9, qui ont été découvertes précédemment dans le laboratoire. GLUT8 est exprimé principalement dans le cerveau. La protéine n'est pas exprimée à la surface de la cellule, mais est retenue à l'intérieur. Des mécanismes complexes doivent donc exister pour déplacer le transporteur à la surface cellulaire, afin qu'il puisse permettre l'entrée du glucose dans la cellule. Mon travail a consisté d'une part à définir où se trouve le transporteur à l'intérieur de la cellule, et d'autre part à comprendre les mécanismes capables de déplacer GLUT8 vers la surface cellulaire, en utilisant des neurones exprimant une version marquée du transporteur, permettant ainsi sa détection par des méthodes biochimiques. Cela m'a permis de montrer que GLUT8 est localisé dans une partie de la cellule encore non décrite à ce jour et qu'il n'est jamais déplacé à la surface cellulaire, ce qui suggère que le transporteur doit jouer un rôle à l'intérieur de la cellule et non à sa surface. GLUT9 est exprimé dans le foie et dans les reins. Il ressemble beaucoup à GLUT8, mais ne transporte pas le glucose, ce qui suggère que ce pourrait être un récepteur au glucose plutôt qu'un transporteur à proprement parler. Le but de mon travail a été de tester cette hypothèse, en comparant des cellules du foie exprimant GLUT9 avec d'autres n'exprimant pas la protéine. Par des méthodes d'analyses moléculaires, j'ai pu montrer que la présence de GLUT9 dans les cellules du foie augmente l'expression de HNF4α, une protéine connue pour réguler la sécrétion d'insuline dans le pancréas ainsi que la production de glucose dans le foie. Des expériences complémentaires seront nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre par quels mécanismes GLUT9 influence l'expression de HNF4α dans le foie, ainsi que de définir l'importance de GLUT9 dans la régulation de la glycémie chez l'animal entier.

Potential of antimicrobial volatile organic compounds to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bean seeds

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of an artificial mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and in bean seeds. The phytopathogenic fungus was exposed, in polystyrene plates, to an artificial atmosphere containing a mixture of six VOCs formed by alcohols (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and phenylethyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate), in the proportions found in the atmosphere naturally produced by yeast. Bean seeds artificially contamined with the pathogen were fumigated with the mixture of VOCs in sealed glass flasks for four and seven days. In the in vitro assays, the compounds 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the most active against S. sclerotiorum, completely inhibiting its mycelial growth at 0.8 µL mL-1, followed by the ethyl acetate, at 1.2 µL mL-1. Bean seeds fumigated with the VOCs at 3.5 µL mL-1 showed a 75% reduction in S. sclerotiorum incidence after four days of fumigation. The VOCs produced by S. cerevisiae have potential to control the pathogen in stored seeds.

Nucleophile-Catalyzed Additions to Activated Triple Bonds. Protection of Lactams, Imides, and Nucleosides with MocVinyl and Related Groups

Additions of lactams, imides, (S)-4-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, 2-pyridone, pyrimidine-2,4-diones (AZT derivatives), or inosines to the electron-deficient triple bonds of methyl propynoate, tert-butyl propynoate, 3-butyn-2-one, N-propynoylmorpholine, or N-methoxy-N-methylpropynamide in the presence of many potential catalysts were examined. DABCO and, second, DMAP appeared to be the best (highest reaction rates and E/Z ratios), while RuCl3, RuClCp*(PPh3)2, AuCl, AuCl(PPh3), CuI, and Cu2(OTf)2 were incapable of catalyzing such additions. The groups incorporated (for example, the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl group that we name MocVinyl) serve as protecting groups for the above-mentioned heterocyclic CONH or CONHCO moieties. Deprotections were accomplished via exchange with good nucleophiles: the 1-dodecanethiolate anion turned out to be the most general and efficient reagent, but in some particular cases other nucleophiles also worked (e.g., MocVinyl-inosines can be cleaved with succinimide anion). Some structural and mechanistic details have been accounted for with the help of DFT and MP2 calculations.

Bioindicators of soil quality in coffee organic cultivation systems

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of different coffee organic cultivation systems on chemical and biological soil characteristics, in different seasons of the year. The following systems were evaluated: coffee intercropped with one (CJ1), two (CJ2) or three (CJ3) pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) alleys; coffee planted under full sun (CS); area planted with sweet pepper and snap bean in a conventional tillage system (AC); and secondary forest area (FFR). Row spacing in CJ1, CJ2, CJ3 and CS was 2.0x1.0, 2.8x1.0, 3.6x1.0, and 2.8x1.0 m, respectively. Soil samples were collected at 10-cm depth, during the four seasons of the year. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and redundancy analysis. There was an increase in edaphic macrofauna, soil basal respiration, and microbial quotient in the summer. Total macrofauna density was greater in CJ2 followed by CJ3, CS, CJ1, AC and FFR; Coleoptera, Formicidae, and Isoptera were the most abundant groups. There are no significant differences among the areas for soil basal respiration, and the metabolic quotient is higher in CJ1, CJ3, and FFR. Microbial biomass carbon and the contents of K, pH, Ca+Mg, and P show greater values in AC.

Seasonal dynamics and net production of disolved organic carbon in an oligotrophic coastal environment

To understand dissolved organic carbon (DOC) seasonal dynamics in a coastal oligotrophic site in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, we monitored DOC concentrations monthly over 3 yr, together with the meteorological data and the food-web-related biological processes involved in DOC dynamics. Additional DOC samples were taken in several inshore−offshore transects along the Catalan coast. We found DOC concentrations of ~60 µmol C l−1 in winter, with increasing values through the summer and autumn and reaching 100 to 120 µmol C l−1 in November. There was high inter-annual variability in this summer DOC accumulation, with values of 36, 69 and 13 µmol C l−1 for 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The analysis of the microbial food-web processes involved in the DOC balance did not reveal the causes of this accumulation, since the only occasion on which we observed net DOC production (0.3 ± 1 µmol C l−1 d−1 on average) was in 2007, and the negative DOC balance of 2006 and 2008 did not prevent DOC accumulating. The DOC accumulation episodes coincided with low rates of water renewal (average 0.037 ± 0.021 d−1 from May to October) compared with those of winter to early spring (average 0.11 ± 0.048 d−1 from November to April). Indeed, the amount of DOC accumulated each year was inversely correlated with the average summer rainfall. We hypothesize that decreased DOC turn-over due to photochemical or biological processes mostly active during the summer and low water renewal rate combine to determine seasonal DOC accumulation and influence its inter-annual variability.

Elemental (C/N ratios) and isotopic (δ15N(org), δ13C(org)) compositions of sedimentary organic matter from a high-altitude mountain lake (Meidsee, 2661 m a.s.l., Switzerland): Implications for Lateglacial and Holocene Alpine landscape evolution

The deposition of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in the high-altitude lake Meidsee (located at an altitude of 2661 m a.s.l. in the Southwestern Alps) strikingly coincided with global ice-sheet and mountain-glacier decay in the Alpine forelands and the formation of perialpine lakes. Radiocarbon ages of bottom-core sediments point out (pre-) Holocene ice retreat below 2700 m a.s.l., at about 16, 13, 10, and 9 cal. kyr BP. The Meidsee sedimentary record therefore provides information about the high-altitude Alpine landscape evolution since the Late Pleistocene/Holocene deglaciation in the Swiss Southwestern Alps. Prior to 5 cal. kyr BP, the C/N ratio and the isotopic composition of sedimentary organic matter (delta N-15(org), delta C-13(org)) indicate the deposition of algal-derived organic matter with limited input of terrestrial organic matter. The early Holocene and the Holocene climatic optimum (between 7.0 and 5.5 cal. kyr BP) were characterized by low erosion (decreasing magnetic susceptibility, chi) and high content of organic matter (C-org > 13 wt.%), enriched in C-13(org) (>-18 parts per thousand) with a low C/N (similar to 10) ratio, typical of modern algal matter derived from in situ production. During the late Holocene, there was a long-term increasing contribution of terrestrial organic matter into the lake (C/N > 11), with maxima between 2.4 and 0.9 cal. kyr BP. A major environmental change took place 800 years ago, with an abrupt decrease in the relative contribution of terrestrial organic material into the lake compared with aquatic organic material which subsequently largely dominated (C/N drop from 16 to 10). Nonetheless, this event was marked by a rise in soil erosion (chi), in nutrients input (N and P contents) and in anthropogenic lead deposition, suggesting a human disturbance of Alpine ecosystems 800 years ago. Indeed, this time period coincided with the migration of the Walser Alemannic people in the region, who settled at relatively high altitude in the Southwestern Alps for farming and maintaining Alpine passes.

Bioavailability of sinking organic matter in the Blanes canyon and the adjacent open slope (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Submarine canyons are sites of intense energy and material exchange between the shelf and the deep adjacent basins. To test the hypothesis that active submarine canyons represent preferential conduits of available food for the deep-sea benthos, two mooring lines were deployed at 1200 m depth from November 2008 to November 2009 inside the Blanes canyon and on the adjacent open slope (Catalan Margin, NW Mediterranean Sea). We investigated the fluxes, biochemical composition and food quality of sinking organic carbon (OC). OC fluxes in the canyon and the open slope varied among sampling periods, though not onsistently in the two sites. In particular, while in the open slope the highest OC fluxes were observed in August 2009, in the canyon the highest OC fluxes occurred in AprilMay 2009. For almost the entire study period, the OC fluxes in the canyon were significantly higher than those in the open slope, whereas OC contents of sinking particles collected in the open slope were consistently higher than those in the canyon. This result confirms that submarine canyons are effective conveyors of OC to the deep sea. Particles transferred to the deep sea floor through the canyons are predominantly of inorganic origin, significantly higher than that reaching the open slope at a similar water depth. Using multivariate statistical tests, two major clusters of sampling periods were identified: one in the canyon that grouped trap samples collected in December 2008, oncurrently with the occurrence of a major storm at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of nutritionally available particles from the upper shelf. Another cluster grouped samples from both the canyon and the open slope collected in March 2009, concurrently with the occurrence of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of total phytopigments. Our results confirm the key ecological role of submarine canyons for the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and highlight the importance of canyons in linking episodic storms and primary production occurring at the sea surface to the deep sea floor.

Biochar effect on the mineralization of soil organic matter

The objective of this work was to verify whether the addition of biochar to the soil affects the degradation of litter and of soil organic matter (SOM). In order to investigate the effect of biochar on the mineralization of barley straw, soil was incubated with 14C-labelled barley straw with or without unlabelled biochar. To investigate the effect of straw on the mineralization of biochar, soil was incubated with 14C-labelled biochar with or without straw. In addition, to investigate the effect of biochar on old SOM, a soil labelled by applying labelled straw 40 years ago was incubated with different levels of biochar. All experiments had a control treatment, without any soil amendment. The effect of biochar on the straw mineralization was small and nonsignificant. Without biochar, 48±0.2% of the straw carbon was mineralized within the 451 days of the experiment. In comparison, 45±1.6% of C was mineralized after biochar addition of 1.5 g kg-1. In the SOM-labelled soil, the organic matter mineralized more slowly with the increasing doses of biochar. Biochar addition at 7.7 g kg-1 reduced SOM mineralization from 6.6 to 6.3%, during the experimental period. The addition of 15.5 g kg-1 of biochar reduced the mineralized SOM to 5.7%. There is no evidence of increased degradation of either litter or SOM due to biochar addition; consequently, there is no evidence of decreased stability of SOM.

Migration of dissolved organic carbon in biochars and biochar-mineral complexes

The objective of this work was to determine the contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a biochar mineral complex (BMC), so as to better understand the interactions between DOC, biochar, clay, and minerals during thermal treatment, and the effects of BMC on amended soils. The BMC was prepared by heating a mixture of a H3PO4-treated saligna biochar from Acacia saligna, clays, other minerals, and chicken manure. The BMC was applied to a sandy loam soil in Western Australia, where wheat was grown. Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) tests were carried out on water extracts from the untreated biochar, the BMC, the BMC-amended soil, and on a control soil to measure the DOC concentration. LC-OCD tests provide a fingerprint of the DOC, which allows the fractions of DOC to be determined. Thermal processing enhanced the reaction of the A. saligna biochar with manure, clays and minerals, and affected the distribution of the DOC fractions. Notably, the process leads to immobilization of hydrophobic DOC and to an increase in the concentration of low-molecular-weight neutrals in the BMC. The application of the BMC to soil increases the DOC in the amended soil, especially the biopolymer fraction.

Reproducing the organic matter model of anthropogenic dark earth of Amazonia and testing the ecotoxicity of functionalized charcoal compounds

The objective of this work was to obtain organic compounds similar to the ones found in the organic matter of anthropogenic dark earth of Amazonia (ADE) using a chemical functionalization procedure on activated charcoal, as well as to determine their ecotoxicity. Based on the study of the organic matter from ADE, an organic model was proposed and an attempt to reproduce it was described. Activated charcoal was oxidized with the use of sodium hypochlorite at different concentrations. Nuclear magnetic resonance was performed to verify if the spectra of the obtained products were similar to the ones of humic acids from ADE. The similarity between spectra indicated that the obtained products were polycondensed aromatic structures with carboxyl groups: a soil amendment that can contribute to soil fertility and to its sustainable use. An ecotoxicological test with Daphnia similis was performed on the more soluble fraction (fulvic acids) of the produced soil amendment. Aryl chloride was formed during the synthesis of the organic compounds from activated charcoal functionalization and partially removed through a purification process. However, it is probable that some aryl chloride remained in the final product, since the ecotoxicological test indicated that the chemical functionalized soil amendment is moderately toxic.

Soil organic matter in fire-affected pastures and in an Araucaria forest in South-Brazilian Leptosols

The objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution pattern and composition of soil organic matter (SOM) and its physical pools of Leptosols periodically affected by fire over the last 100 years in South Brazil. Soil samples at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm depths were collected from the following environments: native pasture without burning in the last year and grazed with 0.5 livestock per hectare per year (1NB); native pasture without burning in the last 23 years and grazed with 2.0 livestock per hectare per year (23NB); and an Araucaria forest (AF). Physical fractionation was performed with the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers. Soil C and N stocks were determined in the three depths and in the physical pools, and organic matter was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The largest C stocks in all depths and physical pools were found under the AF. The 23NB environment showed the lowest soil C and N stocks at the 5-15 cm depth, which was related to the end of burning and to the higher grazing intensity. The SOM of the occluded light fraction showed a greater chemical recalcitrance in 1NB than in 23NB. Annual pasture burning does not affect soil C stocks up to 15 cm of depth.

Why do they separate it or not? Attitudes and behaviors towards organic waste separation

This article shows the results of an exploratory study related to the separation of organic waste in order to offer suggestions for the improvement of waste disposal communication campaigns. The overall objective is to analyze attitude and behavior of those who do and those who do not separate organic waste, related to a specific promotional campaign carried out in two neighborhoods, in the municipality of Badalona (Spain), within the framework of the study of proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors and based on the Psychosocial Four Spheres Model. 1,010 interviews were conducted and data was analyzed using Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID). Waste separation behavior was used as a dependent variable. The reasons given to explain why people do or do not separate organic waste and sociodemographic variables, have been introduced as independent variables. In accordance with the Four Spheres Model, results show significant differences in waste separation. Based on the profiles obtained, we find some predictive variables that facilitate the development of communication campaigns according to the requirements of each community.