Tandem organic light-emitting diodes with an effective charge-generation connection structure

The tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an effective charge-generation connection structure of Mg-doped tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3))/Molybdenum oxide (MoO3)-doped 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) were presented. At a current density of 50 mA/cm(2), the current efficiency of the tandem OLED with two standard NPB/Alq(3) emitting units is 4.2 cd/A, which is 1.7 times greater than that of the single EL device. The tandem OLED with the similar connection structure of Mg-doped PTCDA/MoO3-doped PTCDA was also fabricated and the influences of the different connection units on the current efficiency of the tandem OLED were discussed as well.

稀土与钼复合氧化物的合成、结构和电性质研究

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）被称为“二十一世纪的绿色能源”。氧化忆稳定氧化错（YSZ）是目前sOFC普遍采用的固体电解质材料。由于YSZ只有在高温时（大于1000℃）才具有较高的离子导电性，而SOFC在高温时会带来一系列技术性的问题，如机械强度的不稳定、材料的老化及各构成材料之间的相互扩散等。因此，迫切需要开发在中、低温范围内（600-800℃）具有较高离子电导率（大于10-2S．cm-l）的电解质材料。在众多的候选材料中，稀土作为基体和掺杂元素的固体电解质越来越引起人们的重视。特别是萤石型化合物CeOZ、钙钦矿型化合物LaGaO3，以及阴离子空位型化合物La2MO2O9等的研究，开阔了寻找固体电解质材料的视野。本论文主要研究稀土与钥复合氧化物的合成、结构及其电学性质，希望进一步提高现有材料的导电性能和寻找新型固体电解质材料。基于母体化合物La2Mo2O9在580℃左右有一个相变点，因为存在相变点的固体电解质在实用方面（如SOFC）有很大的局限性。我们从稀土掺杂的角度出发，对母体化合物进一步改性，稳定其高温结构相。为此，我们利用改性柠檬酸盐法合成了系列化合物La2-xRExMo2O9（RE＝Ce，Pr，Nd，Sm，Gd，Tb，Dy，Ho，Er，Yb）。结果发现，只有Nd和Sm可以进入La2Mo2O9中La的格位；利用本方法合成样品的温度比用固相法低250℃左右；所合成的样品粒度分布非常均匀，并且随着Nd和Sm掺杂量的增加而变大；Nd和Sm的掺杂稳定了其高温相，电导率有所提高。从而使此类固体电解质在实用方面成为可能。合成了一种新型稀土与钥的复合氧化合物Ce6MoO15，电学性质测试发现，它是一性能优良的固体电解质材料。以此化合物为母体）进行低价金属离子的掺杂取代后发现，它们的导电性又进一步地提高，进而派生出多种固体电解质体系如Ce6-6 MoO15-δ、Ce6+x Mo1-x O15-6、Ce6Mo1-xBixO16-6以及Ce6-xAxMoO15-6。（A＝Li，Ca，Sr和Ba）等。本研究工作中主要合成了Ce6-xRExMoO16-6（RE=Pr，Nd，Sm，Gd，Tb，Dy，Ho，Er，Yb；x=0.0-6.0）等系列化合物，并对其进行了结构表征及电学性质测试。结果发现所有样品均为类莹石结构；样品的导电性起源于氧离子空位；在相同的温度下，样品电导率相当于或高于经典的固体电解质（如YSZ），并且样品的抗老化性能有所提高。所有这些实验事实证明，它们在中温区是一种高效氧离子导体，从而为此类化合物在SOFC中的应用奠定了基础。通过合成AgScMo2O8，尝试了一种钥酸盐固溶体的合成方法，即钥酸盐水溶液合成法。这种方法不需要加入有机物（如柠檬酸等）作为络合剂，而是通过钼酸根与金属离子之间的酸碱对效应直接合成。我们对此化合物的结构、电学性质进行研究后发现：此化合物在较低的温度即已完全成相；室温下，Agsco208为单斜结构，不同于AgLnMo2O8（Ln＝Y-Lu）；随着温度的升高，AgscMo2o8在485℃、539℃附近各有一个不可逆，可逆相变点出现。在可逆相变点出现的同时，伴随着其电导率有一个很大的突跃。

On the reactivity of Mo species for methane partial oxidation on Mo/HMCM-22 catalysts

By characterizing fresh and used Mo/HMCM-22 catalysts with ICP-AES, XRD, NH3-TPD technique, UV - Vis DRS and UV Raman spectroscopy, the reactivity of Mo species for methane partial oxidation into formaldehyde were directly studied with a new point of view. By comparing the fresh and used catalysts, it was found that the tetrahedral Mo species bonding chemically to the support surface were practically unchanged after the reaction, while the polymolybdate octahedral Mo species, which had a rather weak interaction with the MCM-22 zeolite, leached out during the reaction, especially when the Mo loading was high. Correspondingly, it was found from the time-on-stream reaction data that the HCHO yield remained unchanged, while COx decreased with the reaction time during the reaction. By combining the characterization results and the reaction data, it can be drawn that the isolated tetrahedral molybdenum oxo-species (T-d) is responsible for HCHO formation, while the octahedral polyoxomolybdate species (O-h) will lead to the total oxidation of methane.

On the surface sites Of MOP/SiO2 catalyst under sulfiding conditions: IR spectroscopy and catalytic reactivity studies

The surface sites of MoP/SiO2 catalysts and their evolution under sulfiding conditions were characterized by IR spectroscopy using CO as the probe molecule. The HDS activities of thiophene were measured on the MoP/SiO2 catalyst that was subjected to different sulfidation and reactivation pretreatments. Cus Modelta+ (0 < delta less than or equal to 2) sites are probed on the surface of fresh MoP/SiO2 by molecularly adsorbed CO, exhibiting a characteristic IR band at 2045 cm(-1). The surface of MoP/SiO2 is gradually sulfided in HDS reactions, as revealed by the shift of the IR band at 2045 to ca. 2100 cm(-1). Although the surface of a MoP/SiO2 catalyst becomes partially sulfided, the HDS activity tests show that MoP/SiO2 is fairly stable in the initial stage of the HDS reaction, providing further evidence that molybdenum phosphide is a promising catalytic material for industrial HDS reactions. Two kinds of surface sulfur species are formed on the sulfided catalyst: reversibly and irreversibly bonded sulfur species. The MoP/SiO2 catalyst remains stable in the HDS of thiophene because most sulfur species formed under HDS conditions are reversibly bonded on the catalyst surface. A detrimental effect of presulfidation on the HDS activity is observed for the MoP/SiO2 catalyst treated by H2S/H-2 at temperatures higher than 623 K, which is ascribed to the formation of a large amount of the irreversibly bonded sulfur species. The irreversibly sulfided catalyst can be completely regenerated by an oxidation and a subsequent reduction under mild conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A facile and effective method for the distribution of Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst active centers

Post-steaming treatment of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts results in more molybdenum species migrating into and residing in the HZSM-5 zeolite channels. This is confirmed by XRF and XPS measurements. H-1 MAS NMR and Si-29 MAS NMR also demonstrate that the number of free Bronsted acid sites decreases in the Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that underwent post-steaming treatment, compared to untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. As a result, the deactivation rate constant (kd) on the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst after post-steaming treatment for 0.5 h is much smaller, and the catalyst therefore shows remarkable stability in the probe reaction of methane dehydro-aromatization. The results suggest that a more beneficial bi-functional balance between active Mo species for methane activation and acid sites for the following aromatization is developed over those Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that have experienced post-steaming treatment for 0.5 h, in comparison with the untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts.

In situ FT-IR spectroscopic studies of CO adsorption on fresh Mo2C/Al2O3 catalyst

The surface sites of supported molybdenum carbide catalyst derived from different synthesis stages have been studied by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy using CO as the probe molecule. Adsorbed CO on the reduced passivated Mo2C/Al2O3 catalyst gives a main band at 2180 cm(-1), which can be assigned to linearly adsorbed CO on Mo4+ sites. The IR results show that the surface of reduced passivated sample is dominated by molybdenum oxycarbide. However, a characteristic IR band at 2054 cm-1 was observed for the adsorbed CO on MoO3/Al2O3 carburized with CH4/H-2 mixture at 1033 K (fresh Mo2C/Al2O3), which can be assigned to linearly adsorbed CO on Modelta+ (0 < delta < 2) sites Of Mo2C/Al2O3, Unlike adsorbed CO on reduced passivated Mo2C/Al2O3 catalyst, the IR spectra of adsorbed CO on fresh Mo2C/Al2O3 shows similarity to that on some of the group VIII metals (such as Pt and Pd), suggesting that fresh carbide resembles noble metals. To study the stability Of Mo2C catalyst during H-2 treatment and find proper conditions to remove the deposited carbon species, H-2 treatment of fresh Mo2C/Al2O3 catalyst at different temperatures was conducted. Partial amounts of carbon atoms in Mo2C along with some surface-deposited carbon species can be removed by the H, treatment even at 450 K. Both the surface-deposited carbon species and carbon atoms in carbide can be extensively removed at temperatures above 873 K.

Decay dynamics of excited CS2 and NH3 investigated by femtosecond laser

By using the home-made femtosecond laser system and the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the decay dynamics of excited carbon disulfide (CS2) and ammonia (NH3) are investigated in real time by pump-probe multiphoton ionization detection. The estimated lifetime constant of the NH3 (A) over tilde (1)A(2)' state (51+/-4 fs) agreed quite well with the literature report. For the first time, the decay lifetime constants of the NH3 (E) over tilde'(1)A(1)' state (937+/-93 fs), the CS2 (a) over tilde (3)A(2) state (153+/-10 fs), and the CS2 Rydberg state [(3)/(2)]6ssigma(g) ((3)Pi(g)) (948+/-23 fs) are obtained.

On the induction period of methane aromatization over Mo-based catalysts

The behavior of different species during the temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) of methane over various catalysts is traced by an online mass spectrometer, It is demonstrated that the transformation of MoO3 to molybdenum carbide hinders the activation of methane as well as the succeeding aromatization in the TPSR, If this transformation process is done before the reaction, the temperature needed for methane activation and benzene formation will be greatly lowered (760 and 847 K, respectively). On the basis of comparison of the catalytic behavior of molybdenum supported on different zeolites, it is suggested that the initial activation of methane is the rate-determining step of this reaction. For the cobalt catalysts supported on HMCM-22 or Mo catalysts supported on TiO2, no benzene formation could be observed during the TPSR, However, the prohibition of benzene formation is different in nature over these two catalysts: the former lacks the special properties exhibited by molybdenum carbide, which can continuously activate methane even when multiple layers of carbonaceous species are formed on its surface, while the latter cannot accomplish the aromatization reaction since there are no Bronsted acid sites to which the activated intermediates can migrate, although the activation of methane can be achieved on it. Only for the catalysts that possess both of these properties, together with the special channel structure of zeolite, can efficient methane aromatization be accomplished. (C) 2000 Academic Press.