Associations of the mechanical, anthropometric and gait contributors to the knee adduction moment during paediatric gait

The knee adduction moment (KAM) during gait has been proposed as an indirect measure of dynamic knee joint loading and has been reported to be higher in obese children [1, 2]. The KAM is primarily calculated from the resultant ground reaction force (GRF) and the lever arm length, both of which can be manipulated through weight-loss or medical interventions [1]. However, there is little data on the relationships between the mechanical, anthropometric and gait contributors to the KAM during paediatric gait. The objectives of the study were to examine the associations with the first (1st) and second (2nd) peak KAM (pKAM) and: (1) centre of pressure (CoP), KAM lever arm length, vertical and mediolateral ground reaction forces (GRF) and, (2) fat mass, height, step width, foot rotation, knee rotation and walking velocity.

The impact of body fat on three dimensional motion of the paediatric foot during walking

Childhood obesity is commonly associated with a pes planus foot type and altered lower limb joint function during walking. However, limited information has been reported on dynamic intersegment foot motion with the level of obesity in children. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between intersegment foot motion during gait and body fat in boys age 7 to 11 years. Fat mass was measured in fifty-five boys using air displacement plethysmography. Three-dimensional gait analysis was conducted on the right foot of each participant using the 3DFoot model to capture angular motion of the shank, calcaneus, midfoot and metatarsals. Two multivariate statistical techniques were employed; principle component analysis reduced the multidimensional nature of gait analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis accounted for potential confounding factors. Higher fat mass predicted greater plantarflexion of the calcaneus during the first half and end of stance phase and at the end of swing phase. Greater abduction of the calcaneus throughout stance and swing was predicted by greater fat mass. At the midfoot, higher fat mass predicted greater dorsiflexion and eversion throughout the gait cycle. The findings present novel information on the relationships between intersegment angular motion of the foot and body fat in young boys. The data indicates a more pronated foot type in boys with greater body fat. These findings have clinical implications for pes planus and a predisposition for pain and discomfort during weight bearing activities potentially reducing motivation in obese children to be physically active.

Fighting Talk: The Statements of 'The IRA/New IRA'

With the advent of the new violent dissident merger, ‘The IRA/New IRA’, the group and its affiliates have had to legitimise their new existence. They have utilised the maintenance of paramilitary activity to achieve this. However, they have also produced a number of organisational statements, justifying their position, tactics and strategies. This article analyses the evolution of these statements, both pre and post-merger from 2007 to 2015. 126 individual statements and 4 magazines are analysed using grounded theory. This analysis found that the statements have a dual strategy, aiming to foster trust in the movement and distrust in their perceived enemies. One of the dominant ways in which the group aims to foster trust, is by proposing their possession of an historical mandate from the republican forefathers of 1916, as well as the internally lauded paramilitaries from the Troubles era PIRA. The focus of the distrust narrative has been on the ‘constitutional nationalism’ of Sinn Féin. However, it also pours scorn on the PSNI, and capitalism, across the island of Ireland. The analysis of these statements can provide us with an understanding of the future direction of the group, as well as giving us insight, which can inform the development of any counter-narrative.

Kritik der ökonomischen Theorie : Vier Beiträge zur Krisentheorie

Inhalt: 1. Minsky, Hyman P. [Buchholz, Günter (Übersetzung)]: "Die Hypothese der finanziellen Instabilität – eine Keynes–Interpretation und eine Alternative zur Standard-Theorie". Erstmals veröffentlicht in: Arbeitspapier Nr. 95 des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Bergischen Universität – Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, Wuppertal 1986, S. 31 ff. 2. Buchholz, Günter: "Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Krise und Kritik". Erstmals veröffentlicht in: Ergebnisse und Interpretationen - Zur Lehre, Forschung und Studienkonzeption im Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Arbeitspapier Nr. 100 des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Bergischen Universität – Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, Wuppertal 1989, S. 169 ff. 3. Buchholz, Günter: "Staatsintervention in der Wachstumskrise". Unveröffentlichter Vortrag. Tagung des „Arbeitskreises Politische Ökonomie“ Dezember 1986 4. Buchholz, Günter: "Gesellschaftliche Depression". Unveröffentlichter Vortrag vom 25.6.2005 Zu 1: Ein Aufsatz von Minsky aus dem Jahr 1977 griff seinerzeit kritisch in die Diskussion um das angemessene Verständnis der keynesschen Theorie ein; vgl. hierzu auch sein Buch: „John Maynard Keynes". Der Aufsatz markiert jene Weggabelung der Entwicklung der liberalen Wirtschaftstheorie, in der es - gegen Ende der Keynesschen Dominanz in der Wirtschaftspolitik - darum ging, einerseits die Keynessche Kritik an der Neoklassik zu neutralisieren, andererseits ein eigenständiges postkeynesianisches Paradigma herauszubilden, innerhalb dessen fortentwickelt werden sollte, „was Keynes wirklich meinte“. Zu 2: Im zweiten Beitrag geht es um das Problem der ökonomischen Krise, insbesondere um ihre Geschichte und um die zahlreichen Versuche, sie theoretisch zu verarbeiten („general glut controversy“ nach der Krise von 1825), oder sie als systemexogene Störung darzustellen, oder als bloßes Zufallsereignis, oder sie gleichgewichtstheoretisch gänzlich zu leugnen oder jedenfalls ihre Relevanz für die Theoriebildung zu bagatellisieren und auf bloß empirische Forschung einzuschränken. Zu 3: Karl Marx hatte in seinem Hauptwerk, dem „Kapital“, bekanntlich versucht, einen endogenen Niedergang des Kapitalismus mit dem „Gesetz vom tendenziellen Fall der Profitrate“ als notwendig zu erweisen, und zwar dadurch, dass die Akkumulation des Kapitals zu ihrem eigenen Hindernis wird, aber diese lange umstrittene Argumentation hat sich als nicht schlüssig erwiesen. Joseph A. Schumpeter hatte im Zusammenhang seiner Konjunkturtheorie nicht nur kurze und mittlere, sondern auch lange Zyklen berücksichtigt, die nach ihrem Entdecker, dem russischen Statistiker Kondratieff, benannt worden sind. Damit hatte er die neoklassische Welt des neoklassischen „Allgemeinen Gleichgewichts“ hinter sich gelassen. Der Aufsatz versucht, diese Ansätze zu verknüpfen. Zu 4: Der hier abgedruckte Vortrag aus dem Jahr 2005 nimmt die vielfach wahrgenommene kollektive depressive Verstimmung der Bevölkerung zum Ausgangspunkt und führt sie auf die sie bedingende ökonomische Stagnation zurück.

Die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise mit Blick auf Marx und Keynes – Teil I

Enthält: Günter Buchholz: Einleitung - Die Krise ist die Kritik Stefan Voß: Kann die Hypothese der finanziellen Instabilität von Minsky die aktuelle Finanzkrise 2007/09 erklären? Alfred Müller: Kann die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise mit der Marxschen Theorie erklärt werden? Irina Jundt: Neue Finanzprodukte und Finanzmärkte

The sectionalism of the tariff bill. Speech of Hon. John L. McLaurin, of South Carolina, in the Senate of the United States

This document contains a speech by John L. McLaurin, representative of South Carolina. Sections of the speech include: sectionalism exposed, the bill might have been defeated, the south plundered of its rights, not a protectionist, fraudulent demands of New England, Hon. Randolph Tucker, Hon. W.R. Morrison, and Hon. R.Q. Mills strangers to the doctrine in 1882, a tariff for revenue against the doctrine of free raw material, don’t want Cleveland’s interpretation, contest of schedules, and my remedy.

Thunderstorm Related Asthma - the Epidemic of 24/25 June 1994

Background A large epidemic of asthma occurred following a thunderstorm in southern and central England on 24/25 June 1994. A collaborative study group was formed. Objectives To describe the epidemic and the meteorological, aerobiological and other environmental characteristics associated with it. Methods Collation of data from the Meteorological Office, the Pollen Research Unit, the Department of the Environment's Automatic Urban Network, from health surveillance by the Department of Health and the National Poisons Unit, from clinical experience in general practice and hospitals, and from an immunological study of some of the affected cases from north east London. Results The thunderstorm was a Mesoscale Convective System, an unusual and large form of storm with several centres and severe wind gusts. It occurred shortly after the peak grass pollen concentration in the London area. A sudden and extensive epidemic occurred within about an hour affecting possibly several thousand patients. Emergency services were stretched but the epidemic did not last long. Cases had high serum levels of IgE antibody to mixed grass pollen. Conclusion This study supports the view that patients with specific IgE to grass pollen are at risk of thunderstorm-related asthma. The details of the causal pathway from storm to asthma attack are not clear. Case-control and time series studies are being carried out.

Understanding urban freight activity: key issues for freight planning

Using information gathered from some 30 UK surveys undertaken over the last 15 years, this paper provides planners with an understanding of road-based urban retail freight transport activity. The findings suggest that the average High Street business could expect up to 10 core goods and 7.6 service visits per week, in non-peak trading periods with 25% additional activity during the build up to Christmas. Vans (‘light goods vehicles’) were the dominant mode, responsible for 42% of delivery activity with a mean dwell time of 10 min. Where possible, load consolidation should be encouraged by methods such as Delivery and Servicing Plans and using out-of-town freight consolidation centres to bring in goods over the last mile in shared vehicles. Where this is not possible, loading bay monitoring and control, and preferred lorry routes can help manage the movement of vehicles in and out of dense urban areas. Service vehicle activity is a significant contributor to urban freight movements and often requires vehicles to be parked close to the premises being served. Centrally coordinating elements of service provision (e.g. for cleaning, equipment maintenance, recyclate collection), or providing improved, more flexible parking provision for service vehicles could be as or more beneficial in reducing overall freight impacts than focusing on core goods deliveries. In the case of the latter, ‘pay-as-you-leave’ car park charging systems could encourage short-stay service vehicles to park off-street.

Transforming relationship marketing via subversive readings

Where is the consumer represented within the discourses of Relationship Marketing? In our paper we deconstruct and critically (but productively) interrogate current Relationship Marketing discourse; and we argue for reconceptualising RM as a field of study through a transformatory process which involves the subversive reading of its academic texts. We argue that the consumer is silenced within relationship marketing discourse in a way that is fundamentally analogous with the gynopia (absence of women) in early sociological enquiry. Given that the means of transformation can potentially be found within contemporary feminist research, one of the main aims of this paper is to examine the parameters of feminist research and theory by presenting and explaining three representative frameworks (Fonow & Cook 1991, Maynard & Purvis 1994 and Harding 1988). The interrogative questions generated from the reading of feminist texts provide a framework to enable a close reading of RM ‘texts’. Using a form of discourse analysis, we read both ‘with the text’ and ‘against the grain’ (Tonkiss 1998:258) looking for ‘silences and gaps’ and making ‘conjectures about alternative accounts which are excluded by omission’ as well as those deliberately ‘countered by rhetoric’ (Tonkiss 1998:258). By striking together feminist methodology and a selected Relationship Marketing text to see if they spark (Brown 1999) our stance is activist and our purpose is to accelerate a restoration of the consumer’s voice as a central theoretical concern of this branch of Marketing.