La iglesia de Santiago de los españoles en Roma y su entorno entre los siglos XV y XIX. Una historia a través del dibujo

Plaza Navona representa una de las visitas obligadas de Roma, pero solo algunos advertirán en ella la presencia española en la sala de exposiciones del Instituto Cervantes o en la inmediata Libreria Española. Todavía serán menos los que se percatarán de la huella española dejada en aquella iglesia de fachada anónima situada, en el extremo sur de la plaza: la antigua iglesia de Santiago de los Españoles. La presente tesis pretende, utilizando el dibujo como guía, herramienta y fin del proceso de análisis y estudio, reconstruir el proceso de conformación y construcción de la que fue iglesia española principal, cuya fundación hace patente el destacado papel jugado por la “nación” castellana en Roma durante la Edad Media; y en torno a la que se aglutinaron las actividades religiosas, diplomáticas y financieras de los castellanos que vivieron en la actual capital italiana. Se intentará recrear en el tiempo la que es hoy la iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón, sometiéndola a una restitución gráfica disciplinada, homogénea y objetiva en la medida de lo posible de las varias etapas que la han caracterizadas, desde su fundación hasta cuando en 1878 España se deshizo de ella, ya en ruina, vendiéndola. Como nos comenta Gaetano Moroni, de todas las comunidades nacionales que se encontraban en Roma la española parece ser efectivamente una de las más rica y prestigiosa. Aunque lo que no cuenta Moroni no haya sido todavía demostrado, dicho enunciado resulta de todas formas interesante puesto que pone el acento sobre el hecho de que ya desde el siglo X parece ser habitual de ocupar y reutilizar antiguas ruinas, usándolas como base para la construcción de hospitales para los peregrinos. Esta operación se hizo particularmente frecuente sobre todo antes del Gran Jubileo de 1450: de hecho desde la primera mitad del Quattrocento se fundan distintas iglesias y hospitales nacionales para acoger y prestar una adecuada asistencia y socorro a los innumerables peregrinos que llegaban a la ciudad, edificios que se van construyendo sobre los restos de antiguos edificios de época romana. Prueba de ello es en efecto la fundación originaria de la iglesia y hospital de los Españoles que, parte del conjunto de edificios que compone la Plaza Navona, situada en el corazón de Campo Marzio y cuya posición y forma corresponden a la del antiguo Estadio de Domiciano, y que ahora es en sus dimensiones, en su imagen arquitectónica y en su consistencia material, el resultado de la definición proyectual y de las transformaciones que se llevaron a cabo sobre lo que quedaba del antiguo templo español del siglo XV, entre finales del ‘800 y los años 30 del siglo XX . Transformaciones devastadoras, huellas grabadas o canceladas que encuentran una justificación en los acontecimientos históricos reflejados en el patrimonio urbano. El análisis de todas las fuentes permite trazar, si no la totalidad, buena parte de las modificaciones que la antigua iglesia de Santiago ha sufrido. La construcción del templo se puede dividir en tres momentos decisivos: una primera etapa de fundación en 1450-1478 en la que la iglesia tenía fachada y entrada en via de la Sapienza, hoy Corso Rinascimento; una segunda de significativa ampliación hacia Plaza Navona con una nueva fachada monumental hacia ese espacio público en 1496-1500; y una última importante ampliación entre 1525-1526, llevada a cabo por el arquitecto Antonio da Sangallo el Joven. Tras la intensa vida del templo, en el siglo XVIII, éste cae en ruina y finalmente es vendido en 1878 a la orden de los misioneros franceses de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón que la reconvierten en iglesia reformando totalmente el conjunto en 1881, según proyecto de Luca Carimini. En 1936, en plena fase de rectificación de trazados urbanos por obra del régimen fascista, según proyecto de Arnaldo Foschini, se mutila su extremidad hacia vía de la Sapienza dejando su estado tal y como se contempla en la actualidad. ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is the reconstruction of the design and edification process -using drawings and sketches as a guide, tool and the end of the analytical process- of a church which was once the preeminent Spanish church in medieval Rome, known today as Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore (Our Lady of the Sacred Heart). The founding of this church illustrates the important role held by the Castillian “nation” in Rome during the Middle Ages. It was the focal point of all the religious, diplomatic and economic activities of the Castillian community residing in today’s Italian capital. The aim of this proyect is a recreation the church in time by submitting it to a disciplined, homogenous and objective graphic restitution of the various stages most characteristic the temple, starting from its foundation until 1878 when, in a state of ruins, the church was finally sold off by Spain. Gaetano Moroni once commented that of all the international communities found in Rome, the Spanish community seemed to be one of the wealthiest and most prestigious. Such a statement proves interesting as it emphasizes that starting in the 10th century we see there was a widespread custom of occupying and reusing old ruins for use as the bases of new constructions of hospitals for pilgrims. This custom became especially frequent just before the Jubilee Year of 1450: in fact, in the first half of the Quattrocento we see the founding of many different national churches and hospitals which provided shelter and care to the countless pilgrims arriving in the city, buildings which were constructed on top of the ruins of ancient buildings left over from Roman times. Proof of this is the original foundation of the Spanish church and hospital forming part of the Piazza Navona, built upon and following the outline of the Stadium of Domitian, in the heart of Campo Marzio. Now, in its dimensions, its architectural image and its material substance, it represents the predominant result of the planning definitions and the transformations which affected the old 15th-century Spanish temple. Ocurring between the end of the 19th century and the 1930s, the transformations were devastating, erasing original peculiarities and engraving new ones, transformations made justifiable by the historical events reflected in its urban environs. Analyzing all sources allows us to trace, even if not in entirety, still a sizeable portion of the modifications undergone by the old Church of Saint James. The construction of the temple can be divided into three decisive moments: its foundation, from 1450 to 1478, when the church’s façade and main door looked out on to the Via della Sapienza, today’s central avenue of Corso del Rinascimento; the second stage being a major expansion towards the Piazza Navona (1496-1500) with a new, monumental façade facing the public space; and the third was the last significant expansion, carried out from 1525 to 1526 by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. Despite an intense and bustling life during the Modern Age, in the 18th century the church began to fall into ruin and was finally sold in 1878 to the order of French missionaries of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, who reconverted it into a church and completely renovated the structure in 1881 in a project supervised by Luca Carimini. In 1936, the corrective urban redesign of Rome carried out by the fascist regime and implemented by Arnaldo Foschini mutilated the part bordering Via della Sapienza, leaving it as we see it today.

Estudio acústico del estadio "La Peineta" utilizando line arrays

El proyecto fin de carrera consiste en un estudio acústico del Estadio de la Peineta (estadio de fútbol perteneciente al club Atlético de Madrid el cual se encuentra en construcción). Se realizará el diseño por completo de una maqueta del estadio utilizando el programa EASE. Esta maqueta se hará a escala real, exactamente como se está construyendo el estadio. A dicha maqueta se le incorporarán los diferentes materiales absorbentes específicos a cada una de las superficies que compongan el estadio. Se crearán tantas zonas de audiencia como superficies se obtenga en cada grada sobre donde se realizarán dos estudios acústicos diferentes. El primer estudio se realizará con un total de 24 clústeres de altavoces los cuales están compuestos por 10 altavoces Aero 50. La colocación estratégica de cada uno de estos altavoces se estudiará con la herramienta EASE Focus 2. Una vez obtenidas las posiciones se importarán cada uno de estos clústeres de altavoces su respectiva configuración. El otro estudio se realizará con la mitad de arrays de altavoces con la intención de tener una comparativa de recubrimiento entre un estudio y otro. Las pruebas de simulación serán analizando el nivel de presión sonora que provoca cada uno de estos estudios cuando tienen sus altavoces en funcionamiento. Se utilizará el módulo de “Area mapping” para estudiar el mapeo en cada una de las zonas de audiencia definidas, así como cada una de las distribuciones por área que predominan. Se irán anotando cada uno de los problemas e ideas que van surgiendo a lo largo de dicho proyecto para proponer una continuación y mejora del mismo. Se planteará una serie de pasos e pruebas al final de la memoria ya que se trata de un proyecto sin cerrar y puede ser continuado por otra persona. ABSTRACT. The final project is an acoustic studio Peineta Stadium (soccer stadium belongs to the club Atletico Madrid which is under construction). The design is made entirely of a model of the stadium using the EASE program. This model will be full scale, exactly as is building the stadium. A model that should be incorporated into the various specific absorbent material to each of the surfaces that make up the stadium. Hearing so many areas as surfaces is obtained in each tier on which two different acoustic studies will be conducted will be created. The first study was conducted with a total of 24 speaker clusters which are composed of 10 speakers Aero 50. The strategic placement of each of these speakers will be studied with the EASE Focus 2. Once obtained tool positions are imported each these clusters of the respective speaker configuration. The other study was conducted with half speaker arrays with the intention of having a comparative study between a coating and another. Simulation tests will be analyzing the sound pressure level which causes each of these studies have their speakers when in operation. Module "mapping area" will be used to study the mapping in each of the areas defined audience, and each of the area distributions predominate. They will be written down each of the issues and ideas that arise throughout the project to propose a continuation and improvement. a series of steps and tests at the end of the memory will be raised because it is a project without closing and may be continued for another person.

A intervenção do exercício físico funcional em idosos hipertensos do sexo feminino

Introdução - A abordagem da intervenção promotora da atividade física funcional em um grupo de idosas hipertensas consiste em considerar a pessoa na sua integridade física, psíquica e social. Objetivo – Avaliar o efeito da implementação de um programa de treinamento funcional sobre a pressão arterial em repouso em mulheres idosas hipertensas, submetidas ao treinamento de exercício físico durante um período de 24 meses. Métodos - Pesquisa de caráter exploratório, com orientação analítico-descritiva com a finalidade de analisar a ação da atividade física direcionada e implementada três vezes por semana no prognóstico da hipertensão arterial. Esta pesquisa foi suportada na recolha de dados da pressão arterial em repouso numa amostra de idosas brasileiras na faixa etária de 60 a 90 anos, em condições de excelente motivação por parte do grupo. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS 20, onde os dados foram tratados de forma descritiva e inferencial. Verificou-se o pressuposto de parametria quanto à normalidade dos resíduos para PAS e PAD ao longo das avaliações pressóricas na amostra pelo teste K-S, onde o mesmo não foi detectado (p<0,05). Assim, foram utilizados o teste de X2 e de Comparações Múltiplas para observações acerca de quais diferenças estatísticas eram significativas (p<0,05), além da Análise de Correlação de Pearson (rho) para apontar as devidas associações entre os níveis de PAS e PAD durante o estudo. Resultados – A maioria (100%) das idosas estavam hipertensas, constatando-se que durante o período de treino apresentaram pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica muito abaixo do padrão da normalidade para essa faixa etária. Tal decréscimo foi altamente significativo (p<00,1) e foi detectado tanto nas estatísticas comparativas quanto nas de associação. Conclusões - Após a intervenção do Projeto Prevenção de Saúde Estádio Vivo, as idosas apresentaram redução e maior controle dos valores da sua pressão arterial. Considera-se assim, que o treinamento físico ao exercer um efeito fisiológico especifica ao nível muscular e cardiocirculatório é protetor do estado de saúde global pelo que deve ser incentivado ao longo de todo o ciclo vital. Infere-se também que o Programa implementado pode ser replicado como medida de educação terapêutica, de avaliação e de auditoria de boas práticas em saúde. Palavra-chave: Idosos. Atividade Física. Hipertensão.

Commencement. Ferry Field

Regents purchased south ten acres for $3000 in 1890. In 1902 UM received seven acres of land to the north from Dexter M. Ferry; became Ferry Field. In 1904 brick wall constructed on three sides and in 1906 gate and ticket office at northeast corner added (gift of Mr. Ferry). Wooden stands to accommodate 400 put up in 1893; burned in 1895. Rebuilt to seat 800 with later additions to facililties. By 1914, 13,600 accommodated. New stadium built in 1927. Stamp on verso: Ivory Photo

Gerald Ford, UM Football, No. 48 retired

Ford family at Michigan Stadium for retirement of no. 48.

President Lyndon Johnson, 1964 Commencement

[Johnson entering Michigan Stadium through the tunnel]

President Lyndon Johnson, 1964 Commencement

[Pres. Johnson leaving Michigan Stadium]

President Lyndon Johnson, 1964 Commencement

[Pres. Johnson leaving Michigan Stadium]

President Lyndon Johnson, 1964 Commencement

[Pres. Johnson leaving Michigan Stadium]

Lyndon B. Johnson at podium of 1964 commencement

Johnson deliverance of "Great Society" speech

World Series 1935

Trumbull Ave. side of Tiger Stadium

Ferry Field [Gate at northeast corner]

Regents purchased south ten acres for $3000 in 1890. In 1902 UM received seven acres of land to the north from Dexter M. Ferry; became Ferry Field. In 1904 brick wall constructed on three sides and in 1906 gate and ticket office at northeast corner added (gift of Mr. Ferry). Wooden stands to accommodate 400 put up in 1893; burned in 1895. Rebuilt to seat 800 with later additions to facililties. By 1914, 13,600 accommodated. New stadium built in 1927.

Ferry Field. Football. Northeast gate

Regents purchased south ten acres for $3000 in 1890. In 1902 UM received seven acres of land to the north from Dexter M. Ferry; became Ferry Field. In 1904 brick wall constructed on three sides and in 1906 gate and ticket office at northeast corner added (gift of Mr. Ferry). Wooden stands to accommodate 400 put up in 1893; burned in 1895. Rebuilt to seat 800 with later additions to facililties. By 1914, 13,600 accommodated. New stadium built in 1927.

Ferry Field [South Bleachers]

Regents purchased south ten acres for $3000 in 1890. In 1902 UM received seven acres of land to the north from Dexter M. Ferry; became Ferry Field. In 1904 brick wall constructed on three sides and in 1906 gate and ticket office at northeast corner added (gift of Mr. Ferry). Wooden stands to accommodate 400 put up in 1893; burned in 1895. Rebuilt to seat 800 with later additions to facililties. By 1914, 13,600 accommodated. New stadium built in 1927.

A Football Game on Ferry Field

Regents purchased south ten acres for $3000 in 1890. In 1902 UM received seven acres of land to the north from Dexter M. Ferry; became Ferry Field. In 1904 brick wall constructed on three sides and in 1906 gate and ticket office at northeast corner added (gift of Mr. Ferry). Wooden stands to accommodate 400 put up in 1893; burned in 1895. Rebuilt to seat 800 with later additions to facilties. By 1914, 13,600 accommodated. New stadium built in 1927.On image: Printed in Germany