Radiometric studies of mycobacterium tuberculosis

An in vitro assay system that included automated radiometric quantification of 14CO2 released as a result of oxidation of 14C- substrates was applied for studying the metabolic activity of M. tuberculosis under various experimental conditions. These experiments included the study of a) mtabolic pathways, b) detection times for various inoculum sizes, c) effect of filtration on reproducibility of results, d) influence of stress environment e) minimal inhibitory concentrations for isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol and rifampin, and f) generation times of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. These organisms were found to metabolize 14C-for-mate, (U-14C) acetate, (U-14C) glycerol, (1-14C) palmitic acid, 1-14C) lauric acid, (U-14C) L-malic acid, (U-14C) D-glucose, and (U-14C) D-glucose, but not (1-14C) L-glucose, (U-14C) glycine, or (U-14C) pyruvate to 14CO2. By using either 14C-for-mate, (1-14C) palmitic acid, or (1-14C) lauric acid, 10(7) organisms/vial could be detected within 24 48 hours and as few as 10 organisms/vial within 16-20 days. Reproducible results could be obtained without filtering the bacterial suspension, provided that the organisms were grown in liquid 7H9 medium with 0.05% polysorbate 80 and homogenized prior to the study. Drugs that block protein synthesis were found to have lower minimal inhibitory concentrations with the radiometric method when compared to the conventional agar dilution method. The mean generation time obtained for M. bovis and different strains of M. tuberculosis with various substrates was 9 ± 1 hours.

Reactores a tório: o futuro da energia nuclear de fissão

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

China's space program : a new tool for PRC "soft power" in international relations?

When China launched an anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon in January 2007 to destroy one of its inactive weather satellites, most reactions from academics and U.S. space experts focused on a potential military “space race” between the United States and China. Overlooked, however, is China’s growing role as global competitor on the non-military side of space. China’s space program goes far beyond military counterspace applications and manifests manned space aspirations, including lunar exploration. Its pursuit of both commercial and scientific international space ventures constitutes a small, yet growing, percentage of the global space launch and related satellite service industry. It also highlights China’s willingness to cooperate with nations far away from Asia for political and strategic purposes. These partnerships may constitute a challenge to the United States and enhance China’s “soft power” among key American allies and even in some regions traditionally dominated by U.S. influence (e.g., Latin America and Africa). Thus, an appropriate U.S. response may not lie in a “hard power” counterspace effort but instead in a revival of U.S. space outreach of the past, as well as implementation of more business-friendly export control policies.

Síndrome de apneia hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e óxido nítrico : que relação ?

RESUMO: A síndrome de apneia hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS), pela sua prevalência e consequ��ncias clínicas, nomeadamente as de natureza cardiovascular, é actualmente considerada um problema de saúde pública. A patogénese da doença cardiovascular na SAHOS não está ainda completamente estabelecida, mas parece ser multifactorial, envolvendo diversos mecanismos que incluem a hiperactividade do sistema nervoso simpático, a disfunção endotelial, a activação selectiva de vias inflamatórias, o stress oxidativo vascular e a disfunção metabólica. A terapêutica com CPAP diminui grandemente o risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e não fatais. O CPAP está inequivocamente indicado para o tratamento da SAHOS grave, no entanto, não é consensual a sua utilização nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada sem hipersonolência diurna associada. Tendo em conta este facto, é fundamental que as indicações terapêuticas do CPAP nestes doentes tenham uma relação custo-eficácia favorável. Assim, dado o posicionamento do estado da arte relativamente ao estudo da disfunção endotelial e da activação do sistema nervoso simpático estar centrada maioritariamente nos doentes com SAHOS grave, desenvolvemos este estudo com o objectivo de comparar os níveis plasmáticos de nitratos, os níveis de catecolaminas urinárias e os valores de pressão arterial nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada e grave e avaliar a resposta destes parâmetros ao tratamento com CPAP durante um mês. Realizámos um estudo prospectivo, incidindo sobre uma população de 67 doentes do sexo masculino com o diagnóstico de SAHOS (36 com SAHOS ligeira/moderada e 31com SAHOS grave). O protocolo consistia em 3 visitas: antes da terapêutica com CPAP (visita 1), uma semana após CPAP (visita 2) e um mês após CPAP (visita 3). Nas visitas 1 e 3, eram submetidos a três colheitas de sangue às 11 pm, 4 am e 7 am para doseamento dos nitratos plasmáticos e na visita 2 apenas às 7 am. Nas visitas 1 e 3 era também efectuada uma colheita de urina de 24 horas para o doseamento das catecolaminas urinárias e eram submetidos a uma monitorização ambulatória da pressão arterial de 24 horas (MAPA). Foi ainda estudado um grupo controlo de 30 indivíduos do sexo masculino não fumadores sem patologia conhecida e sem evidência de SAHOS. Antes da terapêutica com CPAP, verificou-se uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de nitratos ao longo da noite quer nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, quer nos doentes com SAHOS grave. No entanto, esta redu��ão diferia nos 2 grupos de doentes, sendo significativamente superior nos doentes com SAHOS grave (27,6±20,1% vs 16,5±18,5%; p<0,05). Após um mês de tratamento com CPAP, verificou-se um aumento significativo dos valores de nitratos plasmáticos apenas nos doentes com SAHOS grave, mantendo-se os níveis de nitratos elevados ao longo da noite, já não existindo o decréscimo desses valores ao longo da mesma. Os valores de noradrenalina basais eram significativamente superiores nos doentes com SAHOS grave comparativamente com os doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada (73,9±30,1μg/24h vs 48,5±19,91μg/24h; p<0,05). Após um mês de terapêutica com CPAP, apenas se verificou uma redu��ão significativa nos valores da noradrenalina nos doentes com SAHOS grave (73,9±30,1μg/24h para 55,4±21,8 μg/24h; p<0,05). Os doentes com SAHOS grave apresentaram valores de pressão arterial mais elevados do que os doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, nomeadamente no que diz respeito aos valores de pressão arterial média, sistólica média de 24 horas, diurna e nocturna e diastólica média de 24 horas, diurna e nocturna. Após um mês de terapêutica com CPAP, verificou-se uma redu��ão significativa dos valores tensionais apenas nos doentescom SAHOS grave, para a pressão média (-2,32+5,0; p=0,005), para a sistólica média de 24 horas (-4,0+7,9mmHg; p=0,009), para a pressão sistólica diurna (-4,3+8,8mmHg; p=0,01), para a pressão sistólica nocturna (-5,1+9,0mmHg; p=0,005), para a pressão diastólica média de 24 horas (-2,7+5,8mmHg; p=0,016), para a pressão diastólica diurna (-3,2+6,3mmHg; p=0,009) e para a pressão diastólica nocturna (-2,5+7,0mmHg; p=0,04). Os níveis tensionais dos doentes com SAHOS grave após CPAP atingiram valores semelhantes aos dos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada, relativamente a todos os parâmetros avaliados no MAPA. Este estudo demonstrou que antes do tratamento com CPAP, existe uma redu��ão dos níveis de nitratos ao longo da noite não só nos doentes com SAHOS grave mas também nos doentes com SAHOS ligeira/moderada. No entanto, a terapêutica com CPAP leva a um aumento significativo dos valores de nitratos plasmáticos apenas nos doentes com SAHOS grave, mantendo-se os níveis de nitratos elevados ao longo da noite, já não existindo o decréscimo desses valores ao longo da mesma. O tratamento com CPAP durante um mês, apenas reduz os níveis de noradrenalina urinária e os valores de pressão arterial nos doentes com SAHOS grave.------------ ABSTRACT: In severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) reduced circulating nitrate, increased levels of urinary norepinephrine (U-NE) and changes in systemic blood pressure (BP) have been described and are reverted by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). However, the consequences of mild/moderate OSA on these parameters and the CPAP effect upon them are not well known. We aimed to: 1) compare the levels of plasma nitrate (NOx) and U-NE of mild/moderate and severe male OSA patients 2) compare BP in these patient groups; and 3) determine whether CPAP improves sympathetic dysfunction, nitrate deficiency and BP in these patients. This prospective study was carried out in 67 consecutive OSA patients (36 mild/moderate and 31 severe patients) and NOx (11 pm, 4 am, 7 am), 24-h U-NE and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were obtained before and after 4 weeks of CPAP. Baseline: NOx levels showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) during the night in both groups of patients. The U-NE and BP were significantly higher in the severe group. Post CPAP: After one month of CPAP, there was a significant increase of NOx, a reduction of U-NE and BP only in severe patients. This study shows that in contrast to severe OSA patients, those with mild/moderate OSA, which have lower values of BP and U-NE at baseline, do not benefit from a 4 weeks CPAP treatment as measured by plasma nitrate, 24-h U-NE levels and BP.

Projeto Flora Amazônica: eight years of binational botanical expeditions

A review of the history and results of the first eight years of fieldwork of Projeto Flora Amazônica is given. This binational plant collecting program, sponsored by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the National Science Foundation, has mounted 25 expeditions to many parts of Brazilian Amazonia. Expeditions have visited both areas threatened with destruction of the forest and remote areas previously unknown botanically. The results have included the collection of 32,976 members of vascular plants, 16, 482 of cryptogams, as well as quantitative inventory of 18.67 hectares of forest with the collection of 7,294*** numbers of sterile vouncher collections. The non-inventory collections have been made in replicate sets of 10-13 where possible and divided equally between Brazilian and U.S. institutions. To date, 55 botanists from many different institutions and with many different specialities have taken part with 36 different Brazilian botanists. The resulting herbarioum material is just beginning to be worked up and many nem species have been collected as well as many interesting range extensions and extra material of many rare species.

Spéciation of chromium in a chromium enriched yeast.

The sample under investigation in this project is an experimental chromium enriched yeast used as a possible additive in animal foodstuff, which was produced by growing yeast in the presence of chromium (III) chloride. Chromium on its own in not biologically active but chromium in the form of chromium enriched yeast is biologically active. The objective of this project was to show the complete absence of chromium(VI) from the sample. A literature survey describing previous work carried out on the speciation of Cr(VI) has been carried out. The principal methods of detection of Cr(VI) used in this project are Polarography, G.F.A.A. Spectroscopy, U.V. Spectroscopy and H.P.L.C. For each of the above methods a calibration curve was obtained and each method was applied to the yeast extract. The H.P.L.C. and U.V. spectroscopic method are specific for Cr(VI) but polarography and G.F.A.A. spectroscopy measure total chromium. Tris-NaOH buffer has been investigated for the extraction of chromium(VT). Problems associated with air oxidation of Cr(III) in alkaline solution have identified and procedures described for the suppression of air oxidation. Procedures are described for the application of the extraction procedure to the yeast extract and for the determination of Cr(VI) in the extract. Procedures are also described for the preconcentration of Cr(VI) on a HPLC column and for the application to the yeast extract. The rate of reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbic acid is investigated and found to be first order with respect to ascorbic acid concentration. The reduction capacity of the yeast is also investigated and it was found that in acid solution the yeast will reduce Cr(VI) but in neutral or basic solution the reduction capacity is diminished. Conclusions regarding the objectives of the project are drawn and suggestions for further work are given.

Uma nova modalidade de sexo-determinação no grilo sul-americano eneoptera surinamensis

The male of Eneoptera surinamensis (Orthoptera-Eneopteridae) is provided with 9 chromosomes, that is, with 3 pairs of autosomes and 3 sex chromosomes. Spermatogonia. - The autosomes of the spermatogonia are of the same size and U-shaped. One of the sex chromosomes approximately equalling the autosomes in size is telocentric, while the other two are much larger and V-shaped. One of the latter is smaller than the other. The sex chromosomes as showed in Figs. 1 and 2 are designated by X, Yl and Y2, X being the larger V, Yl the smaller one and Y2 the rod-shaped. Primary spermatocytes. - Before the growth period of the spermatocytes all the three sex chromosomes are visible in a state of strong heteropycnosis. X is remarkable in this stage in having two long arms well separated by a wide commissural segment. (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). During the growth period Y2 disappears, while X and Yl remain in a condensed form until metaphase. These may be separated from one another or united in the most varied and irregular manner. (Fig. 7 to 12). In the latter case the segments in contact seem to be always different so that we cannot recognize any homology of parts in the sense os genetics. At diplotene Y2 reappears together with the autosomal tetrads. X and Yl may again be seen as separate or united elements. (Figs. 13 and 14). At later diakinesis and metaphase the three sex chromosomes are always independent from each other, Y2 being typically rod-shaped, X and Yl V-shaped, X being a little larger than Yl. (Fig. 15 to 18). At metaphase the three condensed tetrads go to the equatorial plane, while the sex chromosomes occupy any position at both sides of this plane. In almost all figures which could be perfectly analysed X appeared at one side of the autosomal plate an Yl together with Y2 far apart at the other side. (Figs. 16 and 18). Only a few exception have been found. (Figs. 17 and 19). At anaphase X goes in precession to one pole, Yl and Y2 to the other (Figs. 20 and 21). As it is suggested by the few figures in which a localization of the sex chromosomes different from the normal has been observed, the possibility of other types of segregation of these elements cannot be entirely precluded. But, if this does happen, the resulting gametes should be inviable or give inviable zygotes. Early in anaphase autosomes and sex chromosomes divide longitudinally, being maintained united only by the kinetochore. (Figs. 20 and 21). At metaphase the three sex chromosomes seem to show no special repulsion against each other, X being found in the proximity of Yl or Y2 indifferently. At anaphase, however, the evidences in hand point to a stronger repulsion between X on the one side and both Ys on the other, so that in spite of the mutual repulsion of the latter they finish by going to the same pole. Secondary spermatocytes. - At telophase of the primary spermatocytes all the chromosomes enter into distension without disappearing of view. A nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes. All the chromosomes excepting Y2 which has two arms, are four-branched. (Fig. 22). Soon the chromosomes enter again into contraction giving rise to the secondary metaphase plate. Secondary spermatocytes provided as expected with four and five chromosomes are abundantly found. (Figs. 23 and 24). In the former all chromosomes are X-shaped while in the latter there is one which is V-shaped. This is the rod- shaped Y2. In the anaphase of the spermatocytes with four chromosomes all the chromosomes are V-shaped, one of them (X) being much larger than the others. In those with five there is one rod-shaped chromosome (Y2). (Fig. 25), Spermatids. Two classes of spermatids are produced, one with X and other with Yl and Y2. All the autosomes as well as Y2 soon enter into solution, X remaining visible for long time in one class and Yl in the other. (Figs. 26 and 27). Since both are very alike at this stage, one cannot distinguish the two classes of spermatids. Somatic chromosomes in the famale. - In the follicular cells of the ovary 8 chromosomes were found, two of which are much larger than the rest. (Figs. 29 and 30). These are considered as being sex chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Eneoptera surinamensis has a new type of sex-determining mechanism, the male being X Yl Y2 and the female XX. The sex chromosomes segregate without entering into contact at metaphase or forming group. After a review of the other known cases of complex sex chromosome mechanism the author held that Eneoptera is the unique representative of a true determinate segregation of sex chromosomes. Y2 behaving as sex chromosome and as autosome is considered as representing an intermediary state of the evolution of the sex chromosomes.

The level of infestation with the vector of cattle babesiosis in Argentina

Studies were carried out to determine the differential aptitude to sustain the only vector of cattle babesiosis in Argentina, the tick Boophilus microplus, throughout the infested region of this country. Tick counts on Bos taurus cattle were used as the main criterion to classify favourable (F), intermediate (I) and unfavourable (U) areas for its development. The geographical limits of each area set up using data of non-parasitic tick stages, temperature, water balance and map recognition of flooded and unflooded zones. The F area contained 16.5 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência) ha with a cattle population of 6 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência); the I and U areas had 25 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência ha with 2.7 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência) cattle and 198 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência) with population of 2.4 x 10(elevado a sexta potência) cattle, respectively. Research on the relationship amongst Babesia-Boophilus-cattle is needed in the F area for tick development which coincides with the best region for cattle breeding.

Desequilibri 234Th/238U per a l'estudi del cicle de partícules al Mediterrani nord-occidental

El desequilibri 238U/234Th s’utilitza per traçar el cicle de les partícules a la part més superficial dels oceans. Això és possible degut a les diferències entre els seus períodes de semidesintegració (T1/2 (234Th)=24,1 d; T1/2 (238U)=4,5 10 9 anys) i a les seves característiques biogeoqu��miques: el Th presenta una gran afinitat per les partícules mentre que l’U és conservatiu en aigua de mar. En absència de partícules s’esperaria tenir equilibri secular entre ambdós radionúclids, però com que l’oceà no està lliure de partícules, el 234Th és exportat des de les capes més superficials produint-se un dèficit respecte el seu pare, l’238U. El període de semidesintegració del 234Th és molt adequat per traçar processos d’escales temporals de dies a setmanes, del mateix ordre que el desenvolupament de la floració del fitoplàncton i a la posterior exportació de partícules. En aquest treball es presenten dades obtingudes durant dues campanyes oceanogràfiques realitzades en el marc del Projecte FAMOSO (2009) en el Mediterrani nordoccidental, abans i després de la floració de fitoplàncton de primavera a la zona. Una de les peculiaritats d’aquesta regió és el procés de convecció profunda d’hivern, el qual suposa un important mecanisme de fertilització. A partir dels fluxos de 234Th obtinguts a la columna d’aigua es poden establir les pautes temporals que ha seguit el fitoplàncton en les setmanes prèvies al mostreig. Aquesta informació es compara amb els fluxos obtinguts utilitzant trampes de sediment a la deriva instal·lades durant ambdues campanyes.

Wing geometry as a tool for studying the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) complex

Toro Toro (T) and Yungas (Y) have been described as genetically well differentiated populations of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) complex in Bolivia. Here we use geometric morphometrics to compare samples from these populations and new populations (Bolivia and Nicaragua), representing distant geographical origins, qualitative morphological variation ("one-spot" or "two-spots" phenotypes), ecologically distinct traits (peridomestic and silvatic populations), and possibly different epidemiological roles (transmitting or nor transmitting Leishmania chagasi). The Nicaragua (N) (Somotillo) sample was "one-spot" phenotype and a possible peridomestic vector. The Bolivian sample of the Y was also "one-spot" phenotype and a demonstrated peridomestic vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The three remaining samples were silvatic, "two-spots" phenotypes. Two of them (Uyuni and T) were collected in the highlands of Bolivian where VL never has been reported. The last one (Robore, R) came from the lowlands of Bolivia, where human cases of VL are sporadically reported. The decomposition of metric variation into size and shape by geometric morphometric techniques suggests the existence of two groups (N/Y/R, and U/T). Several arguments indicate that such subdivision of Lu. longipalpis could correspond to different evolutionary units.

Aspectos metabólicos y multivitamínicos del maíz

La deficiencia de vitamina A causa 2.2 millones de muertes al año. Por tanto, investigadores intentan elevar el contenido de β-caroteno y otros carotenoides en cereales mediante la ingeniería genética. Mi trabajo consistió en analizar carotenoides en maíz y callos de arroz transgénico con el fin de indentificar y cuantificar estos pigmentos y además analizar la ruta metabólica de los mismos. Por tal motivo, desarrollaré una técnica analítica por HPLC y UHPLC que me permitió separar la mezcla de carotenoides. Estas moléculas se detectaton utilizando un detector de arreglo de diodos y masas. Con éste último se probaron distintas técnicas de ionización (ESI, APCI y APPI) para encontrar la mejor técnica que ionizara carotenos y xantófilas. Además se hallaron transiciones para identificar a cada uno de los carotenoides. Para mostrar la confiabilidad del método analítico, realicé la validación del mismo y determiné factores importantes que influyen en el análisis de carotenoides, como por ejemplo, su estabilidad qu��mica. Para analizar la ruta metabólica de los carotenoides, se realizaron distintos experimentos, entre ellos, introducir distintas combinaciones de genes en el maíz y arroz que permitieran entender cu��les eran las enzimas importantes que permitían la acumulación de carotenoides. También se analizó la biosíntesis de carotenoides a distintas etapas del desarrollo de la semilla de maíz, desde los 15 días despu��s de la polinización (DAP) hasta los 60 DAP y su estabilidad qu��mica a lo largo de todo este período. Finalmente, se profundizó en la identificación de nuevos carotenoides encontrados en las muestras, como los oxo-carotenoides (utilizados en la industria como colorantes). Para llevar acabo su identificación, se realizaron pruebas qu��micas, se determinaron sus espectros visibles y sus fragmentos por masas.   

Discorso e terrorismo: la rappresentazione degli arabi nella stampa italiana e internazionale dopo l'11 settembre 2001

In everyday debates on topics such as cultural differences, it seems relevant to analyze not only institutional conversations or speeches, but also mass-media communications. The way the media portray social events contributes to the construction of our categories of explanation of the world. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the representations of the Arabs before and after September 11, 2001 in the Italian and U.S. press. Results show that in Italy articles mainly focus on contrasting illegal immigration and on the consequent political and legislative decisions. Instead, U.S. press is focused on enhancing the sense of ingroup belonging, relying on the sense of threat of the Arabs to Western culture.

La sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario desde una perspectiva de redes sociales: una propuesta para la promoción de hábitos saludables y apoyo social

The search of new health management formulas focused to give wide services is one of the priorities of our present health policies. Those formulas examine the optimization of the links between the main actors involved in public health, ie, users, professionals, local socio-political and corporate agents. This paper is aimed to introduce the Social Network Analysis as a method for analyzing, measuring and interpreting those connections. The knowledge of people's relationships (what is called social networks) in the field of public health is becoming increasingly important at an international level. In fact, countries such as UK, Netherlands, Italy, Australia and U.S. are looking formulas to apply this knowledge to their health departments. With this work we show the utility of the ARS on topics related to sustainability of the health system, particularly those related with health habits and social support, topics included in the 2020 health strategies that underline the importance of the collaborative aspects in networks.

China´s Economic Security Police Towards ASEAN From

After the economic reforms of 1978, China started rising very fast and started engaging other countries in the region which has served to increase its confidence in the region. In the post cold war period, China was seen as a big threat for the region because of its claims on the South China Sea. Nevertheless, this image was eliminated when China engaged ASEAN and other multilateral and regional organizations. This paper is studying China’s economic and security policies towards ASEAN. Globalization Theory is the theory being used to explain the nature of China-ASEAN relations. This research paper argues that China’s rise is promoting peace in the region. With the engagement policy, China started promoting trade and security co operations based on mutual benefits and dialogues for the peaceful resolutions of the disputes in the region. This contributed greatly to improve China’s image in the region. Additionally, China’s posture during the economic crises of 1997 also greatly contributed to improve its image. Thus, the rise of China is providing opportunity to the other countries in East Asia. Chapter One: Background On China-ASEAN Relations The use of Soft Power and engagement policy by the Chinese government has helped to change China’s image in the region. By using these policies China has been able to clear the feeling of suspicion and mistrust among the Asian states. China has increased its participation in multilateral and regional organizations, such as ASEAN. Due to this China has been able to promote economic and security co-operation among countries in the region. Thus, from being a potential threat China became a potential co-operative partner. Chapter Two: A Look into ASEAN ASEAN was originally formed on 8th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Nevertheless, ASEAN was not the first regional group created to act as forum for dialogue between the leaders of different countries. Thought, it is the only one which could work in the region. The aim of the foundation of ASEAN was to promote peace and stability in the Abstract 2 region and also contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. For this reason, China did not engage ASEAN until 1990. However, in 1978 with the establishment of the open up policy China started engaging other countries. It started building trust among its neighboring countries by using soft power. By 1992, China formalized its diplomatic ties with ASEAN as a group. The diplomatic ties between China and ASEAN focus on multilateralism and co-operation as the best way for a more peaceful Asia and the search for common security. Thus, security in the region is promoted through economic co-operation among the states. Therefore the relation between China – ASEAN emphasizes the five principles of peaceful coexistence, mutual benefits in economic co-operation, dialogue promoting trust and the peaceful settlement of disputes. Chapter Three: China-ASEAN Economic Relations Since 1978 The economic reform of 1978 has greatly contributed to the economic development of China. After the adoption of the open up policy, China has been able to establish economic and trade relations with the outside world. The realist school of thought had predicted that Asia will not be stable in the post cold war period. Nevertheless, this has not been the case in Asia. China is growing peacefully with the co-operation of countries in the region. China is establishing strong ties with its neighboring countries. China and ASEAN relations focus on mutual benefit instead of being a zero sum game. Thus these relations are aimed at encouraging trust and economic co-operation in the region. China and ASEAN have agreed on Free Trade to assure that the two parties benefit from the co-operation. The ACFTA will have a great impact on economic, political and security issues. This will enable China to increase its influence in Asia and counterbalance the influences that Japan and U.S have in the region. Chapter Four: China ASEAN Relations in the Security Perspective This Chapter is about China and ASEAN relations on security issue. The new security issues of the post cold war period need to be solved in multilateral way. China as a major power in the region, through its engagement policy has solved most Abstract 3 of the disputes in the region using multilateral means. China has also found ways to solve the dispute over Spratly Islands peacefully, through dialogue using ASEAN. Additionally, China signed the Treaty of Amity in 2003, promoted security initiatives through ARF, Declaration on Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and documents covering non-traditional security threats, economic co-operation and agricultural co-operation in November 2002, and the Joint Declaration on Strategic. Chapter Five: Finding and Analysis This chapter provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the date collected throughout this research. It provides an analysis of how the rise of China is promoting peace in the region. China has been promoting mutual beneficial trade and security co-operation which has increased its influence in the region. China has also been able to solve most of the territorial and border dispute in the region through ASEAN. Thus, ASEAN has amended China’s relations with other countries in the region. Therefore, China’s foreign policy in the region has a big impact in shaping the dynamic relations in East Asia. Conclusion and Recommendations This paper concluded that the relationships between China and ASEAN are contributing to peace in the region. After China engaged ASEAN, it has been able to promote multilateral trade based on mutual benefit. This is clearly emphasized by the CAFTA. Additionally, China has solved most of the dispute in the region. It has also found way for a peaceful resolution of the dispute over Spratly Island. Nowadays, the ASEAN countries don’t see China as a threat to the region. Nevertheless, they’ve adopted deterrence measures such as establishing diplomatic relations with other big powers in the region to assure that the region continues to grow peacefully. Concerning this deterrence measures, I recommend as another way for a continued peaceful growth, the resolution of the outstanding dispute.

Unanthribus, um novo gênero Neotropical de Ptychoderini Jekel, 1855 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae)

Unanthribus gen. nov. is proposed to include Unanthribus maximus sp. nov. (type species) described from Brazil (Pará), and U. grandis (Jordan, 1911) comb. nov., which is redescribed. The species are illustrated and keyed.