Probabilistic versus incremental presynaptic learning in biological plausible synapses

In this paper, the presynaptic rule, a classical rule for hebbian learning, is revisited. It is shown that the presynaptic rule exhibits relevant synaptic properties like synaptic directionality, and LTP metaplasticity (long-term potentiation threshold metaplasticity). With slight modifications, the presynaptic model also exhibits metaplasticity of the long-term depression threshold, being also consistent with Artola, Brocher and Singer’s (ABS) influential model. Two asymptotically equivalent versions of the presynaptic rule were adopted for this analysis: the first one uses an incremental equation while the second, conditional probabilities. Despite their simplicity, both types of presynaptic rules exhibit sophisticated biological properties, specially the probabilistic version

Hyperespectral images for the evaluation of the quality of minimally processed vegetables (spinach)

The production of minimally processed vegetables and fruits is an emergent sector, however these processes reduce the useful life of the products. Main preservation techniques such cold storage and modified atmosphere are limited. New treatments are being applied (O3 , UV‐C radiation, biodegradable films…etc.). The sector precise of cheap and fast techniques to evaluate the general quality and the security of the processed products, that constitute a tool of aid to the decision in the implementation of new procedures of packaging and/or treatments. Objectives: To explore hyperspectral imaging for monitoring the evolution of minimally processed leafy vegetables during shelf‐life . To identify and classify deterioration rates of the leaves through Multivariate analysis techniques (PLS‐DA)

Graph based study of allergen cross-reactivity of plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) using microarray in a multicenter study.

The study of cross-reactivity in allergy is key to both understanding. the allergic response of many patients and providing them with a rational treatment In the present study, protein microarrays and a co-sensitization graph approach were used in conjunction with an allergen microarray immunoassay. This enabled us to include a wide number of proteins and a large number of patients, and to study sensitization profiles among members of the LTP family. Fourteen LTPs from the most frequent plant food-induced allergies in the geographical area studied were printed into a microarray specifically designed for this research. 212 patients with fruit allergy and 117 food-tolerant pollen allergic subjects were recruited from seven regions of Spain with different pollen profiles, and their sera were tested with allergen microarray. This approach has proven itself to be a good tool to study cross-reactivity between members of LTP family, and could become a useful strategy to analyze other families of allergens.

Monitoring spinach shelf-life with hyperspectral image through

Different procedures for monitoring the evolution of leafy vegetables, under plastic covers during cold storage, have been studied. Fifteen spinach leaves were put inside Petri dishes covered with three different plastic films and stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Hyperspectral images were taken during this storage. A radiometric correction is proposed in order to avoid the variation in transmittance of the plastic films during time in the hyperspectral images. Afterwards, three spectral pre-processing procedures (no pre-process, Savitsky–Golay and Standard Normal Variate, combined with Principal Component Analysis) were applied to obtain different models. The corresponding artificial images of scores were studied by means of Analysis of Variance to compare their ability to sense the aging of the leaves. All models were able to monitor the aging through storage. Radiometric correction seemed to work properly and could allow the supervision of shelf-life in leafy vegetables through commercial transparent films.

Examination of the quality of spinach leaves using hyperspectral imaging

The present research is focused on the application of hyperspectral images for the supervision of quality deterioration in ready to use leafy spinach during storage (Spinacia oleracea). Two sets of samples of packed leafy spinach were considered: (a) a first set of samples was stored at 20 °C (E-20) in order to accelerate the degradation process, and these samples were measured the day of reception in the laboratory and after 2 days of storage; (b) a second set of samples was kept at 10 °C (E-10), and the measurements were taken throughout storage, beginning the day of reception and repeating the acquisition of Images 3, 6 and 9 days later. Twenty leaves per test were analyzed. Hyperspectral images were acquired with a push-broom CCD camera equipped with a spectrograph VNIR (400–1000 nm). Calibration set of spectra was extracted from E-20 samples, containing three classes of degradation: class A (optimal quality), class B and class C (maximum deterioration). Reference average spectra were defined for each class. Three models, computed on the calibration set, with a decreasing degree of complexity were compared, according to their ability for segregating leaves at different quality stages (fresh, with incipient and non-visible symptoms of degradation, and degraded): spectral angle mapper distance (SAM), partial least squares discriminant analysis models (PLS-DA), and a non linear index (Leafy Vegetable Evolution, LEVE) combining five wavelengths were included among the previously selected by CovSel procedure. In sets E-10 and E-20, artificial images of the membership degree according to the distance of each pixel to the reference classes, were computed assigning each pixel to the closest reference class. The three methods were able to show the degradation of the leaves with storage time.

Tri a 14, wheat Lipid Transfer Protein, a marker of wheat respiratory allergy

Over 30 wheat allergens have been associated to baker’s asthma and much of them have been also implied in food allergy. Few of them have rendered as major allergens. Tri a 14, wheat LTP, has been associated to baker’s asthma as major allergen in patients that can consume peach and wheat derived foodstuffs. In Spanish baker’s asthma patients, 60% showed positive response to Tri a 14 and 45% to Pru p 3. However, the cross-reactivity between peach and wheat has been unusual in allergic population (1,8). Moreover, wheat allergy is not so often as should be attending to the high consume.

Hyperspectral images and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of allergen (peanuts traces) in powder foods.

The addition of preservatives to some kind of foods may be a potential risk of spoilage, as it is the transformation of sorbate into the off-odour 1-3-pentadiene by certain microbial species. This is the case of the capacity of some strains of moulds and yeasts that are able to decarboxylate sorbic acid and transform it into 1-3 pentadiene, a volatile compound with an unpleasant petroleum odour. (Casas et al. 2004).

Monitoring leafy vegetables through packaging films with

Fresh-cut or minimally processed fruit and vegetables have been physically modified from its original form (by peeling, trimming, washing and cutting) to obtain a 100% edible product that is subsequently packaged (usually under modified atmosphere packaging –MAP) and kept in refrigerated storage. In fresh-cut products, physiological activity and microbiological spoilage, determine their deterioration and shelf-life. The major preservation techniques applied to delay spoilage are chilling storage and MAP, combined with chemical treatments antimicrobial solutions antibrowning, acidulants, antioxidants, etc.). The industry looks for safer alternatives. Consequently, the sector is asking for innovative, fast, cheap and objective techniques to evaluate the overall quality and safety of fresh-cut products in order to obtain decision tools for implementing new packaging materials and procedures. In recent years, hyperspectral imaging technique has been regarded as a tool for analyses conducted for quality evaluation of food products in research, control and industries. The hyperspectral imaging system allows integrating spectroscopic and imaging techniques to enable direct identification of different components or quality characteristics and their spatial distribution in the tested sample. The objective of this work is to develop hyperspectral image processing methods for the supervision through plastic films of changes related to quality deterioration in packed readyto-use leafy vegetables during shelf life. The evolutions of ready-to-use spinach and watercress samples covered with three different common transparent plastic films were studied. Samples were stored at 4 ºC during the monitoring period (until 21 days). More than 60 hyperspectral images (from 400 to 1000 nm) per species were analyzed using ad hoc routines and commercial toolboxes of MatLab®. Besides common spectral treatments for removing additive and multiplicative effects, additional correction, previously to any other correction, was performed in the images of leaves in order to avoid the modification in their spectra due to the presence of the plastic transparent film. Findings from this study suggest that the developed images analysis system is able to deal with the effects caused in the images by the presence of plastic films in the supervision of shelf-life in leafy vegetables, in which different stages of quality has been identified.

Utilización del análisis hiperespectral como método para la detección de levaduras en alimentos deteriorados

La microbiología predictiva desarrolla modelos matemáticos que describen el comportamiento microbiano en alimentos. Su eficiencia es limita da en alimentos con algún grado de estructura, que son la mayoría, porque estos modelos están basados en datos experimentales obtenidos en cultivos líquidos, mucho más homogéneos. En este trabajo se evalúa la técnica de análisis hiperespectral como una nueva tecnología para la detección precoz de levaduras en alimentos sólidos mediante análisis de componentes principales. Las imágenes hiperespectrales (400-1000 nm) de placas de Petri inoculadas con Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Bch a diferentes tiempos, muestran que el primer componente discrimina entre el agar y las colonias, mientras que el segundo revela una mayor variabilidad en las colonias. Esta herramienta no invasiva caracteriza el estado de desarrollo, número y tamaño de las colonias, por lo que permitiría obtener datos para el aborar modelos más fiables para predecir el riesgo de deterioro y la vida útil de los alimentos.

Retos y soluciones tecnológicas en logística y transporte refrigerado de frutas y hortalizas

La presente Monografía, integrada en las publicaciones de la Red Temática FRUTURA, de CYTED, recoge las aportaciones de sus miembros en su tercera reunión científico-técnica, dando continuidad a las celebradas en Madrid y Sao Paulo en 2009. Se denominó “Situación actual, retos y soluciones en logística y transporte refrigerado internacional de frutas y hortalizas” y se celebró en la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España, en junio de 2010. El evento se desarrolló durante tres jornadas, incluyendo el III Seminario Internacional de Transporte Frigorífico Marítimo, el I Seminario Internacional de Transporte Frigorífico Terrestre y Aéreo y el Foro Empresarial: Desafíos y Oportunidades del Intercambio Comercial Hortofrutícola España-Iberoamérica. La temática se enmarcó dentro del principal objetivo de la Red, el desarrollo de un sistema integral de mejora de la calidad y seguridad de las frutas durante la manipulación, el transporte y la comercialización, mediante nuevas tecnologías de inspección y monitorización. Las frutas y hortalizas frescas se producen frecuentemente en lugares alejados de los centros de consumo. Grandes volúmenes de productos, con frecuencia muy perecederos, se transportan diariamente a pequeñas o grandes distancias, tanto dentro de los propios países productores, como entre las naciones y Continentes. Paralelamente, los consumidores exigen de ellos una calidad cada día más elevada, no solo organoléptica, sino también nutricional, con especial garantía de la seguridad y el respeto del medio ambiente. Esto implica una alta exigencia al planificar el transporte y las operaciones omplementarias, para optimizar la calidad global y minimizar las pérdidas. Los aspectos asociados al transporte hortofrutícola en fresco, tanto en España como en Iberoamérica se abordaron a través de conferencias relacionadas con la situación en cada país participante. Así, se trataron los principales problemas y desafíos del transporte terrestre en Argentina y Uruguay, y de la exportación marítima desde Brasil, desde España (incluyendo tratamientos cuarentenarios) y desde Chile (con la modelización del envasado en atmósfera modificada a escala de pallet, los atributos de calidad en el transporte terrestre y aéreo y el seguimiento de la calidad de la fruta cortada mediante imágenes hiperespectrales). La calidad de las contribuciones recogidas en esta monografía, son un buen indicador del alto nivel científico de los miembros de la Red, cuyas aportaciones se vieron enriquecidas con el debate entre ponentes y participantes. Ello facilitó el intercambio de experiencias, la discusión de las temáticas en los diferentes ámbitos, la ampliación de conocimientos y la posibilidad de colaborar para llevar adelante nuevos avances tecnológicos. Asimismo, permitió identificar las limitaciones, problemas y desafíos que presenta el sector. Son aún muchos los condicionantes que surgen durante el transporte de productos perecederos, en especial de frutas y hortalizas, que requieren una solución técnica y económica. Durante las jornadas se realizaron diversas vistitas técnicas al Puerto de Cartagena, en sus áreas de logística, terminales y sistemas operativos de carga y descarga, contenedores isotermos y frigoríficos y cámaras frigoríficas de almacenamiento, organizadas por la Agencia Marítima Erhardt, S.A., Consignataria de buques de Cartagena (Murcia); la sede de la Autoridad Portuaria de Cartagena, donde se analizaron el desarrollo y previsiones de crecimiento de sus instalaciones portuarias en el futuro inmediato; la plataforma logística de exportación del Grupo Caliche S.A., ubicada en San Javier (Murcia) y la central hortofrutícola exportadora de cítricos y hortalizas de SAT San Cayetano, también en San Javier (Murcia). El interés por la temática de esta reunión quedó demostrado por la elevada participación durante las jornadas de empresarios, técnicos, investigadores y profesionales iberoamericanos. Pensamos que el fin último, que fue conocer en más profundidad la realidad presente del transporte terrestre, marítimo y aéreo en Iberoamérica mediante el acercamiento entre Universidades y Centros de Investigación y las Empresas del sector (exportadoras, importadoras y transportistas), se alcanzó plenamente. Deseamos agradecer al Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (AC2010-00017-00-00), a la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, a la Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia (14506/OC/10) y al Ayuntamiento de Cartagena su valiosa colaboración para la realización de este evento. Igualmente destacamos la ayuda desinteresada de los miembros del Grupo de Postrecolección y Refrigeración y del Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal de la UPCT, quienes contribuyeron enormemente al éxito de la reunión.

Sensitization profiles and cross-reactivity among plant allergens. Molecular mechanisms of food allergy development and the role of enhancers

La prevalencia de las alergias está aumentando desde mediados del siglo XX, y se estima que actualmente afectan a alrededor del 2-8 % de la población, pero las causas de este aumento aún no están claras. Encontrar el origen del mecanismo por el cual una proteína inofensiva se convierte en capaz de inducir una respuesta alérgica es de vital importancia para prevenir y tratar estas enfermedades. Aunque la caracterización de alérgenos relevantes ha ayudado a mejorar el manejo clínico y a aclarar los mecanismos básicos de las reacciones alérgicas, todavía queda un largo camino para establecer el origen de la alergenicidad y reactividad cruzada. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido caracterizar las bases moleculares de la alergenicidad tomando como modelo dos familias de panalergenos (proteínas de transferencia de lípidos –LTPs- y taumatinas –TLPs-) y estudiando los mecanismos que median la sensibilización y la reactividad cruzada para mejorar tanto el diagnóstico como el tratamiento de la alergia. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estrategias: estudiar la reactividad cruzada de miembros de familias de panalérgenos; y estudiar moléculas-co-adyuvantes que pudieran favorecer la capacidad alergénica de dichas proteínas. Para estudiar la reactividad cruzada entre miembros de la misma familia de proteínas, se seleccionaron LTPs y TLPs, descritas como alergenos, tomando como modelo la alergia a frutas. Por otra parte, se estudiaron los perfiles de sensibilización a alérgenos de trigo relacionados con el asma del panadero, la enfermedad ocupacional más relevante de origen alérgico. Estos estudios se llevaron a cabo estandarizando ensayos tipo microarrays con alérgenos y analizando los resultados por la teoría de grafos. En relación al estudiar moléculas-co-adyuvantes que pudieran favorecer la capacidad alergénica de dichas proteínas, se llevaron a cabo estudios sobre la interacción de los alérgenos alimentarios con células del sistema inmune humano y murino y el epitelio de las mucosas, analizando la importancia de moléculas co-transportadas con los alérgenos en el desarrollo de una respuesta Th2. Para ello, Pru p 3(LTP y alérgeno principal del melocotón) se selección como modelo para llevarlo a cabo. Por otra parte, se analizó el papel de moléculas activadoras del sistema inmune producidas por patógenos en la inducción de alergias alimentarias seleccionando el modelo kiwi-alternaria, y el papel de Alt a 1, alérgeno mayor de dicho hongo, en la sensibilización a Act d 2, alérgeno mayor de kiwi. En resumen, el presente trabajo presenta una investigación innovadora aportando resultados de gran utilidad tanto para la mejora del diagnóstico como para nuevas investigaciones sobre la alergia y el esclarecimiento final de los mecanismos que caracterizan esta enfermedad. ABSTRACT Allergies are increasing their prevalence from mid twentieth century, and they are currently estimated to affect around 2-8% of the population but the underlying causes of this increase remain still elusive. The understanding of the mechanism by which a harmless protein becomes capable of inducing an allergic response provides us the basis to prevent and treat these diseases. Although the characterization of relevant allergens has led to improved clinical management and has helped to clarify the basic mechanisms of allergic reactions, it seems justified in aspiring to molecularly dissecting these allergens to establish the structural basis of their allergenicity and cross-reactivity. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the molecular basis of the allergenicity of model proteins belonging to different families (Lipid Transfer Proteins –LTPs-, and Thaumatin-like Proteins –TLPs-) in order to identify mechanisms that mediate sensitization and cross reactivity for developing new strategies in the management of allergy, both diagnosis and treatment, in the near future. With this purpose, two strategies have been conducted: studies of cross-reactivity among panallergen families and molecular studies of the contribution of cofactors in the induction of the allergic response by these panallergens. Following the first strategy, we studied the cross-reactivity among members of two plant panallergens (LTPs , Lipid Transfer Proteins , and TLPs , Thaumatin-like Proteins) using the peach allergy as a model. Similarly, we characterized the sensitization profiles to wheat allergens in baker's asthma development, the most relevant occupational disease. These studies were performed using allergen microarrays and the graph theory for analyzing the results. Regarding the second approach, we analyzed the interaction of plant allergens with immune and epithelial cells. To perform these studies , we examined the importance of ligands and co-transported molecules of plant allergens in the development of Th2 responses. To this end, Pru p 3, nsLTP (non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein) and peach major allergen, was selected as a model to investigate its interaction with cells of the human and murine immune systems as well as with the intestinal epithelium and the contribution of its ligand in inducing an allergic response was studied. Moreover, we analyzed the role of pathogen associated molecules in the induction of food allergy. For that, we selected the kiwi- alternaria system as a model and the role of Alt a 1 , major allergen of the fungus, in the development of Act d 2-sensitization was studied. In summary, this work presents an innovative research providing useful results for improving diagnosis and leading to further research on allergy and the final clarification of the mechanisms that characterize this disease.

Quality assurance systems in the production and marketing of fresh peaches.

Due to the fast rate of peach post-harvest ripening, damage due to mechanical handling, externally appreciated as bruises and soft areas, is a real problem that leads to an early harvesting and poor quality of the fruits, as perceived by the consumers. More and more, the European consumer asks for good taste and freshness of fruits and vegetables, and these quality factors are not included in standards, nor in most of the producers' practices. Fruit processing and marketing centres (co-operatives) are increasingly interested in adopting quality controls in their processes. ISO 9000 procedures are being applied in some food areas, primarily milk and meat processors, but no generalised procedures have been developed until the present time to be applied to fresh product processes. All different peach and nectarine varieties that are harvested and handled in Murcia cooperatives and sold in a large supermarket in Madrid were analysed during the whole 1997 season (early May to late August). A total number of 78 samples of 25 fruits (co-operative) or 10 fruits (market), were tested in the laboratory for mechanical, optical, chemical and tasting quality. The variability and relationships between all these quality parameters are presented and discussed, and sampling unit sizes which would be advisable for quality control are calculated.

Instrumental quality assessment of fresh peaches: Optical and mechanical parameters.

In developing instrumentation for the measurement of fruit quality, there is the need for fast and non-destructive devices, based on sensors, to be installed on-line. In the case of some fruits, like peaches, post-harvest ripeness, which is closely related to high quality for the consumer, is a priority. During ripening, external appearance (colour) and internal mechanical (firmness) and chemical (sugars and acids) quality are main features that evolve rapidly from and unripe to a ripe (high quality) stage. When considering the evolution of fruit quality in this scheme, external colour and firmness are shown to evolve in a parallel pattern, if monitored from the time of harvest to full consumer ripeness ( Rood, 1957; Crisosto et al, 1995; Kader, 1996). The visible (VIS) reflectance spectrum is a fast and easy reference that can be used to estimate quality of peaches, if we could show it to be reliably correlated with peach ripening rate during postharvest (Genard et al. 1994; Moras, 1995; Delwiche and Baumgartner, 1983; Delwiche et al. 1987; Slaughter, 1995; Lleo et al., 1998). Taste, described as an expert acceptance score, improves with ripeness (firmness and colour evolution), when considering the fruits on the tree, and also post-harvest.

Desafíos y Oportunidades Tecnológicas en el Intercambio Comercial Hortofrutícola América Latina-Europa. Monitorización del Transporte Frigorífico.

Comunicaciones presentadas en el marco del proyecto FRUTURA de CYTED. Reunión Científico Técnica FRUTURA San José-EARTH (Costa Rica) - Mayo de 2011

Modelo para la clasificación no destructiva de fruta en grados de firmeza a partir de medidas ópticas y mecánicas. Aplicación a melocotones amarillos de carne dura.

Los melocotones objeto del estudio son amarillo de carne dura tipo pavía. Durante la campaña 1997, se analizaron muestras representativas de un número importante de variedades de melocotón que llegaban a cooperativas en la Región de Murcia y a un hipermercado de Madrid. Las variedades fueron Caterina, BabyGold, Sudanell, Vesubio y Miraflores. El número de frutos, melocotones amarillos de carne dura, fue de 224. Los ensayos que se realizaron fueron: 1-º Ensayo destructivo de estimación de firmeza por penetrometría Magness Taylor, realizado mediante punzón metálico de 8mm de diámetro, a una velocidad de 20 mm por minuto. 2-. Ensayos no destructivos: Impacto, realizado mediante el impactador del Laboratorio de Propiedades Físicas. 2.- Ensayo de deformación mediante el empleo de durómetro tipo Durofel-10. Posee un cilindro metálico que emerge 3 mm de superficie metálica y plana. Dicho cilindro se aplica perpendicularmente a la superficie del fruto; está conectado a un resorte que registra la fuerza correspondiente a la deformación máxima. Medida de reflectancia en el espectro visible desde 400 a 700 nm, mediante el uso del espectrofotómetro Minolta CM-508Í. Se consideraron las reflectancia correspondientes a 450 nm y a 680 nm, por ser las que mejor se correlacionan con la presencia de carotenoides y clorofila respectivamente. Ambos pigmentos están relacionados con el proceso de maduración, en el cual también se reblandecen los frutos.